Coastal groundwater management challenges in Southeast Asia · Coastal groundwater management...

Coastal groundwater management challenges inmanagement challenges in Southeast Asia

Binaya Raj Shivakoti

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

About IGESAbout IGES

Introduction: The Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), established under an initiative of the Japanese government in 1998, is an international research institute conducting

ti l d i ti h f li i t i bl d l t i th A i P ifi

Location :

practical and innovative research for realizing sustainable development in the Asia‐Pacific region.

Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa‐ken

Areas : Climate Change, Market Mechanism, Natural Resources Management (Forest, Freshwater, Adaptation),Economy and Environment, Governance and Capacity,S i bl P d i d C iSustainable Production and Consumption,

Stakeholder involvement through various networks and its centres inside (Kansai Research Centre, Kitakyushu Urban Centre) and outside (Beijing Office, Regional Centre at Bangkok) of Japan

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Centre at Bangkok) of Japan

More info :


Urbanization: driver for increasing water demandUrbanization: driver for increasing water demand

• Coastal flood plains in Asia are areas with high human p gconcentration with estimated 40% of people already living within 100 km (cited in http://www.unescobej.org/fileadmin/user_upload/files/Chapter_Karen_Villholth.pdf). 3


Increasing groundwater dependency in AsiaIncreasing groundwater dependency in Asia• Asia is the largest groundwater user with about 68% of global

withdrawal. 30% of water withdrawal in Asia is sourced from aquifers.

Surface water Groundwater Groundwater uses

497

Irrigation (73 5%)1581

116

676 Irrigation (73.5%)

Domestic (17.2%)

(70%) (30%)

116

63

Domestic (17.2%)

Industrial (9.3%)

Annual Groundwater abstraction for different uses (km3/year)Source: Jac van der Gun/UNWWAP, 2012. Groundwater and Global change: Trends, Opporutnities, and Challenges

• Over 1 billion urban residents in Asia are dependent on groundwater

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Over 1 billion urban residents in Asia are dependent on groundwater for domestic uses (Foster et al. 1998);


Groundwater dependency in Asian citiesGroundwater dependency in Asian cities

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Tianjin

Bangkok

52

28

Bandung (not coastal)

Tianjin

55

Ho Chi Minh City 59

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Source:IGES, 2007Groundwater (%) abstractions

Besides direct use, on‐site values (land subsidence, sea water ingress, water storage base flow for ecosystem) are also equally important A

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water storage, base flow for ecosystem) are also equally important; A balance between uses and on‐site value is indispensible!!


Characteristics of groundwater dependency in AsiaCharacteristics of groundwater dependency in Asia

• Both free access and regulated uses, but majority of users are considered to fall under the category of free access;considered to fall under the category of free access;

• Could be a part of a larger water supply (such as Hanoi) network, but most of the abstractions are done by private efforts;most of the abstractions are done by private efforts;

• Groundwater users are themselves unaware about resource limitations and health risks from the use of contaminated sources; ;hence less concerned for its management;

• Groundwater development is far ahead than the management efforts partly due to its affordable access and suitability for multiple uses ;

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G d t l t d bl i C t l fGroundwater related problems in Coastal areas of South East AsiaD l ti f d t t bl d di th hi t f• Depletion of groundwater table: depending on the history of groundwater development and uses, almost all groundwater dependent cities have already faced this problem;dependent cities have already faced this problem;

• Land subsidence: Negative outcome of groundwater table depletion;• Seawater intrusion: Negative outcome of groundwater tableSeawater intrusion: Negative outcome of groundwater table

depletion as well as potential impact of sea level rise from climate change impacts;

• Aquifer contamination: mainly due to inappropriate waste disposal (nutrients, pathogens, toxic compounds) and natural sources (Arsenic, Fluoride)

Most of the groundwater dependent cities have already faced or are

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under threats from one or more of above problems: Tokyo, Osaka, Bangkok, Jakarta, Manila, Cebu, Tianjin, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh etc


Example from IGES past studiesExample from IGES past studies………Effects of Groundwater Overuse

8Source: IGES, 2007Cumulative land subsidence


Example from IGES past studiesExample from IGES past studies………

Typical pollutants observed in groundwaterTypical pollutants observed in groundwater

9Source: IGES, 2007


Current understanding of groundwater (GW) problemsCurrent understanding of groundwater (GW) problems

Level 1Understanding at perception stage based on observed symptoms

So far, only general

Level 2

based on observed symptoms general understanding about GW Limited/scattered monitoring

and research

Level 3Gradual introduction of legal

d l t

problems in developing

t i

and research

Level 4

and regulatory measures

System of regular monitoring

countries

Most of the Level 4

Level 5

and assessment establishedMost of the developing countries In‐depth understanding of the problems Level 5

Level 6Systematic and more advanced planning

have NOT achieved to

and implementation of corrective actions

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Level 6and management (e.g., Amsterdam dune water supply)this level


Measures of dealing with groundwater problemsMeasures of dealing with groundwater problemsImportant!!

Whi h fTechnical • Which of one or more measures will work well in one case

Technical

PolicyLegal/ in one case

• But fail to do same in another case(s)

Policyregulatory

another case(s)

Common constraints for implementation:p

Uniqueness of problem, technology, cost, time,

Others..Participatory

awareness, government support etc

Tax/fees

b l b l f l b k ff

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It is not about unavailability of a solution but knowing an effective solution package applicable in an area;


Example: Groundwater problems and water supply byExample: Groundwater problems and water supply by the IWSW in Osaka, Japan

12Source: IGES, 2007


Example: Groundwater Use Charge and GroundwaterExample: Groundwater Use Charge and Groundwater Abstraction in Bangkok

13Source: IGES, 2007


What we want to change and how?What we want to change and how?

Supply Driven Integrated Transition to

Time required

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Vicious Cycle Virtuous CycleTransition to

Resource and capacitySource: GW‐MATE, 2002‐2006


Need for a collaborative effort ?Need for a collaborative effort ?• Reality: Inadequate information flow about groundwater

management practices (details of approach implementation pre‐management practices (details of approach, implementation prerequisites (cost, resources etc), effectiveness, reason for success/failure).

• Challenges: It needs a lot of time and resources to reach an ideal state of sustainable groundwater management;

• Need for a collaboration: Identify effective solutions that are easy and quicker to understand and replicate. Enhance inter‐country

ti i f t f th h f id / l ti D lcooperation in future from the exchange of ideas/solutions. Develop leadership/champions in groundwater management;

• What should be done to initiate collaboration for groundwater• What should be done to initiate collaboration for groundwater management: Comparative studies to know common and unique challenges, matching (twining) country cases, customization of

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g , g ( g) y ,solutions and finding ways for effective transfer of solutions to other areas;


Facilitative role of Knowledge Hub to enhance collaborative geffort – IGES as Groundwater Hub• Regional Water Knowledge Hubs are network of waterRegional Water Knowledge Hubs are network of water

institutions connected together with a collective vision of water security in the Asia‐Pacific region. It is a new i iti ti f A i P ifi W t F d t dinitiatives from Asia Pacific Water Forum and supported by ADB, UNESCO‐IHE, and PUB Singapore. Knowledge Hubs mission is to deliver state‐of‐the‐art, knowledge‐, gbased products and services that meet the practical needs of water organizations like utilities, river basin organizations ministries and planning agenciesorganizations, ministries, and planning agencies

• Its main idea/mandate is Knowledge Networking!!‐assumption is that the Asia‐Pacific region already ready p g y yto solve its water problems in locally but it lacks effective ways to transfer existing solutions in a timely manner;

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Coastal groundwater management challenges in Southeast Asia · Coastal groundwater management...

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