Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A...
Transcript of Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A...
![Page 1: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Coarseness - Workability - Consolidation
A New Approach
Daniel Cook,
Ashkan Ghaeezadeh,
Tyler Ley, P.E., Ph.D.
Bruce Russell, P.E., Ph.D.
![Page 2: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Acknowledgements
• Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT)
• Oklahoma Transportation Center
• CP Tech Center
• FHWA hfl
• Trinity Construction
• Dolese Bros Company
• Martin- Marietta
• Arkhola Sand and Gravel
• Lafarge
![Page 3: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Outline
• Introduction of OG concrete
• The Box Test
• A new path forward
![Page 4: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
What is OG concrete all about?
• The goal of OG concrete is to increase the volume
of aggregate and decrease the volume of paste
• paste = binder + water + air
• The paste is the most costly, least sustainable
concrete ingredient and has the biggest impact on
the durability
![Page 5: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Concrete
Aggregate
PasteMeasured Shrinkage
Drying Time
After Weiss
Optimized Graded
Concrete
![Page 6: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
How do you design optimized graded concrete?
• Find your aggregate gradation
• Find out the volume and consistency of the
paste that you need for your application
• Check strength and durability
after Koehler and Fowler
![Page 7: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
How do you find your gradation?
• Shilstone
• 8-18 curves
• Power 45
Which one is right?
What do these tools tell you?
Is one better than the other?
![Page 8: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Shilstone
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
45.0%
50.0%
30%35%40%45%50%55%60%65%70%75%80%
Wo
rkab
ilit
y Fa
cto
r
Coarsness Factor
Zone V , Rocky
Zon
e I
,
Gab
Gra
de
d
Zone III,
Well graded,
3/4" and finer
Zone IV, sticky
Workability
Box
% cumulative retained 3/8”
% cumulative retained #8CF =
WF = % passing #8 + 2.5x powder above 6 sacks
DOT specified
box
![Page 9: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Typical Individual Percent Retained
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1.5"1"3/4"1/2"3/8"#4#8#16#30#50#100#200
% R
eta
ine
d
Max Boundary
Min Boundary
Sieve No.
Fine Aggregate Intermediate Coarse Aggregate
18%
8%
![Page 10: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• Find gradations that allow reduced paste
content while still providing sufficiently
workable concrete for paving.
• We need “enough” workability to make the
concrete place able by the paver but not too
much that it doesn’t hold an edge.
• The slump cone can not tell us this
Research Goals
![Page 11: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
What part of a paver is the most critical for
concrete consolidation?
Slip Formed Paver
Strike offAuger
VibratorTamper Profile Pan
Side Form
Paving Direction
![Page 12: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• We want a test that is simple and can
examine:
– Response to vibration
– Filling ability of the grout (avoid internal
voids)
– Ability of the slip formed concrete to hold a
sharp edge (cohesiveness)
![Page 13: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Box Test
• Add 9.5” of unconsolidated concrete to the
box
• A 1” diameter stinger vibrator is inserted
into the center of the box over a three
count and then removed over a three
count
• The edges of the box are then removed
and inspected for honey combing or edge
slumping
![Page 15: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Box Test Ranking Scale
4 3
Over 50% overall surface voids. 30-50% overall surface voids.
2 1
10-30% overall surface voids. Less than 10% overall surface voids.
![Page 22: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Edge Slumping
Bottom Edge Slumping Top Edge Slumping
![Page 23: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Edge SlumpNo Edge Slump
![Page 24: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Question:
Why does a mixture fail the box test?
![Page 25: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Question:
Why does a mixture fail the box test? Answer: it either needs more paste or more lubrication
(plastic yield stress is too large)
![Page 26: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Question:
What if we found out how much water
reducer it took to pass the box test
without changing the paste content?
![Page 27: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Question:
What if we found out how much water
reducer it took to pass the box test
without changing the paste content?Answer: This would allow us to measure how aggregate
gradation impacts the workability of a mixture.
![Page 28: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Mix Concrete
Conduct: Slump, Unit Weight, Air, and
Box Test
Did it Pass the
Box Test?
Add WR and
Remix
Conduct: Slump, Unit
Weight, and Box Test. Make Cylinders
Was WR added?
YesNo
Put Material from slump and
box test into mixer. Discard
Air test Material
Conduct Air
Yes No
![Page 29: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Validation
• Test was found to be accurate to +/- 2 oz/cwt
with a single operator.
• Same box test performance was found if the
WR was added up front or if added in small
dosages
• If the sample did not pass the box test within
one hour it was discarded
• The box test has correlated well with field
paving mixes
• Work is ongoing with multiple operators
![Page 30: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Summary of the Box Test
• The box test evaluates the response of a
concrete mixture to vibration.
• We did this because no other test exists that
can tell us this information.
![Page 31: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Use of the Box Test to Evaluate Shilstone
• .45 w/cm
• 20 percent fly ash replacement
• A single sand source-Sand A
• Used 3 crushed limestones
– Limestone A
– Limestone B
– Limestone C
![Page 32: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Aggregate Summary
Limestone B
Limestone C
Limestone A
Sand A
![Page 33: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
22
27
32
37
42
47
304050607080
Wo
rka
bil
ity
Fa
cto
r (%
)
Coarseness Factor (%)
Left
Middle
Bottom
60/40 blend
by volume
![Page 34: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
5 Sack Limestone A & Sand A
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1.5"1"3/4"1/2"3/8"#4#8#16#30#50#100#200
% R
eta
ine
d
Middle of Shilstone
Bottom of Shilstone
60%CA, 40%FA
Left of Shilstone
Min Boundary
Max Boundary
Sieve No.
WR dosage
17.1
12.7
8.3 oz/cwt
16.1
![Page 35: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1.5"1"3/4"1/2"3/8"#4#8#16#30#50#100#200
% R
eta
ine
d
Middle of Shilstone
Bottom of Shilstone
60%CA, 40%FA
Left of Shilstone
Min Boundary
Max Boundary
Sieve No.
5 Sack Limestone B & Sand A
15
14.2
13.4
13
![Page 36: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1.5"1"3/4"1/2"3/8"#4#8#16#30#50#100#200
% R
eta
ine
d
Middle of Shilstone
Bottom of Shilstone
Left of Shilstone
Min Boundary
Max Boundary
Sieve No.
5 Sack Limestone C & Sand A
0.86
0
0
![Page 37: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
30405060708090100
Wo
rka
bil
ity
Fa
cto
r (%
)
Coarseness Factor (%)
Limestone A
Limestone B
Limestone C
I
II
IV
V
III
0
0.7
0
15.0
8.3
16.1
14.2
14.4
12.7
17.1
13.0
![Page 38: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Using the Shilstone Chart alone to
proportion your aggregates does not
influence performance with these
materials.
The 8-18 chart seems to provide better
guidance.
![Page 39: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Does Distribution Really Matter?
0
8.3
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1.5"1"3/4"1/2"3/8"#4#8#16#30#50#100#200
% R
eta
ine
d
Limestone C-Middle of Shilstone
Limestone A- Middle of Shilstone
Min Boundary
Max Boundary
Sieve No.
![Page 40: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
We sieved Limestone A to have the
exact same gradation as Limestone
B.
![Page 41: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Yes, Distribution Matters!
0
0
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1.5"1"3/4"1/2"3/8"#4#8#16#30#50#100#200
% R
eta
ine
d
Limestone C
Limestone A
Min Boundary
Max Boundary
Sieve No.
![Page 42: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
By changing the distribution of
aggregates, it changes the
workability of the mixture.
However the Shilstone method did
not accurately predict this (at least
for these aggregate combinations).
![Page 43: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
1.5"1"3/4"1/2"3/8"#4#8#16#30#50#100#200
% R
eta
ine
d
Min Boundary Max Boundary CF=70,WF=30 CF=75,WF=30 CF=65,WF=30
CF=60,WF=30 CF=55,WF=30 CF=80,WF=30 CF=50, WF=30 CF=45, WF=30
Sieve No.
Proportioning of Coarse to Intermediate
13.3
12.7
6.3
4.3
3.9
2.9
11.9
6.0
![Page 44: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
1.5"1"3/4"1/2"3/8"#4#8#16#30#50#100#200
% R
eta
ine
d
Min Boundary Max Boundary CF=70,WF=30 CF=75,WF=30 CF=65,WF=30
CF=60,WF=30 CF=55,WF=30 CF=80,WF=30 CF=50, WF=30 CF=45, WF=30
Sieve No.
Proportioning of Coarse to Intermediate
13.3
12.7
6.3
4.3
3.9
2.9
11.9
6.0
![Page 45: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Proportioning of Sand
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
1.5"1"3/4"1/2"3/8"#4#8#16#30#50#100#200
% R
eta
ine
d
Min Boundary Max Boundary CF=70,WF=30 CF=70,WF=25
CF=70,WF=40 CF=70,WF=35 CF=70,WF=45
Sieve No.
40.4
11.6
6.0
9.9
19.1
![Page 46: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Proportioning of Sand
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
1.5"1"3/4"1/2"3/8"#4#8#16#30#50#100#200
% R
eta
ine
d
Min Boundary Max Boundary CF=70,WF=30 CF=70,WF=25
CF=70,WF=40 CF=70,WF=35 CF=70,WF=45
Sieve No.
40.4
11.6
6.0
9.9
19.1
![Page 47: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Impacts of a Single Valley
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
1.510.750.50.375#4#8#16#30#50#100#200
% R
eta
ine
d
Min Boundary
Max Boundary
CF=65,WF=30
Sieve No.
4.3
![Page 48: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Impacts of a Single Valley
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
1.510.750.50.375#4#8#16#30#50#100#200
% R
eta
ine
d
Min Boundary
Max Boundary
CF=65,WF=30
No 3/8 Valley
Sieve No.
2.44.3
![Page 49: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Impacts of a Single Valley
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
1.510.750.50.375#4#8#16#30#50#100#200
% R
eta
ine
d
Min Boundary
Max Boundary
CF=65,WF=30
No 3/8"
No 3/8 Valley
Sieve No.
2.44.3
3.4
![Page 50: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
1.510.750.50.375#4#8#16#30#50#100#200
% R
eta
ine
d
Sieve No.
insuffienent amount
of sand to create
mortar
Creates surface
finishability problems
normally assoicated
with manufacured
sands
No
preformance
isssue
Excessive amount of
aggregate that decreases
workability
Reduces edge slumping
More
Research
needs to be
conducted to
find limit.
20%
12%
16%
9%
Excessive amount of
sand, this creates
workability issues
21%
5%
![Page 51: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Conclusion
• The box test has shown to be a useful tool to
understand the impact of gradation on the
workability of mixtures for concrete
pavements
• The Shilstone box was not shown to be a
useful method for the materials investigated
![Page 52: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Conclusion
• A modified version of the 8-18 graph was
shown to better predict performance
• The box test has been used to evaluate the
performance of pavement concrete mixtures
and a recommended gradation limit has been
produced
![Page 53: Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach · Coarseness -Workability -Consolidation A New Approach ... •The slump cone can not tell us this ... –Ability of the slip](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051601/5ae240867f8b9ae74a8c330f/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Questions?
www.tylerley.com