COCONUT - courseware.cutm.ac.in
Transcript of COCONUT - courseware.cutm.ac.in
Coconut called as Kalpa Vriksha (Tree of Heaven).
It is also called as Tree of Life, Tree of Abundance, Tree of Plenty, etc.
Each and every part of the coconut palm is useful to man in one way or another.
The word coco derives from the word monkey because the nut resembles a monkey's face.
Coconut is an important crop. About 1 crore people depends on its cultivation and processing.
48%of coconut produced is consumed as raw nuts, 30%for milling copra for oil extraction, 8%as edible copra and 4% for coconut cream, milk, and other by-products.
Introduction
Composition and use
Water composition is 95.5%
Protein content is 0.1%
Fat content is <0.1%
Mineral content is 0.4%
CHO 4%
Ca 0.02
P <0.01
Fe 0.5mg
Composition of coconut water
Composition of kernel
Moisture 45% Protein 4% Fat 37% Minerals 4% CHO 10%
Richest source of vegetable fat yielding 60-67% oil
Use of coconut palm and its products
Plant parts Uses
Root Beverage, fuel, medicine for intestinal complaints, coughs, antiseptic lotion for wounds & mouth wash.
Stem Timber, particle board.
Leaves Thatching houses, place mat, fruit tray.
Inflorescence Gin, toddy.
Coconut meat Copra, coconut oil, oil cake for animal feed, desiccated coconut.
Pith Soil ameliorant, filler in thermoplastic industries, oxalic acid.
Coconut water Vinegar, soft drink.
Coconut shell Mail rack, lamp shade, charcoal, shell flour, mosquito coil.
husk Rope, yarn, brush, floor mat, door mat,
Origin and Distribution
Coconut originated and was domesticated in Malaysia where it was widely distributed
It was taken in prehistoric times to the mainland of Asia, and had reached East Africa before 1492
All tropical areas are suitable for coconut cultivation
Philippines, Indonesia, India, and Srilankaare the major producer of coconut, in world.
In India it is distributed from coastal to interior belts in sates of kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Goa
2007-2008 (Revised) 2008-2009 (Final)States /Union
Territories
AREA ('000
Hectares)
Production
(Million nuts)
Productivity
(Nuts/ha)
AREA ('000
Hectares)
Production
(Million nuts)
Productivity
(Nuts/ha)
Andhra
Pradesh
101.32 1119.26 11047 104.00 970.00 9327
Assam 19.00 136.00 7158 18.80 147.10 7824
Goa 25.50 127.60 5004 25.61 128.18 5005
Gujarat 16.40 138.30 8433 15.98 157.42 9851
Karnataka 405.00 1635.00 4037 419.00 2176.00 5193
Kerala 818.80 5641.00 6889 787.77 5802.00 7365
Maharashtra 21.00 175.10 8338 21.00 175.10 8338
Nagaland 0.90 0.20 222 0.92 0.55 598
Orissa 51.00 275.80 5408 51.00 275.80 5408
Tamil Nadu 383.37 4968.20 12959 389.60 5365.00 13771
Tripura 5.80 11.40 1966 5.80 11.40 1966
West Bengal 28.60 355.50 12430 28.60 355.50 12430
A & N Islands 21.60 80.60 3731 21.69 82.00 3781
Lakshadweep 2.70 53.00 19630 2.70 53.00 19630
Pondicherry 2.20 26.60 12091 2.10 30.70 14619
All India 1903.19 14743.56 7747 1894.57 15729.75 8303
All India Final Estimates of area and production of Coconut
Common names: Coconut Palm,
Scientific name: Cocos nucifera
Family: Arecaceae
Order: Arecales
Chromosome no: 2n = 32
Evergreen or deciduous: Evergreen
Botany
The Root
The coconut palm has an adventitious root system as typical of a monocot, i.e., it produces numerous uniformly thick roots from the base of the stem almost throughout its life.
The main roots measure 6 m in length on an average and in rare instances they may grow even up to 25 m. they are usually of uniform thickness of about 8 mm in diameter.
The total number of roots in a tree depends upon its age and the environment.
they may vary from 1,500 to 2,500 in a tree aged about 25 years and 3,620 roots in a 60 to 70-years-old tree.
The number of roots counted on a bole usually varies from 4,000 to 7,000.
Coconut roots are also provided with numerous lenticels-like outgrowths or ventilators which may be called 'breathing organs', 'breathing roots' or 'Pneumatophores', which help in the exchange of gases.
Stem When the bole reaches the full stage of its development, the
stem becomes visible.
The thickness of the stem generally depends upon the vigor of the tree, hereditary variation and soil conditions.
In the initial years of the growth of the tree the stem gradually increases in thickness and this thickness is maintained throughout.
When the leaves grow old they are shed , leaving a rough pitted scar on the trunk which encircles the whole stem.
From the counts of these scars the age of the trees can be approximately determined, as roughly 12 to 14 such successive scars left on the tree correspond to a year of growth of the tree.
It is also possible to gauge the vigour of the tree from these scars.
In a bearing tree the scars left by the inflorescence stalk may be seen on the stem in the middle above the widest portion of the leaf scar.
The Leaf
Every tree has a crown of leaves oriented at the top of the trunk consisting of opened leaves and those in the bud in various stages of development.
The number of leaves in the crown varies depending on the conditions prevailing, viz., method of cultivation, nutritional status of the soil, sunlight, etc.
In adult trees, the crown comprises about 30 to 40 opened leaves.
There are generally four sets of leaves in the crown.
The first set consists of ten to twelve leaves counted from the oldest leaf, from the axils of which the bunches have already been harvested.
The second set consisting of ten to fourteen leaves will be those supporting fruit bunches in the different stages of development.
The third set includes ten to twelve opened leaves in the axils of which are found spadix in various stages of development.
The soft and brittle bud in the centre of the crown is the most rapidly growing part of the tree
The Inflorescence
Inflorescence of the coconut are formed in the axils of every leaf of a bearing tree
The coconut is a monoecious plant producing male and female flowers separately on the same tree.
The inflorescence appears at first in the axil of a leaf as a pear shaped flat structure.
At this time, it is completely protected by two sheaths and is collectively known as the spadix.
The outer sheath is thick and fibrous while the inner one is more yellow and often fibrous and somewhat flat in nature
Its size varies from 0.75 m to 2 m in length depending upon the individual palm.
Flowering commences at 6-12 years of age.
Each spikelets bears about 200-300male flowers at top.
1-2 female flowers at base
Female flower are globose and about 2-3cm in diameter having large ovary, with 3 locules and 3 nectary glands
The average number of female flowers per tree in the group
good is about 151
Medium about 120
poor only 41.
The Pollen
When the anthers are fully mature, the pollen sacs burst along two longitudinal slits.
The pollen grains are spherical and smooth when very fresh.
On exposure for a few seconds, they turn ellipsoidal with a longitudinal groove in the middle and they measure about 0.063 mm in length and 0.020 mm in breadth at the centre.
In the mature pollen grain, there are three nuclei one of which is larger than the remaining two.
The Fruit The fruit of the coconut, botanically known as a fibrous drupe
and popularly the 'nut', consists internally of the endospermous kernel with the embryo embedded in it and externally protected by the fruit coat known as the pericarpwhich consists of three distinct and well defined regions, viz., the exocarp or epicarp, the mesocarp and the endocarp.
The outermost region of the fruit coat is the exocarp (or epicarp) which consists of a tough smooth and hard fibrous skin where as in the ripe fruit it assumes green, red, yellow or brown colour.
Within the kernel is a cavity which in the unripe fruit is completely filled with the liquid popularly known as 'coconut water'.
As the fruit ripens, this water gets very much reduced.
varieties
Dwarf Varieties In India
Chowghat Green Dwarf,
Chowghat Orange Dwarf,
Gangabondam
Gudanjali Dwarf.
Malayan dawaf orange
Malayan dawaf green
Malayan dawaf yellow
Tall Varieties In India
West Coast Tall,
Laccadive Ordinary,
East Coast Tall
Andaman Ordinary
Kappadam
Gangabhavani
Verri kobbari
Rangoon kobbari
Name Area for which recommended Nut yield Copra (g/nut) Oil content (%)
Selections
Chandrakalpa Kerala, Karnataka, TN 97 195 70
Kerachandra AP, Maharashtra, 110 198 66
Chowghat Orange
Dwarf
All coconut growing regions Tender nut variety
Kalpa Pratibha West Coast region and peninsular
India
91 256 67
Kalpa Dhenu West Coast region and Andaman
and Nicobar Islands
86 242 65.5
Kalpa Mitra West Coast region and West
Bengal
80 241 66.5
Kalparaksha West Coast region and root (wilt)
disease tracts of Kerala
65 215 65.5
Kalpasree Root (wilt) prevalent tracts of
Kerala and adjoining states.
90 96.3 66.5
Hybrids
Chandra Sankara Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu 110 208 68
Kera Sankara Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra,
AP
106 198 68
Chandra Laksha Kerala, Karnataka 109 195 69
Kalpa Samridhi West coast of India 117 220 67.5
Kalpa Sankara Root (wilt) prevalent tracts of
Kerala and adjoining states.
84 170 67.5
Coconut Varities
Distinguish between tall & dwarfTrait Tall Dwarf
Height increment per year >50 m <50 m
Years to start of reproductive maturity
Late (5 to 7years) Early (3 to 4years)
Expected life span >50 years <50 years
Nut size (Whole) Very small – large Very small - medium
Phenotypic variability
a) Within cultivar High Low
b) Between cultivar High High
Root distribution More dense Less dense & few
Reaction to adverse conditions Generally less & sensitive Sensitive to hypersensitive
Cultural requirement Average High input required
Leaf & bunch attachment Very strong Fragile
Geographic distribution More widely distributed & commercial
Less widely & non –commercial
Stem circumference Enlarged with a bulbous base Thin & either with a cylindrical or tapering base
Mode of pollination Highly crossed Highly selfed
Pigmentation of nuts & petiole of leaves
Mixture of green & brown yellow rarely occur
Either pure green, brown, yellow & red
Hybrids Hybrid Parentage Released by
Chandra Sankara CODXWCT CPCRI
Chandra Laksha LOXCOD CPCRI
Kera sankra WCTXCOD CPCRI
Laksha Ganga LOXGB KAU
Ananda Ganga AOXGB KAU
Kera Ganga WCTXGB KAU
VHC-2 ECTXMYD TNAU
Soil
Coconut can be grown on variety of soils.
Well drained deep sandy loam, alluvial and red loamy soils are ideal for its cultivation
Heavy clay soils and waterloggedareas should be avoided
pH of soil should be 5.5-6.5
ClimateCoconut is a tropical crop and it grow
wel in warm humid areas with alltitude of 1000m above the sea level
It can be successfully grown in area receiving rain fall of 750mm/annum.
Temperature should be 270C and 200hr of sunshins /year is ideal.
Propagation
Coconut is propagated through seed nuts.
Coconut is cross pollinated one, it does not breed true to type, by means of a series of selection made at different stages, it is possible to eliminate poor quality seedlings.
The selection procedure
Selection of seed garden :
Seed garden should have high yielding record.
Seed garden should contain a high proportion of heavy bearers.
The garden free from pest diseases.
Palm located near cattle shed and compost pits should be avoided
Selection of mother palms
Selection made based on following character :
Yield of palm :annul yield not <80 nuts, copra content should not <150g.
Age of palm: should at lest 50 year, however, very old palm >60year avoided.
Nature and disposition of leaf: should have 30 fully opened leaves
Nature, number and sequence of production of inflorescence : every leaf axil should have one inflorescence with large numbers of spikes and 1-2 female flower.
Size and shape of nuts: medium sized nut with round and oblong shape are preferred.
Collection and storage of seed nuts
Thin husked medium sized nut of 11-12 months old are collected during Oct – Mar
Seed nut should have high kernel content, which positively related to vigour and early germination of seedlings
Seed nut should be stored in shade for a minimum period of 60daysbefore sowing
Nursery techniques
Nursery site should be in partial shade.
Preferably sandy soil is preferred
Open a trenches of about 0.5m depth and 0.3-0.4 m width.
Apply aldrin 10% dust at rate of 12g/m2 to prevent termite
The nuts are planted in nursery after on set of monsoon during May-June.
Spacing and position seed nuts
Seed nut s are planted at spacing of 30x30.
They are planted in beds in trenches 25-30cm deep.
The nuts may planted vertically with stalk end up.
Irrigate nursery regularly .
Apply BM and COC to avoid the fungal infection.
Selection of seedlingsSeedlings are selected based on following characters :
Early germination: should germinated within 5 months
Number of leaves: should have minimum 5 leaves
Girth of collar: should be 10 cm
Splitting of leaflets
Stunted and lanky seedling avoided
Planting
Plant seedlings in pits at a spacing of 9m x 9m in tall varieties,
7.5x7.5 spacing in dwarf varieties,
Dig pits of size 1m3 and fill up with rich topsoil to a level of 15 cm from the bottom. Plant seedlings at the centre of pit, cover with soil up to collar level and press around.
Manuring and Fertilization
FYM
Before planting 1.25tonns/ha
After planting 50kg/plant/year
Leaf manure 50kg/plant/year
Age of plant
N g/plant P g/plant K g/plant
1 YEAR 40 30 100
2 YEAR 85 55 200
3 YEAR 170 110 400
4 YEAR -10YEAR
250 165 600
Fertilization
Intercropping and mixed cropping
Intercrops: Potato, Tapioca, Chilies.
Mixed cropping: banana and pineapple can be grown at initial stage crop growth
When plantation achieved age of 12-15 year, cocoa, pepper, clove, nutmeg.
Multistoried cropping system in coconut
Cultivating a mixture of crops with different heights (multi-storey) and growth characteristics which together optimise the use of soil, moisture and space.
Model Multistoried cropping
Under the multi-storey cropping system, perennial crops (coconut, banana, coffee, papaya, pineapple)
annuals/biennials (root crops: taro, yam, sweet potato etc) are interplanted to maximize productivity and income.
coconuts are usually planted first. When they reach a height of 4.5 meters (after 3-4 years), bananas, coffee and/or papaya are planted. After sufficient space has developed at ground level in about three to four years, root crops are planted.
At full establishment, the system develops different layers: coconut (tallest) followed by banana, coffee, papaya (middle), root crops and pineapple (lowest).
The multi-storey system is intended to make the best use of resources (soil, moisture and space) for increased farm income.
It is also very effective against soil erosion.
Multi-storied system Income (US$ per hectare)
Coconut+ Banana+ Taro 420+1530+250 =
2220
Coconut+ Banana+ Ginger 420+1530+2040 =
3990
Coconut+ Banana+ Pineapple 420+1530+1260 =
3210
Coconut+ Banana 420+1990 =
2410
Monocrop system (Coconut) 540 =
540
Coconut+ Pasture 540+105 =
645
Table 1. Income from multi-storied cropping system in coconut orchard
Drip Irrigation
Crops Drip irrigation
(litres/tree/d
ay)
Surface irrigation
(litres/tree/day)
Coconut 75-100 200-300
Grapes 25-45 90-100
Mango 30-50 90-150
Guava 20-30 70-100
Sapota 20-30 70-100
Pomegranate 20-40 60-130
Banana 12-16 30-40
Citrus 10-20 25-65
Papaya 5-8 18-26
Vegetables 1-2 4-8
Rhinoceros Beetle Scientific name: Oryctes rhinoceros
Symptoms of damage
Beetle bores into central shoots, spathes and petioles, chews the tissues, ingests the juice and throws out dry fibrous part.
Attacked central shoot topples down and the tree may be killed if the growing primordium is destroyed.
Leaves of partly damaged crowns when grow show characteristic 'V' shaped cuttings on the leaflet.
Adult feeding on leaf V shape mark on leaf
Control
Treat the manure pits with carbaryl dust, four times a year in January,
April, July and October.
Hook out beetles from crowns during July-September and fill the
holes with lindane dust and sand ( 1: 1) mixture.
Poison bait made out of rotting mustard, castor cake, toddy or dung
and lindane attracts the beetles.
Red Palm Weevil Scientific name: Rhynchophorus ferrugineus F.
Symptomatology :
It is very difficult to detect the presence of the pest infestation in the earlier stages of attack.
The grub begins its life inside the palm and normally never comes outside.
Therefore neither the grub nor the damage caused by it can be readily seen.
Sometimes, a few small holes Occur in the crown or the soft stem from which pieces of chewed fibers protrude and a brownish viscous liquid oozes out.
The four stages
Egg Larva Pupa Adult Life Cycle
contorl
Drenching of carbaryl 4gm/liter of water
Painting raw surfaces of palm with a mixture
of 10 ml tar and 10 gm lindane dust prevents
egg laying
Pheromone Traps
Scales Scientific name :Aspidiotus destructor
Symptoms of damage:
Female lays eggs under its shield like scale.
Crawlers move out to healthy leaflets, cluster in large numbers on the underside of leaflets feeding on cell sap.
Leaflets turn yellowish and in severe cases wither and dry.
In severe infestation scales may also congregate on green nuts and suck sap reducing the quality
Scale insect
Control:
Normally their population
is kept under check by the
natural enemies.
Spray Rogar
@1.75ml/liter
Mites
Scientific name:Eriophyes guerreronis
Symptoms of damage:
Colonies of mites live under inner bracts of perianth and suck sap from tender tissues.
Damage initially appears as a triangular patch at the level of perianth which turns brown later.
•Mites damage
Sprays of
dicofol,@1.5ml/liter twice
at weekly intervals are
recommended on buttons
and developing nuts on
bunches.
Spraying of neem
formulation (0.15% or
1500 ppm) @ 5 ml/litre of
water also controls the
pest.
control
Black-Headed Caterpillar
Scientific name:Opisina arenosella
Symptoms of damage
o Larva scrapes and feeds on the surface tissues of the lower surface of the leaflet .
o It binds two halves of leaflets together, constructs a gallery of silk and frass and lives under it.
o Affected palm
o Attacked leaflets turn brown and dry up.
o Attacks only lower leaves and from a distance these appear as if burnt.
Control: Root administration of monocrotophos is
most practical and widely adopted method.
A dark brown active, pencil- thick root is taken out, and its end cut slantly, immersed into a container (polythene bag) with 10 ml monocrotophos and 10 ml
water.
Stem bleeding
Symptoms
Exudation of a rusty brown liquid from cracks of trunks
Control
Apply 1%
Boreaux paste
Control
Chisel affected tissue and dress the wound with 5% Calixin (5ml in 100ml water). Apply coal tar after 2 days. Burn off chiselled pieces.
Avoid any mechanical injury to the stem.
To avoid spread of disease on to upper portion of trunk, root feeding with 5% calixin may be adopted 3 times a year -April-May, Spetember-October and January-February.
Bud Rot
The earlier symptom is the yellowing of one or two younger leaves. Black spots appear on spindle leaves.
In the later stages the spindle withers and drops down.
The tender leaf base and soft tissues of the crown rot into a slimy mass of decayed material emitting foul smell.
Harvesting of Coconut
Coconut usually mature 12-13 month after opening of inflorescence.
In India harvesting done twice a year & Sri Lanka 6 times a year
Harvesting is done 45 day interval during summer & 60 days interval during rainy season in Kerala.
Harvesting methods India - By climbing tree Sri Lanka– From ground knife
attached long bamboo pole Malaysia& Thailand – Trained
monkeys are used
Coconut Products:Tender Coconut Water
Copra
Coconut Oil
Raw Kernel
Coconut Cake
Coconut Toddy
Coconut Shell based Products
Coconut Wood based Products
Coconut Leaves
Coir Pith
Coconut water
coconut water is the tender liquid inside the young coconuts.
Serves as the suspension for the endosperm of the coconut during their nuclear phase of development
Endosperm mature into their cellular phase and deposit into the rind of the coconut meat.
Coconut water is available in fresh canned, or bottled.
Served as fresh chilled or packaged in many places.
Often sold by many street venders.
Also found in ordinary cans, tetra packs, plastic bottles
Bottled coconut water has a shelf life of 24 months.
In recent years, it has been marketed as a natural
energy or sports drink due to its high potassium and
mineral content.
Low levels of fat, carbohydrates and calories.
Unless the coconut has been damaged it is likely
sterrile
In Bhamian cuisine coconut water may be drunk by
itself or blended with condensed milk and gin to make a
drink known as ‘Gully wash’ or ‘sky juice’.
In recent years, it has been marketed as a natural
energy or sports drink due to its high potassium and
mineral content.
Medical use :
It is said that coconut water is identical to human plasma and can be injected directly into human blood stream.The story has its origin from World War II where british and Japanese patients were given coconut water intraveinously because saline solution was in short supply. but doctors today say that they would not be Inclined to set up a coconut water for dehydrated patients. It could be possibly cause elevated calcium and potassium, which could be dangerous
Classification of coconut
Lunger (1920)
Classified into 7 varieties
1) Vridis –green nut
2) Rubescence –brown nut
3) Macrocarpa – very big nut
4) Rutila – very thick husk and small endosperm
5) Euberna – ornamental/albino
6) Rubilla – green dwarf and early bearing
7) Regia – yellow /red/orange dwarf
John and Narayana(1949)
Clssified into 5 varieties
1)Spicata –
tall unbranched inflorescence maleflowersuseually absent,spikelets 1-2
2) Typica –
Tall and monoecious
3) Androgens –
Male palms
4) – Jawanica –
dwarf or semi tall bearing in 4 yrs.
5) Nana –Dwarf palms bering in 3 yrs.
Freemond et.al(1966)
Classified into 2
1) Autogamic – (self pollinated)
All dwarfs
2) Allogamic – (cross pollinated)
all tall varieties
BASED ON STATURE
1) Tall varieties
2) Dwarf varieties