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Coconut palm

Cocos nucifera

Coconut palm (C ocos nucifera )

Scientific cla ssification

Kingdom: PlantaeClass: Monocots[1]

Order: Ar ecalesSuborder: CommelinidsFamily: Ar ecaceaeSubfamily: Ar ecoideaeTribe: Cocoeae

Genus: Cocos

Species: C. nucifera

Binomial name

Cocos nucifera

L.

Coco nutFrom Wiki pedia, the free encyclopedia

Thecocon ut palm (Cocos nucifera ), is a member of the familyArecaceae (palm family). It is the only accepted species in the genusCocos .[2] The termcoconut can r efer to the entirecoconut palm , the

seed, or the fruit, which, botanically, is a drupe, not a nut. The spellingcocoanut is an archaic form of the word.[3] The term is derived from16th-century Portuguese and Spanishcoco , meaning "head" or "skull",[4] f rom the threeindentations on the coconut shell thatresemble f acial features.

Found throughout the tropic and subtropic area, the coconut is knownfor its great versatility as seen in the many uses of its different parts.Coconuts are part of the daily diets of many people. Coconuts aredifferent from any other fruits because they contain a large quantity of

"water" and when immature they are known as tender-nuts or jelly-nuts and may be harvested for drinking. When mature, they stillcontain some water and can be used as seednuts or processed to giveoil from the kernel, charcoal from the hard shell and coir from thefibrous husk. The endosperm is initially in itsnuclear phase suspendedwithin the coconut water. As development continues, cellular layers of endosperm deposit along the walls of the coconut, becoming theedible coconut "flesh".[5] When dried, the coconut flesh is calledcopra. The oil andmilk derived from it are commonly used in cookingand frying; coconut oil is also widely used in soaps and cosmetics. Theclear liquid coconut water within is a refreshing drink. The husks andleaves can be used as material to make a variety of products for furnishing and decorating. It also has cultural and religious significancein many societies that use it.

Cont en ts

1 Description2 Etymology3 Origin, domestication, and dispersal4 Natural habitat5 Cultivation6 Overview of uses7 Culinary use8 Commercial, industrial, and household use9 Role in culture and religion10 Medicinal uses

11 Other uses12 Allergies13 See also14 References15 Further reading

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Coconut flowers

16 External links

Description

Plant

Cocos nucifera is a large palm, growing up to 30 m (98 ft) tall, with pinnateleaves 4–6 m (13–20 ft) long, and pinnae 60–90 cm long; old leaves break away cleanly, leaving the trunk smooth. Coconuts are generally classified intotwo general types: tall and dwarf.[6] On very fertile land, a tall coconut palmtree can yield up to 75 fruits per year, but more often yields less than 30,mainly due to poor cultural practices.[7] In recent years, improvements incultivation practices and breeding have produced coconut trees that can yieldmore.[8][9]

Fruit

Botanically, the coconut fruit is a drupe, not a true nut.[10] Like other fruits, ithas three layers: the exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. The exocarp andmesocarp make up the "husk" of the coconut. Coconuts sold in the shops of nontropical countries often have had the exocarp (outermost layer) removed. The mesocarp is composed ofiber, called coir, which has many traditional and commercial uses. The shell has three germination pores (sor "eyes" that are clearly visible on its outside surface once the husk is removed.

A full-sized coconut weighs about 1.44 kg (3.2 lb). It takes around 6,000 full-grown coconuts to produce tonne of copra.[11]

Roots

Unlike some other plants, the palm tree has neither a tap root nor root hairs, but has a fibrous root system.[12]

Inflorescence

The palm produces both the female and male flowers on the same inflorescence; thus, the palm ismonoecious.[12] Other sources use the term polygamomonoecious.[13] The female flower is much larger than themale flower. Flowering occurs continuously. Coconut palms are believed to be largely cross-pollinated, althsome dwarf varieties are self-pollinating.

Etymology

One of the earliest mentions of the coconut dates back to the One Thousand and One Nights story of Sinbthe Sailor; he is known to have bought and sold coconuts during his fifth voyage.[14] Tenga , its Malayalam

name, was used in the detailed description of coconut found in Itinerario by Ludovico di Varthema published in1510 and also in the later Hortus Indicus Malabaricus .[15] Even earlier, it was callednux indica , a name used by Marco Polo in 1280 while in Sumatra, taken from the Arabs who called it jawz hindī . Both names

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Hugh C. Harries has done the most extensive work tracing the probable trajectory of cultivation forCocosnucifera .[28] He notes that the usual trend for cultivated plants—human selection increasing the number or sof the edible parts—makes little sense for coconuts, which are already large-fruited. Instead, he suggests thhuman cultivation of the coconut selected, not for larger size, but for thinner husks and increased volume oendosperm, the solid “meat” or liquid “water” that provides the fruit its food value. Although these modificafor domestication would reduce the fruit’s ability to float, this ability would be irrelevant to a cultivated population. Among modern C. nucifera, notes two major types or variants: a thick-husked, angular fruit w

he callsniu kafa , after its Polynesian name, and a thin-husked, spherical fruit with a higher proportion of endosperm, calledniu vai. Harries suggest that these two variants reflect a trend of cultivation inC. nucifera :the first coconuts were of theniu kafa type, with thick husks to protect the seed, an angular, highly ridgedshape to promote buoyancy during ocean dispersal, and a pointed base that allowed fruits to dig into the s preventing them from being washed away during germination on a new island. As early human communitie began to harvest coconuts for eating and planting, they (perhaps unintentionally) selected for a larger endoto husk ratio and a broader, spherical base, which rendered the fruit useful as a cup or bowl, the creating thniuvai type. The decreased buoyancy and increased fragility of this spherical, thin-husked fruit would not mata species that had started to be dispersed by humans and grown in plantations. Harries’ adoption of thePolynesian termsniu kafa andniu vai has now passed into general scientific discourse, and his hypothesis is

generally accepted.[29][30]

Variants ofC. nucifera are also categorized as Tall (var.typical ) or Dwarf (var.nana ).[31] The two groups aregenetically distinct, with the Dwarf variety showing a greater degree of artificial selection for ornamental traand for early germination and fruiting.[28][32] The Tall variety is outcrossing while Dwarf palms are incrossing,which has led to a much greater degree of genetic diversity within the Tall group. It is believed that the Dwsubgroup mutated from the Tall group under human selection pressure.[33]

Dispersal

Main article: Genomics of domestication

It is often cited that coconuts can travel 110 days, or 3000 miles, by sea and still be able to germinate.[34] Thisfigure has been questioned based on the extremely small sample size of the paper that makes this claim.[35] Thor Heyerdahl provides an alternative, and much shorter, estimate based on his first-hand experience crossing Pacific Ocean on the raft Kon-Tiki: “The nuts we had in baskets on deck remained eatable and capable ofgerminating the whole way to Polynesia. But we had laid about half among the special provisions below dewith the waves washing around them. Every single one of these was ruined by the sea water. And no coconcan float over the sea faster than a balsa raft moves with the wind behind it."[27] He also notes that several of thenuts began to germinate by the time they had been ten weeks at sea, precluding an unassisted journey of 1days or more. However, it is more than likely that the coconut variety Heyerdahl chose for his long sea voywas of the large, fleshy, sphericalniu vai type, which Harries observed to have a significantly shorter germination type and worse buoyancy than the uncultivatedniu kafa type.[28] Therefore Heyerdahl’sobservations cannot be considered conclusive when it comes to determining the independent dispersal abilithe uncultivated coconut.

Drift models based on wind and ocean currents have shown that coconuts could not have drifted across thPacific unaided.[35] This provides some circumstantial evidence that Austronesian peoples carried coconutsacross the ocean and that they could not have dispersed worldwide without human agency. More recently,genomic analysis of cultivated coconut (Cocos nucifera L. ) has shed light on the movements of Austronesian peoples. By examining 10 microsatelite loci, researchers found two genetically distinct subpopulations of coconut—one originating in the Indian Ocean, the other in the Pacific Ocean. However, admixture, the tranof genetic material, evidently occurred between the two populations. Given that coconuts are ideally suited

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Coconut germinating on Black SandBeach, Island of Hawaii

ocean dispersal, individuals from one population possibly could have floated to the other. However, thelocations of the admixture events are limited to Madagascar and coastal east Africa, and exclude the SeychThis pattern coincides with the known trade routes of Austronesian sailors. Additionally, a genetically distinsubpopulation of coconut on the Pacific coast of Latin America has undergone a genetic bottleneck resultinfrom a founder effect; however, its ancestral population is the Pacific coconut, which suggests Austronesian peoples may have sailed as far east as the Americas.[36]

Distribution

The coconut has spread across much of the tropics, probably aided in many cases by seafaring people. Cofruit in the wild are light, buoyant and highly water resistant, and evolved to disperse significant distances vimarine currents.[37] Specimens have been collected from the sea as far north as Norway.[38] In the HawaiianIslands, the coconut is regarded as a Polynesian introduction, first brought to the islands by early Polynesiavoyagers from their homelands in Oceania.[16] They have been found in the Caribbean and the Atlantic coasts oAfrica and South America for less than 500 years, but evidence of their presence on the Pacific coast of SAmerica predates Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas.[24] They are now almost ubiquitous between26°N and 26°S except for the interiors of Africa and South America.

Natural habitat

The coconut palm thrives on sandy soils and is highly tolerant of salinity. It prefers areas with abundant sunlight and regular rainfall(1500 mm to 2500 mm annually), which makes colonizing shorelinesof the tropics relatively straightforward.[39] Coconuts also need highhumidity (70–80%+) for optimum growth, which is why they arerarely seen in areas with low humidity, like the southeasternMediterranean or Andalusia, even where temperatures are highenough (regularly above 24°C or 75.2°F).

Coconut palms require warm conditions for successful growth, andare intolerant of cold weather. Optimum growth is with a mean annualtemperature of 27 °C (81 °F), and growth is reduced below 21 °C(70 °F). Some seasonal variation is tolerated, with good growthwhere mean summer temperatures are between 28 and 37 °C (82and 99 °F), and survival as long as winter temperatures are above 4– 12 °C (39–54 °F); they will survive brief drops to 0 °C (32 °F).Severe frost is usually fatal, although they have been known torecover from temperatures of −4 °C (25 °F).[39] They may grow butnot fruit properly in areas with insufficient warmth, such as Bermuda.

The conditions required for coconut trees to grow without any care are:

Mean daily temperature above 12–13°C (53.6–55.4°F) every day of the year Mean annual rainfall above 1,000 mm (39.37 in) No or very little overhead canopy, since even small trees require direct sun

The main limiting factor for most locations which satisfy the rainfall and temperature requirements is canopgrowth, except those locations near coastlines, where the sandy soil and salt spray limit the growth of mosttrees.

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Diseases

Main article: List of coconut palm diseases

Coconuts are susceptible to the phytoplasma disease lethal yellowing. One recently selected cultivar, theMaypan, has been bred for resistance to this disease.

Pests

The coconut palm is damaged by the larvae of many Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species which feed including Batrachedra spp.: B. arenosella , B. atriloqua (feeds exclusively onC. nucifera ), B. mathesoni(feeds exclusively onC. nucifera ), and B. nuciferae .

Brontispa longissima (coconut leaf beetle) feeds on young leaves, and damages seedlings and mature cocon palms. In 2007, the Philippines imposed a quarantine in Metro Manila and 26 provinces to stop the spreadthe pest and protect the $800 million Philippine coconut industry.[40]

The fruit may also be damaged by eriophyid coconut mites ( Eriophyes guerreronis ). This mite infests coconut plantations, and is devastating: it can destroy up to 90% of coconut production. The immature seeds are inand desapped by larvae staying in the portion covered by the perianth of the immature seed; the seeds thenoff or survive deformed. Spraying with wettable sulfur 0.4% or with neem-based pesticides can give some but is cumbersome and labor intensive.

In Kerala, the main coconut pests are the coconut mite, the rhinoceros beetle, the red palm weevil and thecoconut leaf caterpillar. Research on this topic has as of 2009 produced no results, and researchers from thKerala Agricultural University and the Central Plantation Crop Research Institute, Kasaragode are still seafor a cure. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kannur under Kerala Agricultural University has developed an innoextension approach called compact area group approach (CAGA) to combat coconut mites.

Cultivation

Coconut palms are grown in more than 80 countries of the world, with a total production of 61 million tonn per year.[41] Coconut trees are very hard to establish in dry climates, and cannot grow there without frequenirrigation; in drought conditions, the new leaves do not open well, and older leaves may become desiccatedalso tends to be shed.[39]

The extent of cultivation in the tropics is threatening a number of habitats, such as mangroves; an example osuch damage to an ecoregion is in the Petenes mangroves of the Yucatán.[42]

Harvesting

In some parts of the world (Thailand and Malaysia), trained pig-tailed macaques are used to harvest coconTraining schools for pig-tailed macaques still exist both in southern Thailand, and in the Malaysian state of Kelantan.[43] Competitions are held each year to find the fastest harvester.

India

Traditional areas of coconut cultivation in India are the states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, AndhraPradesh, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal and the islands of Lakshadweep and Andamand Nicobar. Four southern states combined account for almost 92% of the total production in the country

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Top ten coconut producers in 2010

Country Production (tonnes) Footnote

Philippines 19,500,000 Indonesia 15,540,000 India 10,824,100 Brazil 2,759,044 Sri Lanka 2,200,000 F Thailand 1,721,640 F Mexico 1,246,400 F Vietnam 1,086,000 A Papua New Guinea 677,000 F

Malaysia 555,120 Tanzania 370,000 F World 54,716,444 A

No symbol = official figure, P = official figure, F = FAO estimate,* = Unofficial/Semi-official/mirror data, C = Calculated figure,A = Aggregate (may include official, semi-official or estimates );

Source: Food And Agriculture Organization of the United Nations:

Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Division (http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor)

Coconuts being sold on a street inIndia

Kerala (45.22%), Tamil Nadu (26.56%), Karnataka (10.85%), andAndhra Pradesh (8.93%).[44] Other states, such as Goa,Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal, and those in the northeast(Tripura and Assam) account for the remaining 8.44%. Kerala, whichhas the largest number of coconut trees, is famous for its coconut- based products—coconut water, copra, coconut oil, coconut cake(also called coconut meal, copra cake, or copra meal), coconuttoddy, coconut shell-based products, coconut wood-based products,coconut leaves, and coir pith.

Various terms, such as copra and coir, are derived from the nativeMalayalam language. In Kerala, the coconut tree is called "Thengu"also termed askalpa vriksham , which essentially means all parts of acoconut tree is useful some way or other.

MaldivesThe coconut is the national tree of the Maldives and is considered the most important plant in the country. coconut tree is also included in the country's national emblem or coat of arms. Coconut trees are grown onthe islands. Before modern construction methods were introduced, coconut leaves were used as roofing m

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Coconut plucking in Kerala,India

Coconut trees in Komarapalayam,Tamil Nadu

Green coconut fruit strands on thetree are featured on each Maldivianrufiyaa banknote

Coconut trees are among the mostcommon sights throughout Kerala

Coconut trees line the beaches andcorniches of Oman.

for many houses in the islands,while coconut timber was used to build houses and boats.

Middle East

The main coconut-producing area

in the Middle East is the Dhofar region of Oman, but they can begrown all along the Persian Gulf,Arabian Sea and Red Sea coasts, because these seas are tropicaland provide enough humidity(through seawater evaporation)for coconut trees to grow. Theyoung coconut plants need to benursed and irrigated with drip pipes until they are old enough(stem bulb development) to beirrigated with brackish water or seawater alone, after which they

can be replanted on the beaches. In particular, the area aroundSalalah maintains large coconut plantations similar to those foundacross the Arabian Sea in Kerala. The reasons why coconut arecultivated only in Yemen's Al Mahrah and Hadramaut governoratesand in the Sultanate of Oman, but not in other suitable areas in theArabian Peninsula, may originate from the fact that Oman andHadramaut had long dhow trade relations with Burma, Malaysia,Indonesia, East Africa and Zanzibar, as well as southern India andChina. Omani people needed the coir rope from the coconut fiber tostitch together their traditional high seas-going dhow vessels in whichnails were never used. The 'know how' of coconut cultivation andnecessary soil fixation and irrigation may have found its way intoOmani, Hadrami and Al-Mahra culture by people who returned fromthose overseas areas.

The coconut cultivars grown in Oman are generally of the drought-resistant Indian "West Coast tall" (WC Tall) variety. Unlike the UAE,which grows mostly non-native dwarf or hybrid coconut cultivarsimported from Florida for ornamental purposes, the slender, tall Omanicoconut cultivars are relatively well-adapted to the Middle East's hot drseasons, but need longer to reach maturity. The Middle East's hot, dryclimate favors the development of coconut mites, which cause immatureseed dropping and may cause brownish-gray discoloration on thecoconut's outer green fiber.

The ancient coconut groves of Dhofar were mentioned by the medievalMoroccan traveller Ibn Battuta in his writings, known as Al Rihla .[45]

The annual rainy season known locally as Khareef or monsoon makes coconut cultivation easy on the Arabianeast coast.

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Coconut trees also are increasingly grown for decorative purposes along the coasts of the UAE and SaudiArabia with the help of irrigation. The UAE has, however, imposed strict laws on mature coconut tree impfrom other countries to reduce the spread of pests to other native palm trees, as the mixing of date and coctrees poses a risk of cross-species palm pests, such as rhinoceros beetles and red palm weevils.[46] The artificiallandscaping adopted in Florida may have been the cause for lethal yellowing, a viral coconut palm disease leads to the death of the tree. It is spread by host insects, that thrive on heavy turf grasses. Therefore, heavgrass environments (beach resorts and golf courses) also pose a major threat to local coconut trees.

Traditionally, dessert banana plants and local wild beach flora such asScaevola taccada and Ipomoea pes-caprae were used as humidity-supplying green undergrowth for coconut trees, mixed with sea almond and hibiscus. Due to growing sedentary life styles and heavy-handed landscaping, there has been a decline in thtraditional farming and soil-fixing techniques.

Sri Lanka

An early mention of the planting of coconuts is found in the Mahavamsa during the reign of Agrabodhi IIaround 589 AD.[15] Coconuts are common in the Sri Lankan diet and the main source of dietary fat.[47] SriLanka is home to the Coconut Research Institute of Sri Lanka.

United States

The only places in the United States where coconut palms can be grown and reproduced outdoors withoutirrigation are Hawaii, southern Florida, and the territories of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the U.Virgin Islands, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.

Coconut palms will grow from coastal Pinellas County and St. Petersburg southwards on Florida's west coand Melbourne southwards on Florida's east coast. The occasional coconut palm is seen north of these arefavoured microclimates in the Tampa and Clearwater metro areas and around Cape Canaveral, as well as Orlando-Kissimmee-Daytona Beach metro area. They may likewise be grown in favoured microclimates iRio Grande Valley area of southern Texas near Brownsville, along the upper northeast coast of by GalvestIsland, and in the Southern California coast, specifically Newport Beach, California. They may reach fruitinmaturity, but are damaged or killed by the occasional winter freezes in these areas. While coconut palms flin southern Florida, rare cold snaps can injure coconut palms there, as well. Only the Florida Keys and thedistant southern Atlantic coastlines provide safe havens from the cold for growing coconut palms on themainland.[citation needed ]

Australia

Coconuts are commonly grown around the northern coast of Australia, and in some warmer parts of NewWales.

Bermuda

Most of the tall mature coconut trees found in Bermuda were shipped to the island as seedlings on the decships. In more recent years, the importation of coconuts was prohibited, therefore, a large proportion of thounger trees have been propagated from locally grown coconuts.

In the winter months, the growth rate of coconut trees declines due to cooler temperatures and people havcommonly attributed this to the reduced yield of coconuts in comparison to tropical regions. However, whicooler winter temperatures may be a factor in reducing fruit production, the primary reason for the reducedis a lack of water. Bermuda's soil is generally very shallow (1.5 to 3 feet) and much of a coconut tree's roo

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Coconut water drink

1890 newspaper advertisement showing tin of dried coconut

Coconut-inner edible solid part, raw(fresh kopra)

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy 354 kcal (1,480 kJ)

Carbohydrates 24.23

- Sugars 6.23

- Dietary fiber 9

Fat 33.49

Protein 3.33 g

Water 47

Thiamine (vit. B1) 0.066 mg (6%)

Riboflavin (vit. B2) 0.02 mg (2%)

Niacin (vit. B3) 0.54 mg (4%)

Pantothenic acid (B5) 1.014 mg (20%)

Vitamin B6 0.05 mg (4%)Vitamin C 3.3 mg (4%)

Calcium 14 mg (1%)

Iron 2.43 mg (19%)

Magnesium 32 mg (9%)

Phosphorus 113 mg (16%)

Potassium 356 mg (8%)

Zinc 1.1 mg (12%)Percentages are roughly approximatedusing US recommendations for adults.

coconut water

Main article: Coconut water

Coconut water serves as a suspension for the endosperm of the coconut during its nuclear phase of development. Later, the endosperm maturesand deposits onto the coconut rind duringthe cellular phase.[5] Coconut water containssugar, dietary fiber, proteins, antioxidants,

vitamins, and minerals, and provides anisotonic electrolyte balance.[citation needed ]

It is consumed as a refreshing drink throughout the humid tropics, and is gaining popularity as a sports drink. Mature fruitshave significantly less liquid than young,immature coconuts, barring spoilage.Coconut water can be fermented to producecoconut vinegar.

Coconut milk

Main article: Coconut milk

Coconut milk, not to beconfused with coconut

water, is obtained primarily by extracting juice by pressingthe grated coconut's white kernel or by passing hot water or milk through grated coconut, which extracts the oil andaromatic compounds. It has a fat content around17%.[citation needed ] When refrigerated and left to set,coconut cream will rise to the top and separate from themilk. The milk can be used to produce virgin coconut oil by controlled heating and removal of the oil fraction.

Coconut oil

Main article: Coconut oil

Another byproduct of the coconut is coconut oil. It iscommonly used in cooking, especially for frying. It can beused in liquid form as would other vegetable oils, or insolid form as would butter or lard.

Toddy and nectar

The sap derived from incising the flower clusters of thecoconut is drunk asneera , also known as toddy ortuba

(Philippines),tuak (Indonesia and Malaysia) orkarewe(fresh and not fermented, collected twice a day, for breakfast and dinner) in Kiribati. When left to ferment onits own, it becomes palm wine. Palm wine is distilled to

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Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy 19 kcal (79 kJ)

Carbohydrates 3.71

- Sugars 2.61

- Dietary fiber 1.1

Fat 0.2

Protein 0.72

Water 95

Thiamine (vit. B1) 0.03 mg (3%)

Riboflavin (vit. B2) 0.057 mg (5%)

Niacin (vit. B3) 0.08 mg (1%)

Vitamin B6 0.032 mg (2%)

Vitamin C 2.4 mg (3%)

Calcium 24 mg (2%)Iron 0.29 mg (2%)

Magnesium 25 mg (7%)

Phosphorus 20 mg (3%)

Potassium 250 mg (5%)

Zinc 0.1 mg (1%)Percentages are roughly approximatedusing US recommendations for adults.

Purest coconut milk (kakang gata ),from 15 fresh, mature coconuts inthe Philippines.

producearrack . In the Philippines, this alcoholic drink iscalledlambanog or "coconutvodka".[50]

The sap can be

reduced by boiling to createa sweet syrupor candy suchas te kamamaiin Kiribati or dhiyaa hakuruandaddubondi in the

Maldives. It can be reduced further to yield coconut sugar

also referred to as palm sugar or jaggery. A young, well-maintained tree can produce around 300 liters(66 imp gal; 79 U.S. gal) of toddy per year, while a 40-ear-old tree may yield around 400 liters (88 imp gal;

110 U.S. gal).[51]

Heart of palm and coconut sprout

Apical buds of adult plants are edible, and are known as"palm cabbage" or heart of palm. They are considered arare delicacy, as harvesting the buds kills the palms.Hearts of palm are eaten in salads, sometimes called "millionaire's salad". Newly germinated coconuts conedible fluff of marshmallow-like consistency called coconut sprout, produced as the endosperm nourishes tdeveloping embryo.

Indonesia

In 2010, Indonesia increased its coconut production. It is now the world's second largest producer of cocoThe gross production was 15 million tonnes.[52] A sprouting coconut seed is the logo for Gerakan Pramuka

Indonesia, the Indonesian Scouting organization. It can be seen on all the scouting paraphernalia that eleme(SMA) school children wear as well as on the scouting pins and flags.

Philippines

The Philippines is the world's largest producer of coconuts, the production of coconuts plays an important in the economy. Coconuts in the Philippines are usually used in making main dishes, refreshments and dessCoconut juice is also a popular drink in the country. In the Philippines, particularly Cebu, rice is wrapped icoconut leaves for cooking and subsequent storage; these packets are called puso . Coconut milk, known as

ata , and grated coconut flakes are used in the preparation of dishes such aslaing , ginataan , bibingka , ubehalaya , pitsi-pitsi , palitaw , buko pie and more. Coconut jam is made by mixing muscovado sugar withcoconut milk. Coconut sport fruits are also harvested. One such variety of coconut is known asmacapuno . Itsmeat is sweetened, cut into strands and sold in glass jars as coconut strings, sometimes labeled as "gelatinomutant coconut". Coconut water can be fermented to make a different product— nata de coco (coconut gel).

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Harvesting coconuts in thePhilippines is done byworkers who climb the treesusing notches cut into thetrunk.

From left to right: grated, fresh,mature coconut meat; seed interior;healing oil, rare two-eyed coconutshell; and more grated meat(Philippines)

Vietnam

In Vietnam, coconut is grown mainly in Bến Tre Province, often called the "land of the coconut". It is used make coconut candy, caramel, and jelly. Coconut juice and coconut milk are used, especially in Vietnam'ssouthern style of cooking, includingkho andchè .

India

In southern India, most common way of cooking vegetables is to add grated coconut and then steam them spices fried in oil. People fromsouthern India also make chutney,which involves grinding the coconutwith salt, chillies, and whole spices.Uruttu chammanthi (granulatedchutney) is eaten with rice orkanji(rice gruel). It is also invariably themain side dish served withidli,vadai , anddosai . Coconut groundwith spices is also mixed in sambar and other various lunch dishes for extra taste. Dishes garnished with

grated coconut are generally referred to as poduthol in North Malabar andthoran in rest of Kerala. Puttu is a culinary delicacy of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, in which layers of coconut alternate with layers of powdered rice, all of which fit into a bamboo stalk. Recently, this has been replaced with a steel or aluminium tube, which is then steamed over a pot. Coconut (Tamil:

) is regularly broken in the middle-class families in Tamil Nadufor food. Coconut meat can be eaten as a snack sweetened with jaggery or molasses. In Karnataka sweets are prepared using coconut and dry coconut"copra"., Like Kaie Obattu, Kobri mitai etc.

Commercial, industrial, and household use

Cultivars

Coconut has a number of commercial and traditional cultivars. They can be sorted mainly into tall cultivars,dwarf cultivars and hybrid cultivars (hybrids between talls and dwarfs). Some of the dwarf cultivars such a

alayan dwarf has shown some promising resistance to lethal yellowing while other cultivars such as Panamatall is highly affected by the same plant disease. Some cultivars are more drought resistant such asWest coast tall (India) while others such as Hainan Tall (China) are more cold tolerant. Other aspects such as seed size,shape and weight and copra thickness are also important factors in the selection of new cultivars. Some culsuch as Fiji dwarf form a large bulb at the lower stem and others are cultivated to produce very sweet cocowater with orange coloured husks (king coconut) used entirely in fruit stalls for drinking (Sri Lanka, India).

Coir

Main article: coir

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A wall made from coconut husks

Extracting the fiber from the

husk (Sri Lanka)

Toys from coconut leaves

Coir (the fiber from the husk of the coconut) is used in ropes, mats, door mats, brushes, sacks, caulking fo boats, and as stuffing fiber for mattresses.[53] It is used in horticulture in potting compost, especially in orchidmix.

Coconut fronds

The stiff mid-ribs of coconut leaves are used for making brooms in

India, Indonesia ( sapu lidi ), Malaysia, the Maldives and thePhilippines (walis tingting ). The green of the leaves (lamina) arestripped away, leaving the veins (wood-like, thin, long strips) whichare tied together to form a broom or brush. A long handle made fromsome other wood may be inserted into the base of the bundle andused as a two-handed broom. The leaves also provide material for

baskets that can draw well water and for roofing thatch; they can be woveninto mats, cooking skewers, and kindlingarrows, as well. Two leaves (especially theyounger, yellowish shoots) woven into atight shell the size of the palm are filled withrice and cooked to makeketupat .[54]

Dried coconut leaves can be burned toash, which can be harvested for lime. InIndia, the woven coconut leaves are used

as pandals (temporary sheds) for marriage functions especially in the states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.

Copra Main articles: Copra and Coconut oil

Copra is the dried meat of the seed and after processing produces coconut oil and coconut meal. Coconutaside from being used in cooking as an ingredient and for frying, is used in soaps, cosmetics, hair-oil, andmassage oil. Coconut oil is also a main ingredient in Ayurvedic oils. In Vanuatu coconut palms for copra production are generally spaced 9 meters apart, allowing a tree density of 100–160 trees per hectare.

Husks and shells

The husk and shells can be used for fuel and are a source of charcoal.[55] Activated carbon manufactured fromcoconut shell is considered extremely effective for the removal of impurities. The coconut's obscure origin iforeign lands led to the notion of using cups made from the shell to neutralise poisoned drinks. The cups wfrequently engraved and decorated with precious metals.[56]

A dried half coconut shell with husk can be used to buff floors. It is known as abunot in the Philippines andsimply a "coconut brush" in Jamaica. The fresh husk of a brown coconut may serve as a dish sponge or bosponge.Tempurung as the shell is called in the Malay language can be used as a soup bowl and—if fixed whandle—a ladle. In India, coconut shells are also used as bowls and in the manufacture of various handicraincluding buttons carved from dried shell. Coconut buttons are often used for Hawaiian aloha shirts. In Thathe coconut husk is used as a potting medium to produce healthy forest tree saplings. The process of husk extraction from the coir bypasses the retting process, using a custom-built coconut husk extractor designed

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The base of an oldcoconut palm

Coconut Palace, Manila, Philippines, built entirely out of coconut and localmaterials

ASEAN–Canada Forest Tree Seed Centre (ACFTSC) in 1986. Fresh husks contains more tannin than olhusks. Tannin produces negative effects on sapling growth.[57] In parts of South India, the shell and husk are burned for smoke to repel mosquitoes.

Half coconut shells are used in theatre Foley sound effects work, banged together to create the sound effechorse's hoofbeats. Dried half shells are used as the bodies of musical instruments, including the Chinese yehuandbanhu , along with the Vietnameseđàn gáo and Arabo-Turkicrebab . In the Philippines, dried half shells

are also used as a music instrument in a folk dance calledmaglalatik .In World War II, coastwatcher scout Biuki Gasa was the first of two from the Solomon Islands to reach thshipwrecked and wounded crew of Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109 commanded by future U.S. president JoKennedy. Gasa suggested, for lack of paper, delivering by dugout canoe a message inscribed on a huskedcoconut shell. This coconut was later kept on the president's desk, and is now in the John F. KennedyLibrary.[citation needed ]

Coconut trunk

Coconut trunks are used for building small bridges and huts; they are preferred for their straightness, strength, and salt resistance. In Kerala, coconut trunks are used for house construction. Coconut timber comes from the trunk, and is increasingly beingused as an ecologically sound substitute for endangered hardwoods. It hasapplications in furniture and specialized construction, as notably demonstrated inManila's Coconut Palace.

Hawaiians hollowed the trunk to form drums, containers, or small canoes. The"branches" (leaf petioles) are strong and flexible enough to make a switch. The use of coconut branches in corporal punishment was revived in the Gilbertese communityon Choiseul in the Solomon Islands in 2005.[58]

Coconut roots

The roots are used as a dye, a mouthwash, and a medicine for diarrhea and dysentery.[7] A frayed piece of root can also be used asa toothbrush.

Use in beauty products

Coconuts are used in the beauty industry in moisturisers and body butters because coconut oil, due to its chemical structure, is readilyabsorbed by the skin. The coconut shell may also be ground downand added to products for exfoliation of dead skin. Coconut is also asource of lauric acid, which can be processed in a particular way to produce sodium lauryl sulfate, a detergent used in shower gels andshampoos.[59] The nature of lauric acid as a fatty acid makes it particularly effective for creating detergents and surfactants.

Role in culture and religion

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In the Ilocos region of northern Philippines, the Ilocano people fill two halved coconut shells withdiket (cookedsweet rice), and placeliningta nga itlog (halved boiled egg) on top of it. This ritual, known asniniyogan , is anoffering made to the deceased and one's ancestors. This accompanies the palagip (prayer to the dead).

A coconut (Sanskrit:narikela ) is an essential element of rituals in Hindu tradition. Often it is decorated with bright metal foils and other symbols of auspiciousness. It is offered during worship to a Hindu god or goddIrrespective of their religious affiliations, fishermen of India often offer it to the rivers and seas in the hopes having bountiful catches. Hindus often initiate the beginning of any new activity by breaking a coconut to enthe blessings of the gods and successful completion of the activity. The Hindu goddess of well-being and wLakshmi, is often shown holding a coconut.[60] In the foothills of the temple town of Palani, before going toworship Murugan for the Ganesha, coconuts are broken at a place marked for the purpose. Every day,thousands of coconuts are broken, and some devotees break as many as 108 coconuts at a time as per the prayer. In tantric practices, coconuts are sometimes used as substitutes for human skulls .[citation needed ]

In Hindu wedding ceremonies, a coconut is placed over the opening of a pot, representing a womb. Coconflowers are auspicious symbols and are fixtures at Hindu and Buddhist weddings and other important occaIn Kerala, coconut flowers must be present during a marriage ceremony. The flowers are inserted into a b

of unhusked rice (paddy) and placed within sight of the wedding ceremony. Similarly in Sri Lanka, coconuflowers, standing in brass urns, are placed in prominent positions.

The Zulu Social Aid and Pleasure Club of New Orleans traditionally throws hand-decorated coconuts, thevaluable of Mardi Gras souvenirs, to parade revelers. The "Tramps" began the traditioncirca 1901. In 1987, a"coconut law" was signed by Gov. Edwards exempting from insurance liability any decorated coconut "hanfrom a Zulu float.

The coconut is also used as a target and prize in the traditional British fairground game "coconut shy". The buys some small balls which he throws as hard as he can at coconuts balanced on sticks. The aim is to kno

coconut off the stand and win it.It was the main food of adherents of the now discontinued Vietnamese religion Đạo Dừa in Bến Tre.

Myths and legends

Some South Asian, Southeast Asian and Pacific Ocean cultures have origin myths in which the coconut plamain role. In the Hainuwele myth from Maluku, a girl emerges from the blossom of a coconut tree.[61] InMaldivian folklore one of the main myths of origin reflects the dependence of the Maldivians on the coconutree.[62]

According to an urban legend, there are more deaths caused by falling coconuts than by sharks annually.

Medicinal uses

Coconuts may help benign prostatic hyperplasia.[63] In rats, virgin coconut oil reduced total cholesterol,triglycerides, phospholipids, LDL, and VLDL cholesterol levels and increased HDL cholesterol in serum atissues.[64] The hexane fraction of coconut peel may contain novel anticancer compounds.[65] Young coconutuice has estrogen-like characteristics.[66] Inside a coconut is a cavity filled with coconut water, which is sterileuntil opened. It mixes easily with blood, and was used during World War II in emergency transfusions.[67] It canalso serve as an emergency short-term intravenous hydration fluid.[68] This is possible because the coconutwater has a high level of sugar and other salts that makes it possible to be used in the bloodstream, much limodern lactated Ringer solution or a dextrose/water solution as an intravenous solution (IV). Coconut is al

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Making a rug from coconut fiber

commonly used as a traditional remedy in Pakistan to treat bites from rats.[citation needed ] In Brazil, coconut isknown ascoco-da-bahia , coco-da-baía orcoqueiro-da-índia . The tea from the husk fiber is widely used totreat several inflammatory disorders.[69]

Other uses

The leftover fiber from coconut oil and coconut milk production,coconut meal, is used as livestock feed. The dried calyx is used asfuel in wood-fired stoves. Coconut water is traditionally used as agrowth supplement in plant tissue culture/micropropagation.[70] Thesmell of coconuts comes from the 6-pentyloxan-2-one molecule,known as delta-decalactone in the food and fragrance industries.[71]

Tool and shelter for animals

Researchers from the Melbourne Museum in Australia observed theoctopus species Amphioctopus marginatus use of tools, specificallycoconut shells, for defense and shelter. The discovery of this behavior was observed in Bali and North Sulawesi in Indonesia between 1998 and 2008.[72][73][74] Amphioctopusmarginatus is the first invertebrate known to be able to use tools.[73][75]

A coconut can be hollowed out and used as a home for a rodent or small birds. Halved, drained coconuts also be hung up as bird feeders, and after the flesh has gone, can be filled with fat in winter to attract tits.

Allergies

Food allergies

Coconut can be a food allergen although its prevalence varies from country to country. While coconut is onthe top-five food allergies in India where it is a common food source,[76] such allergies to coconut areconsidered rare in Australia, the UK, and the United States.[77] As a result, commercial extracts of coconut arenot currently available for skin prick testing in Australia or New Zealand.[78]

Despite a low prevalence of allergies to coconut in the United States, the U.S. Food and Drug Administrat(FDA) began identifying coconuts in October 2006.[77] Based on FDA guidance and federal U.S. law, coconutmust be disclosed as an ingredient.[79]

Topical allergies

Coconut-derived products can cause contact dermatitis. They can be present in cosmetics, including someshampoos, moisturizers, soaps, cleansers and hand washing liquids. Those known to cause contact dermatinclude: coconut diethanolamide, cocamide sulphate, cocamide DEA, CDEA, sodium laureth sulfate, sodiulauroyl sulfate, ammonium laureth sulfate, ammonium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, sodium cocsarcosinate, potassium coco hydrolysed collagen, triethanolamine laureth sulfate, caprylic/capric triglyceridtriethanolamine lauryl or cocoyl sarcosime, disodium oleamide sulfocuccinate, laureth sulfasuccinate, anddisodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate.[78]

See also

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p: oo s.goog e.com oo s = x v c pg= q= . - - - - .pan s19. ^ Figueiredo, Cândido. (1940). Pequeno Dicionário da Lingua Portuguesa . Livraria Bertrand. Lisboa.

(Po r tuguese)20. ^ "Coco" (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coco). Merriam-Webster. Retrieved August 28, 20121. ^ "Coco" (http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=coco). Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved Aug

28, 2011.22. ^ Wer th, E. (1933). Distribution, Origin and Cultivation of the Coconut Palm. Ber. Deutschen Bot. Ges. , vol 51,

pp. 301–304. (article translated into English by Dr. R. Child, Director, Coconut Research Scheme, Lunuwil

Sri Lanka).23. ^a b Grimwood, Brian E., F. Ashman, D.A.V. Dendy, C.G. Jarman, E.C.S. Little, and W.H. Timmins. (197Coconut Palm Products – Their processing in developing countries . Rome: FAO. pp. 3–4(htt p://books.google.com/books?id=fY5hLeJ-WW4C&pg=PA4&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false). ISBN 978-9100853-9.

24. ^a b c Perera, Lalith, Suriya A.C.N. Perera, Champa K. Bandaranayake and Hugh C. Harries. (2009). "Chap12 – Coconut". In Johann Vollmann and Istvan Rajcan (Eds.).Oil Crops . Springer. pp. 370–372(htt p://books.google.com/books?id=Y_heb_lB3qoC&pg=PA370&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false). ISBN 978-0387-77593-7.

25. ^a b c Jackson, Eric. (August 20 - September 2, 2006). From whence come coconuts?(htt p://www.thepanamanews.com/pn/v_12/issue_16/science_01.html).The Panama News (Volume 12,

Num ber 16). Retrieved April 10, 2011.26. ^ Cook, O.F. (1901) The Origin and Distribution of the Cocoa Palm. Washington: Government Printing Off

37 p.27. ^a b Heyerdahl, Thor. (1950) Kon-Tiki: Across the Pacific by Raft. Mattituck: Amereon House. 240 p.28. ^a b c Harries, H. C. (1978). The evolution, dissemination and classification of Cocos nucifera L. The Bota

Review, 44(3), 265–319.29. ^ Le brun, P., N, Y. P., Seguin, M., Grivet, L., & Baudouin, L. (1998). Genetic diversity in coconut (Cocos

nucif era L.) revealed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. Euphytica, 101, 103–130. ^ Shukla, A., Mehrotra, R. C., & Guleria, J. S. (2012). Cocos sahnii Kaul: A Cocos nucifera L.-like fruit fr

the Early Eocene rainforest of Rajasthan, western India. Journal of Biosciences, 37(4), 769–776.31. ^ Santos, G.A., Batugal, P.A., Othman, A., Baudouin, L., and Labouisse J.P. 1996. Manual on standardised

techniques in coconut breeding. IPGRI–COGENT publication. Stamford Press, Singapore. Accessed athttp://www.bioversityinternational.org/fileadmin/bioversity/publications/Web_version/108/ch02.htm#Chapte

32. ^ Huang, Y.-Y., Matzke, A. J. M., & Matzke, M. (2013). Complete sequence and comparative analysis of thchlor o plast genome of coconut palm (Cocos nucifera). PloS one, 8(8), e74736.

33. ^ R ivera, R.; Edwards, K. J.; Barker, J. H.; Arnold, G. M.; Ayad, G.; Hodgkin, T.; Karp, A. (1999). "Isolatiand characterization of polymorphic microsatellites in Cocos nucifera L".Genome / National Research Council Can ad a = Genome / Conseil national de recherches Canada 42 (4): 668–675. PMID 10464790(//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10464790).

34. ^ Edmondson, C.H. (1941) Viability of coconut seeds after floating in sea. Bernice P. Bishop MuseumOccasional Papers 16, 293-304.

35. ^a b Ward, R. G., & Brookfield, M. (1992). Special Paper: the dispersal of the coconut: did it float or was icarr ied to Panama? Journal of Biogeography, 19(5), 467–480.36. ^ Gunn, Bee; Luc Baudouin, Kenneth M. Olsen (2011). "Independent Origins of Cultivated Coconut (Cocos

nucif era L.) in the Old World Tropics"(htt p://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0021143). PLoS ONE 6 (6).doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021143 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0021143). Retrieved 28 November 2011.

37. ^ Foale, Mike. (2003). The Coconut Odyssey – the bounteous possibilities of the tree of life(htt p://aciar.gov.au/files/node/453/mono101.pdf). Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research(htt p://www.aciar.gov.au/publication/MN101). Retrieved 2009-05-30.

38. ^ Ferguson, John. (1898). All about the "coconut palm" (Cocos nucifera) (2nd edition).39. ^a b c Chan, Edward and Craig R. Elevitch. (April 2006).Cocos nucifera (coconut)

(htt p://www.agroforestry.net/tti/Cocos-coconut.pdf) (version 2.1). In C.R. Elevitch (Ed.).Species Profiles for Pac if ic Island Agroforestry . Hōlualoa, Hawai‘i: Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR).

40. ^ R emo, Amy R. (September 27, 2007). Beetles infest coconuts in Manila, 26 provinces(htt p://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view_article.php?article_id=91109). Philippine Daily

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Division. (September 2, 2010). FAOSTAT – Production – Crops [Selected annual data](htt p://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor). Retrieved April 14, 2011 from theFAOSTAT Database.

42. ^ World Wildlife Fund. (December 17, 2010). "Petenes mangroves"(htt p://www.eoearth.org/article/Petenes_mangroves?topic=49597). In Mark McGinley, C. Michael Hogan &Cutler J. Cleveland Encyclopedia of Earth . Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National

Council for Science and the Environment. Retrieved April 14, 2011.43. ^ Bertrand, Mireille. (January 27, 1967). Training without Reward: Traditional Training of Pig-tailed Macaqas Coconut Harvesters.Science 155 (3761): 484–486.

44. ^ De partment of Agriculture Karshika Keralam. Government of Kerala. India. (n.d.). "Coconut Cultivation"(htt p://www.keralaagriculture.gov.in/htmle/bankableagriprojects/ph/coconut.htm). Retrieved 2009-12-06.

45. ^ Halsall, Paul. (Ed). (February 21, 2001). "Medieval Sourcebook: Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa 11354" (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1354-ibnbattuta.html). Fordham University Center for MedieStudies. Retrieved April 14, 2011.

46. ^ K aakeh, Walid, Fouad El-Ezaby, Mahmoud M. Aboul-Nour, and Ahmed A. Khamis (2001). "Managementthe r ed palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Oliv., by a pheromone/food-based trapping system"(htt p://www.pubhort.org/datepalm/datepalm2/datepalm2_38.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 2009-12-06.

47. ^ K aunitz, H. (1986). "Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) in aging and arteriosclerosis". Journal of Env ironmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology : official organ of the International Society for Env ironmental Toxicology and Cancer 6 (3–4): 115–121. PMID 3519928(//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3519928).

48. ^ Margolis, Jason. (December 13, 2006). Coconut fuel (http://www.theworld.org/?q=node/7280). PRI 's TheWor l d . Retrieved April 10, 2011.

49. ^ Gr imwood 1975, p. 182 (http://books.google.com/books?id=fY5hLeJ-WW4C&pg=PA182&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false).

50. ^ Porter, Jolene V. (2005). "Lambanog: A Philippine Drink" (http://www1.american.edu/ted/lambanog.htm)Washington, D.C.: American University. Retrieved April 10, 2011.

51. ^ Gr imwood 1975, p. 20 (http://books.google.com/books?id=fY5hLeJ-WW4C&pg=PA20&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false).

52. ^ FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS(htt p://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx#ancor), FAO

53. ^ Gr imwood 1975, p. 22 (http://books.google.com/books?id=fY5hLeJ-WW4C&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q&f=false).

54. ^ Gr imwood 1975, p. 19 (http://books.google.com/books?id=fY5hLeJ-WW4C&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=false).

55. ^ "Coconut Shell Lump Charcoal" (http://www.supremecarbon.com/coco.htm). Supreme Carbon Indonesia56. ^ "The Metropolitan Museum of Art" (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/17.190.622ab)57. ^ Somyos Kijkar. "Handbook: Coconut husk as a potting medium". ASEAN-Canada Forest Tree Seed Centr

Pro ject 1991, Muak-Lek, Saraburi, Thailand. ISBN 974-361-277-1.58. ^ Herming, George. (March 6, 2006). Wagina whips offenders (http://www.corpun.com/sbj00603.htm).Sol omon Star .

59. ^ ongnaturalbodycare.co.uk. (April 1, 2012) (http://www.ongnaturalbodycare.co.uk/news/the-good-the-baand-the-ugly/coconuts-their-many-uses-in-beauty-products)

60. ^ Dallapiccola, Anna. Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend . ISBN 0-500-51088-1.61. ^ The Oxford Companion to World Mythology - Hainuwele

(htt p://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195156690.001.0001/acref-9780195156690-e-62. ^ R omero-Frias, Xavier (2012) Folk tales of the Maldives , NIAS Press

(htt p://www.niaspress.dk/catalogue2011/Catalogue_2012.pdf), ISBN 978-87-7694-104-8, ISBN 978-87-76105-5

63. ^ de Lourdes Arruzazabala, M.; Molina, V.; Más, R.; Carbajal, D.; Marrero, D.; González, V.; Rodríguez, E(2007). "Effects of coconut oil on testosterone-induced prostatic hyperplasia in Sprague-Dawley rats". Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 59 (7): 995–999. doi:10.1211/jpp.59.7.0012(htt p://dx.doi.org/10.1211%2Fjpp.59.7.0012). PMID 17637195 (//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1763719

64. ^ Beneficial effects of virgin coconut oil on lipid parameters and in vitro LDL oxidation. Nevin KG. Rajamo

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‘tree of life’ (http://aciar.gov.au/files/node/748/PR125%20full%20text.pdf). Proceedings of theInternational Coconut Forum held in Cairns, Australia, 22–24 November 2005. ACIAR Proceeding No. 125. ISBN 1-86320-515-2Batugal, P., V.R. Rao and J. Oliver (2005).Coconut Genetic Resources(http://books.google.com/books?id=zZhU8NWtMhwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false). Bioversity InternationalISBN 978-92-9043-629-4.

Frison, E.A.; Putter, C.A.J.; Diekmann, M. (eds.). (1993).Coconut (http://www.bioversityinternational.org/nc/publications/publication/issue/coconut.html). ISBN 978-929043-156-5.International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI). (1995). Descriptors for Coconut (Cocosnucifera L.)(http://www.bioversityinternational.org/nc/publications/publication/issue/descriptors_for_coconut_ems_nuciferaem_l.html). ISBN 978-92-9043-215-9.Mathur, P.N.; Muralidharan, K.; Parthasarathy, V.A.; Batugal, P.; Bonnot, F. (2008). Data Analysis

Manual for Coconut Researchers

(http://www.bioversityinternational.org/nc/publications/publication/issue/data_analysis_manual_for_cut_researchers.html). ISBN 978-92-9043-736-9.Salunkhe, D.K., J.K. Chavan, R.N. Adsule, and S.S. Kadam. (1992).World Oilseeds – Chemistry,Technology, and Utilization . Springer. ISBN 978-0-442-00112-4.

External links

Coconut Research Center (http://www.coconutresearchcenter.org/)Coconut Time Line (http://cocos.arecaceae.com/)

Cocos nucifera information (http://www.hear.org/species/cocos_nucifera/) from the HawaiianEcosystems at Risk project (HEAR) (http://www.hear.org/)Palmtalk (http://www.palmtalk.org)Plant Cultures: botany, history and uses of the coconut(http://www.plantcultures.org/plants/coconut_landing.html)Purdue University crop pages:Cocos nucifera(http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Cocos_nucifera.html)

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