SPESattqJ ctr Fetrfrrr Er{iE c'f AtM EsPE 9467

AN IN SITU COALOUALI TY PREDI CTI Ot'l TECI-|NI QUE

by Jan i ce 0 . No r r i s and Randy Thomas ,Cen tu ry Geophys i ca l Co rp .

Ocopynght 1980, Amencan lnstltute ol N4inrng. lvletallurgrcal, and Petroteum Engtneers, Inc.

Thtspaprwasoresentedat the55thAnnua|Fa l lTechn.ca lconferenceandExh ib | t iono f theSoc | -eo jPeko |eum^fT h e m a t e r t a l l s S u b J e c t t o c o r r e c t l o n b y t h e a u t h o r ' P e r m l s ! r o n t o c o p y i s r e s t r r c t e d i o " n a o s 1 ' a i r o t n o t m o r e r h a n 3 0 o - w o r d s . w r t t e : 6 2 0 0 N , C e n t r a l E x p . ' D a | l a s '

REVIEW OF COAL LOG PARAMETERS

The mode l 90304 coa l l ogg ing too l was deve l -oped fo r t he Compu-Log Sys tem to p rov ide ca l i b ra tedm e a s u r e m e n t s f o r u s e i n t h e i n s i t u q u a l i t y a n a l y s i stechn ique . The too l measu res the fo l l ow inq oa ra -m e t e r s : n a t u r a l g a m m a , c a l i p e r , r e s i s t i v i t y , a n dgarma-ganma densi ty . The natura l gar f fna system usesa l a r g e c r y s t a l t o g a i n n e e d e d s t a t i s t j c a i q u a l i t vf rom the gamna ray f l ux f ound i n coa l ope ra t i ons . -T h e s i n g l e a r m c a l i p e r d e c e n t r a l j z e s t h e t o o l f o rt he bene f i t o f t he dens i t y sys tem and ppq6usg5 6c o n t i n u o u s l i n e a r m e a s u r e m e n t o f h o l e s i z e . H o l econd i t i ons shown by the ca l i pe r da ta subs tan t . i a tethe qua l i t y o f t he dens i t y measu remen ts and i nd j ca tewhen compensa t i on f o r bo reho le cond i t . i ons i sn p a o Q c : r \ /

, The res i s t i v i t y measu remen t i s made by a

focused , t h ree e lec t rode gua rd - t ype sys tem. Th i ssenso r has h igh dynamic range , synmet r . i ca l t h i n bedresponse , and good fo rma t i on pene t ra t i on by t he s i x' l nch measu re beam. A depa r tu re cu rve has beende r i ved to a l ' l ow p rope r co r rec t i ons f o r bo reho les i z e a n d f l u i d r e s i s t i v i t y . T h e s e c o r r e c t i o n s c a nbe ve ry l a rge when f reshwa te r d r i l l j nq f l u i d . i s ,r r c a d

The_gamna-gar i lna densi ty system produces anaccu ra te l y ca l i b ra ted dens i t y measu remen t us ing aco l I ima ted I 3 tCs sou rce and a co l I ima ted Na Ide tec to r e i gh t i nches apa r t . Too l decen t ra l i za t j onm in im izes va r i a t i ons caused by chanqes i n bo reho lef l u i d a n d b o r e h o l e s i z e . T h e d e n s i i y u s e d i n t h eana l ys i s i s re fe r red to as an appa ren t dens i t y .Th i s d i f f e r s f r om the bu l k dens i t y because , a i apract ica l approx ' imat ion, the ganma-gamna densi tytool has a response proport ional to- the format ione lec t ron dens i t y , wh i ch re la tes t o t he number o fp ro tons , Z , j n t he f o rma t i on . Howeve r , t he bu l k o rmass dens i t y i s re la ted to t he a tom ic we igh t , A , o fthe mater ia l . In most comnon elements found info rma t i ons o f j n te res t , 7 /A = 0 .5 ; an excep t i on j shydrogen wi th Z/A = . l .0 . When hydrogen or heavye lemen ts a re i nvo l ved , a co r rec t i on i a t i o , Z Z /A ,a r j ses ; t he ra t i o i s 2 Z /A because the sys tem i s -

T h e c l a s s i c m e t h o d o f q u a n t i t a t i v e l y e v a l u a t i n gc o a l s t i 1 1 u n d e r g r o u n d i n v o l v e s o b t a ' i n j n g c o r e s f r o mb o r e h o l e s a n d e v a l u a t i n g t h e s e c o r e s i n i h e l a b o r a t o r yS i n c e . c o r i n g i s t i m e - c o n s u m i n g a n d c o s t l y , u s i n gq u a n t ' i t a t i v e 1 o g d a t a t o c a l c u l a t e c o a l q u a l i t y -i n fo rma t i on w i thou t comp le te dependence on co r l s i sd e s i r a b l e . Q u a l i t y i n f o r m a t i o n d e r i v e d f r o m s u c h1 o g d a t a a l l o w s a m o r e e x t e n s i v e e v a l u a t i o n o f c o a lbeds wh i l e dec reas ing co r i ng cos ts and a l l ows then f o r m a t i o n t o b e a v a i l a b l e a s s o o n a s t h e h o l e i s

i o g g e d . A l t h o u g h i n i t i a l c o r r e l a t i o n o f c o r e w i t h1 o g d a t a f o r a n a r e a i s r e q u i r e d , l a t e r i n s i t ua n a ) y s e s a r e p o s s i b l e . I n i t i a l r e s u l t s s h o w t h ev a l u e s g e n e r a t e d b y t h e i n s i t u q u a l i t y m o d e l f a l lw i t h i n a f ew pe rcen tage po in t s o f t he co re va luesf o r m o i s t u r e a n d a s h a n d f a l l w i t h i n s e v e r a l p e r c e n to f t h e c o r e h e a t c o n t e n t v a l u e s .

I NTRODUCT I ON

U n t i l r e c e n t l y , m o s t c o a l e v a l u a t i o n h a s b e e naccomp l i shed w i thou t quan t i t a t i ve use o f bo reho lelogs ; l ogg ing de f i nea ted the coa l bed and the rebyp rov ided use fu l da ta o f t h j ckness and dep th . t , l i i hthe i nc reas ing need fo r deve lop ing coa l r esou rces ,howeve r , i n s i t u coa l qua l i t y ana l ys i s wa r ran tsc lose r s tudy .

C o r i n g h a s b e e n t h e c o a l g e o l o g i s t ' s t r a d j -t i ona l sou rce fo r qua l i t y i n fo rma t i on such asm o i s t u r e , a s h , a n d h e a t c o n t e n t . S i n c e c o r i n q i sbo th cos t l y and t ' ime -consuming , a re l i ab le i n s i t ua n a l y s i s t e c h n i q u e a l l o w s s i g n i f i c a n t s a v i n g s . L o gda ta i s be ing s tud ied w i th t he ob jec t i ve o f -deve l - -o p i n g s u c h a n a n a l y s i s t e c h n i q u e . T h i s p a p e r d . i s -cusses the l og pa rame te rs ava i l ab le , t he co re and1og re la t i onsh ips used , how the re la t i onsh . iDs a rede r i ved , how they a re used , some resu l t s , and theadvan tages . and p rob lems assoc ja ted w i th deve lop ings u c h a t e c h n j q u e .

ABSTRACT

i i e te rences and I I l us t ra t i ons a t end o f pape r . -

T R - l 7 5 , p g . I o f 9

ca' l ibrated to a reference of 0.5. The Z/A rat ' ioof mater ia l is the sum of the atomic numbers oft he cons t i t uen t a toms d i v i ded by t he sum o f t hea tom ic we igh ts . As an examp le , wa te r hav ing at rue dens i t y o f . | . 00 g / cc has an appa ren t dens i t y o fl . l l g / c c ; s i n c e 7 / A f o r w a t e r = 0 . 5 5 , 2 7 / A = 1 . 1 1 .S im i l a r l y , t he Z /A va lues fo r coa l r ange f rom 0 .51to 0 .53 ; t he 2 7 /A va lues range f rom . l . 02 t o . l . 06 .The e igh t i nch sou rce -de tec to r spac ing p rov idesdens i t y measu remen ts o f an e igh t i nch th i ck sec t i onof the format ion. The data f rom seams th inner thanthe sou rce -de tec to r spac ing regu i re t h i cknessde r i ved amp l i t ude co r rec t i on .

C o a l h a s c e r t a i n p r o p e r t i e s w h i c h e a s i l y a l 1 o wi t s i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o n a 1 o g . U s u a l l y , c o a l e x h i b i t s1ow gan rna coun ts , l ow dens i t y , and re la t i ve l y h ighr e s i s t i v i t y . S h a l e o r c l a y , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d ,shows h ighe r ga rma coun ts , h i gh dens i t y , and re la t -i v e l y 1 o w r e s i s t i v i t y . S a n d s d i s p l a y 1 o w g a n r n ac o u n t s , h i g h d e n s i t y , a n d r e l a t i v e l y h i g h r e s i s t i v i t y .

THEORY

Dur ing the deve lopmen t o f t he mode l , va r i ousc ross -p lo t s we re s tud ied . The bes t resu l t s we reob ta ined us ing the dens i t y cu rve . Fu r t [ r e rmore , cs tud ies d i scussed by Dyck and McKenz ie ' and Reeves 'subs tan t j a te t he use o f gan rna -gan rma dens i t y as av i a b l e i n s i t u c o a l q u a i i t y p r e d i c t o r . C o n s e q u e n t l y ,t he coa l qua l i t y mode l uses the fo l l ow ing th reel i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p s t o e s t j m a t e i n s i t u q u a l i t y :

, ' l d r y ash vs appa ren t dens i t y (g / cc ) ,i l mo i s tu re vs % d ry ash , andd ry hea t con ten t (BTU/LB) vs % d ry ash .

A 1 1 q u a n t i t i e s e x c e p t t h e a p p a r e n t d e n s i t y a r e c o r eva lues and a re we ' i gh t bas i s measu remen ts ; t he dens i t yi s t h e 1 o g v a l u e a n d i s b y n a t u r e a v o l u m e t r i c b a s i smeasu remen t . The o the r ' l og pa rame te rs a re used tove r i f y t ha t t he zone o f i n te res t i s t r u l y a coa lzone . Seve ra l s imp l i f y i ng assumpt ions a re made byt h e a n a l y s i s t e c h n i q u e . T h e c o a l s e a m i s c o n s i d e r e dt o c o n s i s t o f t h r e e c o m p o n e n t s o n l y : m o i s t u r e , a s h ,a n d " c o a l " . C o r e r e p o r t s a n a l y z e " c o a l " a s f i x e dc a r b o n a n d v o l a t i I e s . T h e c a r b o n / v o l a t i I e s r a t i ov a r i e s w i t h t h e t y p e o f c o a l b u t i s r e 1 a t i v e l ycons tan t f o r a g i ven seam. The dens j t y vs d ry ashr e l a t i o n s h i p a l l o w s t h e 1 o g i n f o r m a t i o n t o b eca l i b ra ted by co re i n fo rma t i on and the reby a l l owsl a t e r i n s i t u a n a l y s e s . T h e c o a l f o r a p a r t i c u l a rseam i s assumed to be o f un i f o rm rank ; an i nc reasein t he dens i t y , t he re fo re , shou ld rep resen t ani n c r e a s e i n a s h s i n c e a s h ' i s t h e m o s t d e n s e o f t h eth ree componen ts . The po in t o f i n te res t on the d rya s h v s a p p a r e n t d e n s i t y 1 i n e , s h o w n i n F i g u r e 1 , i st he 0% d ry ash i n te rcep t , wh i ch rep resen ts t hetheo re t i ca l . l 00% coa l appa ren t dens i t y . Th i s po in trep resen ts t he dens ' i t y o f t he coa l w i t h t he mo is tu rei nc l uded .

The mo is tu re vs d ry ash 1 ine , shown i n F igu re2 , has two po in t s o f i n te res t . F j r s t , t he 0% d ryash i n te rcep t y i e l ds t he p robab le amoun t o f mo is tu rep resen t i n ash - f ree coa l . Second , t he 100% d ry ashin te rcep t y i e l ds t he p robab le amoun t o f mo is tu rep resen t i n "pu re " ash . S ince a t h ree -componen tsys tem i s assumed , a coa l seam con ta ins mo is tu rewhose va lue rep resen ts a con t r i bu t i on o f mo is tu ref rom both the coal and the ash. The moisture basiscan be e i t he r "as rece ' i ved " o r "equ i l i b r i um" depend ingon the des i red ana l ys i s mode . Equ i l i b r i um bas i s

iN SITU COAL QUALITY PRIDICTION TECHNIOUE sPE 946;

va lues reduce va r i a t i ons caused by d i f f e ren tcore f i e l d handl i ng procedures .

The d ry hea t con ten t vs % d ry ash l i ne , shownin F igu re 3 , has one ma in po in t o f i n te res t : t hemo is tu re -ash - f ree (MAF) hea t con ten t i n te rcep t .This represents the theoret ica l heat content of"pu re ' ' coa l .

The th ree re la t i onsh ips a re de r i ved by co1 -l ec t i ng da ta f r om co red ho les l ogged w i th a Compu-Log sys tem. Ave rages fo r t he 1og i n te rva l sco r respond ing to t he co re repo r t i n te rva l s a reca l cu la ted and used w i th t he co re i n fo rma t i on i n a' l eas t

squa res l i nea r reg ress ion p rog ram to gene ra tea s e t o f t h r e e s l o p e s a n d i n t e r c e p t s w h i c h a l l o we s t i m a t e s o f i n s j t u q u a l i t y u s i n g t h e d e n s i t ysys tem .

In sunmary, knowing the apparent densi tya l l o w s c a l c u l a t i o n o f a d r y a s h v a l u e ; t h e d r y a s hv a l u e a l l o w s m o i s t u r e a n d h e a t c o n t e n t c a l c u l -a t i o n s . F r o m t h e d r y b a s i s v a l u e s , m o i s t u r e b a s i sj n fo rma t i on can be gene ra ted . An ana l ys i s a lgo -r i t h m c a n t h e n b e c r e a t e d u s i n g t h e s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s .A p l o t o f q u a l i t y w i t h d e p t h j s t h e n p o s s i b l e a ss o o n a s a h o l e i s l o g g e d a f t e r t h e i n i t i a l c o r -re la t i ons have been made . F igu re 4 shows a s tanda rdc o a l l o g ; F i g u r e 5 s h o w s t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g q u a l i t yp lo t f o r t he coa l seam shown i n F igu re 4 .

ADVANTAGES AND PROBLEMS

T h e m a i n a d v a n t a g e o f a n i n s i t u a n a l y s i st e c h n i q u e i s t h a t t h e c o a l q u a l i t y d a t a i s a v a i l -ab le i n rned ia te l y a f t e r a ho le i s l ogged . Cus tom-a r i 1y , co re l abo ra to ry t u rn t imes a re s l ow ; improp -e r l y bagged co res a re sub jec t t o mo is tu re changesa s w e l l a s p o s s i b l e l o s s i n h e a t c o n t e n t . C o n -sequen t l y , t he co re samp le may no t re f l ec t t he t r uep r o p e r t i e s o f t h e m i n a b l e c o a l s e a m . I n a d d i t i o n ,' i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t a s e a m i s a v a i l a b l e w h i l e t h ea r e a i s b e i n o d r i l l e d r a t h e r t h a n s e v e r a l m o n t h sI a t e r .

A n o t h e r a d v a n t a g e i s t h a t i n s i t u a n a l y s i sa l l ows a reduc t i on i n co r i ng and the reby resu l t s i na d r i l l i n g p r o g r a m c o s t s a v i n g s . I n s j t u a n a l y s . i si s n o t d e s i g n e d t o r e p l a c e c o r i n g ; r a t h e r , i t i sdes igned to supp lemen t a co r i ng p rog ram. A moree x t e n s i v e e v a l u a t j o n o f a c o a l b e d i s p o s s i b l e ;w i t h o u t i n c r e a s i n g c o r i n g c o s t s .

A th i rd advan tage i s t ha t t he qua l i t y va r i a t i onsw i th dep th can be eas i l y seen when the da ta i sp lo t t ed . The co re rep resen ts d i sc re te , p rede te r -m j n e d i n t e r v a l s ; i n s o m e c a s e s , l o o k i n g a t as1 i9h t1y d i f f e ren t j n te rva l can a f f ec t t he rese rvees t ima tes . l , l i t h t he co re , t he j n te rva l s ana l yzeddeterm' ine the perspect ive. In other words, 1ogformat qua' l i ty analyses add f lex ib i l i ty to reserveca l cu I a t i ons .

A fou r th advan tage i s t ha t t he i n s i t u ana l ys i sprovides a qual i ty contro l method for f ie ld pro-cedures and for core laborator ies. F ie ld problemsprevious ' ly unnot iced can be detected by the analys is .These p rob lems i nc lude i ncons i s tenc ' i es i n pa r t i ngremova l , i n co re dep th i n te rva l se lec t i ons , and i nbagg ing p rocedu res . S im i l a r l y , t he ana l ys i s can

T R - 1 7 5 , p g . 2 o f 9

SPE 9467 I O. NORRIS AND R. THOMAS

spo t susp i c j ous co re va lues . Such a check be fo rehad to be done by sending samples f rom one core toseve ra l l abo ra to r i es f o r i ndependen t assays .

0n the o the r hand , ce r ta in p rob lems ex i s t i ndeve iop ing such a t echn ique . F i r s t , t he b igges tp rob lem i s t ha t o f ma tch ing the l og and co rein te rva l s . A l t hough the 1og i s ve ry capab le o faccu ra te dep th bounda ry de te r rn ina t i on , t he ques t i ona r i ses as t o wha t pa r t o f t he co re was ac tua l l ya n a l y z e d i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y . W h e n i n i t i a l i z i n g a na rea , i t i s impo r tan t t o se lec t t he l og i n te rva lwh i ch dep i c t s t he t r ue co red i n te rva l . S ince thed r i I I e r ' s dep ths usua l1y d i f f e r somewha t f r om thelog dep ths , some dep th sh i f t i ng o f t he co re i n te rva lob ta ined f rom d r i l l e r ' s dep ths may be necessa ry t of i t t h e c o r e i n t e r v a l t o t h e l o g i n t e r v a l . i fc o r e r e c o v e r y i s i n c o m p l e t e o r t h e c o r e s w e 1 1 s ,the ma tch -up becomes more d i f f i cu l t .

Ano the r p rob lem occu rs when pa r t i ngs a reremoved and no t no ted on the co re repo r t . I n t h i sc a s e t h e i n s i t u a n a i y s i s s h o w s a h i g h e r a s h v a l u ethan the co re .

I n add i t i on , e r ro rs i n t he co re repo r t so c c a s i o n a l l y a r i s e . I f a n e r r o n e o u s c o r e i s u s e di n t h e i n i t i a l c o r r e l a t i o n s , s o m e e r r o r m a y b ei n t roduced i n to t he ca l cu l a ted va l ues . A f te r t hec a r e f u l i n i t i a l c o r r e l a t i o n , t h o u g h , t h e i n s i t ur e s u l t s c a n b e u s e d t o s p o t s u s p i c i o u s c o r e p r o c e d u r e sfo r t hose ho les t ha t have been co red .

TEST PROCEDURE AND RESULTS

As a t es t case , co re and Compu-1og da ta wasc o l l e c t e d f o r a U . S . l i g n i t e d e p o s i t . T h e l e a s tsqua res l i nea r reg ress ions were run fo r t he d rya s h v s d e n s i t y , m o i s t u r e v s d r y a s h , a n d d r y h e a tc o n t e n t v s d r y a s h r e l a t i o n s h i p s . T h e p o i n t s u s e din t he d ry ash vs dens i t y reg ress ion were f rom thef i r s t 2 5 h o l e s c h r o n o l o g i c a l l y c o r e d ; o n e e x t r ah i g h a s h p o i n t w a s a d d e d t o g i v e b e t t e r r e s o l u t i o na t t h e h i g h a s h e n d o f t h e r a n g e . T h e e q u i l i b r i u mmo is tu re vs d ry ash and d ry hea t con ten t vs d ryash reg ress ions were composed o f l l and 30 samp lesrespec t i ve l y ; equ j l i b r i um repo r t s we re no t ye tava i l ab le f o r many ho les a t t he t ime the da ta waschosen . l . Jhen the equ i l i b r i um mo is tu re da ta becamea v a i l a b l e . l a t e r , a m o i s t u r e v s d r y a s h r e g r e s s i o nwas run on 71 samp ies ; t he mo is tu re vs d ry ashreg ress ion resu l t s we re essen t . i a l l y t he same. Ates t se t o f ho les was chosen fo r t he pa r t i cu la ra rea and the resu l t s o f t he reg ress ion were usedf n a n e l r r z o i h o l o c f < a i T n i i i e l l r r f h

. , J ' . , , e c o r ei n t e r v a l s w e r e u s e d f o r t h e 1 o g i n t e r v a l s . N e x t ,a geo log i s t upda ted the 1og j n te rva l se lec t i ons t obe t te r rep resen t t he sec t i on o f t he ho le he fe l tt he co re l abo ra to ry had ana l yzed . When co reresu l t s became ava i l ab le f o r t he t es t se t , r esu l t so f t he f i e l d ana l yses were compared w i th co re .

Tab le I shows the d ry bas i s resu l t s o f t hein i t i a l t es t us ing the co re i n te rva l s f o r t he 1ogin te rva l s . The co lumn show ing the d i f f e rencebetween the calculated and the core heat contentexh ib i t s a l a rge number o f samp ies unde res t ima t ' i ngthe hea t con ten t . A t t he bo t tom o f t he t ab le , t hear i t ,hmet ic and weighted averages ver i fy the under-e s t i m a t i o n o c c u r s .

Table 2 shows the dry basis resul ts of thetes t i n wh i ch the geo ' l og i s t upda ted the l og i n te rva l sto bet ter represent the suspected cored interval .Compar i son to Tab le I shows tha t t he rede f i n i t i ono f i n te rva l s gene ra l l y improves the ca l cu la t i ons ;t he es t ima ted va lues gene ra l l y f a l l c l ose r t o t heco re va lues than the case i n wh i ch co re i n te rva l swere used. The standard deviat ions of the d i f ferencesbetween calculated and core are reduced and therebyjnd i ca te improved resu l t s . I n mos t cases theca l cu la ted ash fa l l s w i t h i n a f ew pe rcen tage po in t so f co re and the ca l cu la ted hea t con ten t f a l l sw' i th i n 5% of core.

T a b l e 3 s h o w s t h e e q u i l i b r i u m b a s i s r e s u l t sfo r t he t es t i n wh i ch the geo log i s t upda ted the 1ogi n t e r v a l s . N o t e a g a i n t h a t t h e c a l c u l a t e d a s h a n dm o i s t u r e v a l u e s f a l l w i t h i n s e v e r a l p e r c e n t a g epo in t s o f co re and tha t t he ca l cu la ted hea t con ten tf a l I s w i t h i n 5 ? i o f c o r e .

Fu r the r re f i nemen ts t o t he t echn ique w i l lenable bet ter accuracy. Some of the d ' i f ferences mayb e c a u s e d b y c o r e d i s c r e p a n c i e s o r b y d i f f i c u l t i e s' i n s e l e c t i n g t h e 1 o g i n t e r v a l w h i c h t r u l y r e p -resen ts t he co red samp le . The d rama t i c change i nr e s u l t s f r o m T a b l e I t o T a b l e 2 s h o w s s u c h ap rob lem can i ndeed be impor tan t .

CONCLUS I ON5

T e s t r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e i n i t i a l c o r -r p l a i ' i n n n f l n n a n d . n r p n a r a r i e t p r s a l l o w s r g a -s o n a b l e c a l c u l a t i o n s o f m o i s ' " u r e , a s h , a n d h e a tc o n t e n t i n s i t u . F u r t h e r r e f i n e m e n t s t o t h et e c h n i q u e w i l I f u r t h e r i m p r o v e t h e a n a l y s i sr e s u l t s . S i n c e i n s i t u a n a l y s i s o f f e r s b o t h t i m ea n d c o s t s a v i n g s , i t s h o u l d f i n d r o u t i n e u s e ' i nc o a l r e s e r v e c a . l c u l a t i o n s . A d d i t i o n a l 1 o g d a t ashou ld be i n teg ra ted i n to t he n re thod to avo idd e n e n d i n o o n a s i n o ' l e I o o o a r a m e t e r - h o w e v e r .* -

" ' J

NOMENCLATURE

A = a t o m i c m a s s n u m b e r ( t h e s u m o f a l ln e u t r o n s a n d p r o t o n s i n a n u c l e u s ) .

Z = a tom jc number ( t he number o f p ro tonsi n a n u c l e u s ) .

K L T L K L I \ L f )

D y c k , J . H . a n d C . T . M c K e n z i e , " E s t i m a t i n gC e r t a i n A n a l y t i c a l P r o p e r t i e s o f L i g n i t e i nSaskatchewan f rom Gamma-Ganrna Borehole Densi tyI oos " nanFr n rpspn ted a t 7 th Fo rma t i onEva lua t i on Sympos ium o f t he Canad ian l , . l e l lL o g g i n g S o c i e t y , C a l g a r y , A l b e r t a , 0 c t o b e r 2 l -2 4 , 1 9 7 9 .

R e e v e s , D . R . , " I n - s i t u A n a l y s i s o f C o a l b yBoreho le Logg ing Techn iques " , Canad ian t ' l i n i nga n d M e t a l l u r g i c a l B u l l e t i n , F e b r u a r y , . l 9 7 1 .

r K - l / 5 3 o f 9

Tab le I

Ana l ys i s Resu l t s Us ing Core In te rva l s f o r Log In te rva l s (D ry Bas i s )

THKl r l /

L U K ETHK/ t rT \

CORE BTU/ LBCORE

BTU/LBCALC COREASH ASH( % ) ( % )

CALC- HOLE#CORE

3 . 7 04 . r 0+ . L V

4 . 8 03 . 7 03 . 7 0? ? nJ . O U

3 . 3 04 . 2 03 . 5 03 . 9 04 . 2 05 . 3 0s . 2 05 . ? 04 . 8 04 . 4 04 . 1 04 . 4 0? a n3 . 4 03 . 7 03 . 9 04 . 0 03 . 7 02 . 4 03 . 8 04 . 2 0

1 3 . 0 . l. l 5 . 9 42 4 . 3 31 3 . 9 21 4 . 0 2t s . l 7t o . ( 1i l .08t 6 . 5 5. l 6 . 1 9i l . 78I 5 . 4 61 0 . 9 21 4 . 4 99 . 6 6

l l . 9 81 9 . 6 s? 2 1 61 7 . 0 ]I / . J JL L . J L

1 4 . 5 61 4 . 3 22 4 . 3 2l 7 . ? 1' 1 6 . 5 6t 7 . 4 . l? 4 . 7 9| | . o a

5 . 0 9- 1 . 7 4- J . + J

- . ) a5 . 8 8

t + - a aI . 4 5

. 5 1J . + a

. 1 46 . 0 84 . 6 l6 . 7 4? . 6 ?-

. 0 5- 2 n 6

- 1 . 2 9- . 4 2-

. 0 64 . 6 8

- 1 . 7 ?- t

. 6 t

7 . 0 9I . 7 1

- ? . 0 2

I 0 3 5 3 .' 10866 .9974 .

I 0970 .I 0 t 0 3 .I 0647 .t 0 l . l 8 .I 0685 .I 0367 .I 0 5 3 7 .I 0738 .' 10685 .I 0500 .1A2)7 .1 0 5 7 5 .' I 081 0.I 0 t 5 4 .I 0 0 5 8 .I 0845 .I 0594 .

9 U J Y .I 0824 .1 0 2 2 ? .9744 .

I 068 r .1 0 5 8 0 .9497 .9 2 3 2 .

I 0681 .

I 0 7 9 6 .I 0 5 3 0 .9 4 5 5 .

I 0893 .I 0 8 7 7 .10722.10627 .I 1 2 5 6 .I 0 5 2 6 .1 0 8 6 ] .i l 1 4 7 .r 075r .111?2.I 0 9 3 6 .11273.11?26.I 0 t 9 3 .9 7 5 0 .

1 0 6 1 2 .I 0645 .I 0083 .I 0 9 3 2 .i l r 5 9 .9 8 2 0 .

I 0605 .I 0 6 3 9 .1 0 4 r 8 .9 3 3 9 .

I 0 3 3 2 .

3 . 7 0 I B . l 04 . I 0 1 4 . 2 04 . 2 0 2 0 . 9 04 . 8 0 I 3 . 4 03 . 7 0 . l 9 . 9 03 . 7 0 . l 5 . 8 03 . 3 0 I 9 . 8 03 . 6 0 I 5 . 6 03 . 3 0 . l 8 . 0 04 . 2 0 1 6 . 7 03 . s 0 I 5 . 2 03 . 9 0 I 5 . 6 04 . 2 0 . l 7 . 0 05 . 3 ] 1 9 . 1 05 . 2 0 1 6 . 4 05 . 2 0 . l 4 . 6 04 . 8 0 I 9 . 6 04 . 4 0 2 0 . 3 04 . I 0 . l 4 . 4 04 . 4 0 . l 6 . 3 03 . 8 5 2 l . 9 03 . 4 0 1 4 . 5 03 . 7 0 , l 9 . 0 03 . 9 0 ? 2 . 6 04 . 0 0 I 5 . 6 03 . 7 0 , l 6 . 4 02 . 4 0 2 4 . 5 0

4 . 2 0 I 5 . 6 0

- + + J .

5 t 9 .7 7 .

- 5 0 9 .- 5 7 1 .- . l 5 9 .- J L + .- 4 0 9 .- 6 6 .

- 6 ? 2 .-719

.

- 6 9 8 .- 4 1 6 .- 3 9 .3 0 8 .233.a A A

- 1 0 8 .-937

.

- 7 6 .7 6 .

- 5 9 .- 9 2 1 .- . l 0 7 .

J + y .

a a t

? q ?

a l l- a t | .

IL

nT

567tJ9

l 0ill a

l 4t f ,t 6l 71 8t 9?0) 1

L L

2 3242 52 6?72829

NUMBER 0F SAMPLES = 29

AVERAGES:. l 7 . 8 4

STANDARD DEVIAT IONS:

3 . 2 4

| . IEIGHTED AVERAGES:1 1 6 . 6 0

. l . l 6 . 6 1 1 7 . 7 0

I 6 . 4 3

t b . J b

1 A ' )

< t /

I . 3 4

I 0383.

A "t .)

I 0402.

I 0604.

517 .

t u o I J .

T R - 1 7 5 , p g . 4 o f 9

Tab le 2

Ana lys i s Resu l t s Us ing Upda ted In te rva l s (D ry Bas i s )

L A L L

THKr FT'I

UU KC.THK/ t r T \

CALCASH

I.U K E.

ASH COREL A L L

BTUi LBCORE

BTU/ LBCALC- HOLE#CORE

3 . 4 0 3 . 7 04 . 0 0 4 . t 04 . 2 0 4 . 2 04 . 7 0 4 . 8 04 . 0 0 3 . 7 03 . 7 0 3 . 7 0J . I U J . J UJ . J U J . O UJ . q U J . J U3 . 7 0 4 . 2 03 . 4 0 3 . 5 03 . 9 0 3 . 9 04 . 1 0 4 . 2 04 . 6 0 5 . 3 15 . 0 0 5 . 2 04 . 9 0 5 . 2 04 . 4 0 4 . 8 04 . 3 0 4 . 4 04 . 1 0 4 . ] 04 . 5 0 4 . 4 03 . 8 0 3 . 8 53 . 3 0 3 . 4 03 . 5 0 3 . 7 03 . 4 0 3 . 9 03 . 9 0 4 . 0 03 . 8 0 3 . 7 02 . 0 0 2 . 4 0

4 . 2 0 4 . 2 0

r s . 9 0I 3 . 7 020. 90. l 3 .00. l4 . 90. l 8 . 4 0I J . O Ul o - 4 u. l 3 . l 0I J . a uI 5 . 6 0. l 3 . 5 0I 5 . 8 0I 2 . 8 01 3 . 2 0. l 7 . 8 01 9 . 7 0I 3 . 9 0I 6 . 8 01 9 . 2 0. l 3 . 9 01 5 . 2 0I 9 . 0 0. l 3 . 8 0I 5 . 7 01 6 . 5 025.40I 5 . 3 0

1 3 . 0 1. l 5 . 9 44 , + . J J1 3 . 9 21 4 . 0 2t ) . t /1 6 . 2 2l l . 0 81 6 . 5 51 6 . 1 9i l . 78I 5 . 4 6r 0 . 9 21 4 . 4 99 . 6 6

' l t . 9 8

. l 9 . 6 52 2 . 3 6r 7 . 0 1. l 7 . 5 92 2 . 3 ?1 4 . 5 6t + . J t2 4 . 3 21 7 . ? 11 6 . 5 6I 7 . 4 t2 4 . 7 91 7 . 6 2

? . 8 9- L . L +- J . + J- . 9 2I . 4 8- . 2 7? . 1 82 . 5 ?- . t 5

-3 . 091 n a

t ,. l +

2 . 5 8I . 3 r? 1 41 . ? ?

- t . 8 5

- ? . 6 6- ? 1 1-

. 7 9- 3 . 1 2-

. 6 6

. 8 8- 5 . 3 2- 3 . 1 1-

. 8 6- . 9 1

. 6 1- 2 . 3 2

I 0646 .' 10933 .997 4.

I I 0 3 0 .I 0694 .I u / o v .I 0304.I 0948.I 0580.I t 0 r 6 .I 0 9 9 4 .I 0 6 8 5 .r 0961 .I 0 7 5 4 .1 0 5 6 .0 9 9 3 .0 3 8 9 .0129.0 9 0 9 .0 5 1 7 .0 2 0 5 .0 9 0 5 .U / J + .

1A222.1 0 9 1 s .I 0 6 6 7 .I 0 5 6 6 .9377 .

10727.

r 0 7 9 6 . - 1 5 0 .I 0530. 403 .9 4 s s . 5 t 9 .

I 0893. 137 .I 0 8 7 7 . - 1 8 3 .10722. 47 .10627 - -323.I I 2 5 6 . - 3 0 8 .I 0 5 2 6 . 5 4 .1 0 8 6 1 . 1 5 5 .i l 1 4 7 . - 1 5 3 .I 0 7 5 1 . - 6 6 .11122. - t 6 t .I 0 9 3 6 . - 1 8 2 .1 1 2 7 3 . - ? 1 7 .112?6 - -233.I 0 l 9 3 . I 9 6 .

q 7 6 n ? 7 qI 0 6 1 2 . 2 9 7 .I 0 6 4 5 . - t 2 8 .' I n n a ? 1 2 tI 0 9 3 2 . - 2 7 .r I I 5 9 . - 4 2 5 .9820. 442.

1 0 6 0 5 . 3 1 0 .I 0 6 3 9 . 2 8 .I 0 4 ] 8 . I 4 8 .9 3 3 9 . 3 8 .

I 0 3 3 2 . 3 9 5 .

1 0 6 0 4 . 3 7 .

517 .

t u o t J . J v -

Iz

56a

8t

t 0' I I

1 ?1 At *

l 5t 61 7t 6

l >

?02 122( Jt Aa +

26L I

28a >

NUMBER 0F SAMPLES = 29

AVERAGES:1 5 - 9 2

STANDARD DEVIAT IONS:

2 . 8 8

t iJEIGHTED AVERAGES:

1 1 2 . ? 0 1 . l 6 . 6 . 1 1 5 . 8 5

I 6 . 4 3

4 . 0 7

. l 6 . 3 6- . 5 ?

r 0641 .

1 0 4

I 0 6 5 2 .

) ? nT R - T 7 5 . D C . 5 o f 9

Tab l e 3

A n a l y s i s R e s u l t s u s i n g U p d a t e d I n t e r v a l s ( E Q B a s i s )

CALC CORE CALCTHK THK MOIS( F r ) ( F r ) ( % )

^ n n - ^ i r ^L U K E . L I \ L \ , -

MOIS CORECALC COREASH ASH( 1 ) ( % )

CALC- CALC CORECORE BTU/LB BTU/LB

CALC- HOLE #L U K L

3 . 4 0 3 . 7 0 3 1 . 2 04 . 0 0 4 . 1 0 3 . l . 9 04 . 2 0 4 - 2 0 ? 9 . 7 04 . 7 0 4 . 8 0 3 2 . , l 04 . 0 0 3 . 7 0 3 ] . 4 03 . 7 0 3 . 7 0 3 l . 5 03 . 1 0 3 . 3 0 3 0 . 5 03 . 3 0 3 . 6 0 3 l . 9 03 . 4 0 3 . 3 0 3 , l . . l 03 . 7 0 4 . 2 0 3 2 . . l 03 . 4 0 3 . 5 0 3 2 . 0 03 . 9 0 3 . 9 0 3 . l . 3 04 . 1 0 4 . 2 0 3 2 . 0 04 . 6 0 5 . 3 . l 3 l . 5 05 . 0 0 5 . 2 0 3 2 . 2 04 . 9 0 5 . 2 0 3 2 . 0 04 . 4 0 4 . 8 0 3 0 . 7 04 . 3 0 4 . 4 0 3 0 . 1 04 . 1 0 4 . 1 0 3 1 . 8 04 . 5 0 4 . 4 0 3 . l . 0 03 . 8 0 3 . 8 5 3 0 . 3 03 . 3 0 3 . 4 0 3 1 . 8 03 . 5 0 3 . 7 0 3 l . 4 03 . 4 0 3 . 9 0 3 0 . 3 03 . 9 0 4 . 0 0 3 l . 9 03 . 8 0 3 . 7 0 3 1 . 3 02 . 0 0 2 . 4 0 3 ] . . l 03 . 6 0 3 . 8 5 2 8 . 4 04 . ? 0 4 . 2 0 3 ] . 4 0

NUMBERS 0F SAMPLES = 29

AVERAGES:3 1 . 2 4

STANDARD DEVIAT IONS:

' 8 6

I , /E IGHTED AVERAGES:

3 1 . 5 1 - . 2 7

I . 7 9 1 . 2 7

1 0 . 9 5 l l . 3 r

z - t o J . u f ,

1 { i 4 - / 1 4

J t . 1 6 - . J d2 8 . 5 6 l t 4

3 l . 1 6 - ? 4

2 9 . 3 7 ' l . r 3J I . L J - . J J

3 ] . 5 0 - . 4 03 3 . 6 5 - t . 5 53 2 . 9 6 - . 9 63 l . 0 6 . 2 43 t . 0 9 . 9 13 1 . 6 4 - . 1 43 3 . 0 9 - . 8 97 2 ? L - ? 428 .99 I . 7 , l2 9 . 3 6 . 7 43 0 . 6 5 t . t 5< / t a - I / \

3 2 . 1 5 - 1 . 8 53 4 . 5 3 - 2 . 7 3J C . d O - t . + O

3 0 . 0 6 . ? 4? l 6 q 2 132 .64 - t . 342 9 . 8 ? I . 2 82 6 . 6 4 1 . 7 6J t . ( / t J

1 0 . 9 0 8 . 6 59 . 3 0 1 0 . 7 9

I 4 . 7 0 I 7 . 3 88 . 8 0 9 . 4 9

t 0 . 6 0 9 . 6 5. l 0 . 2 0 . l 0 . 0 21 2 . 8 0 1 1 . 4 69 . 2 0 7 . 5 1

i l . 30 i l . 348 . 9 0 1 0 . 7 49 . 0 0 7 . 9 0

I 0 . 7 0 I 0 . 6 6q 2 0 7 \ 2

1 0 . 3 0 9 . 9 0B . 7 0 6 . 4 69 . 0 0 8 . 1 0

I 2 . 3 0 1 4 . 2 1I 3 . 8 0 I 5 . 7 99 . 5 0 i l . 8 0

i l . 6 0 i l . 8 3' 1 3 . 4 0 . l 5 . 1 49 . 5 0 9 . s 3

I 0 . 4 0 9 . 6 ]1 3 . 3 0 1 7 . 0 19 . 4 0 1 I . 7 6

1 0 . 8 0 i l . 1 6I I . 3 0 1 2 . 2 ?1 8 . 2 0 t 8 . t 81 0 . 5 0 l 2 . l l

2 . 2 5 7 3 2 0 . 7 1 7 5 .- 1 . 4 9 7 4 4 6 . 7 . l 3 1 .- 2 . 6 8 7 0 0 9 . 6 7 5 4 .- . 6 9 7 4 8 8 . 7 4 2 4 .

.95 7341 . 7488 .

. 1 8 7 3 7 5 . 7 0 8 5 .I . 3 4 7 1 6 4 . 7 5 0 6 .1 . 6 9 7 4 5 2 . 7 6 ? 8 .- . 04 7290 . 7210 .

- 1 . 8 4 7 4 8 2 . 7 2 0 7 .t . t 0 7 4 7 3 . 7 4 7 3 .

.04 7337 . 74l l .I . 6 8 7 4 5 9 . 7 6 6 5 .

. 4 0 7 3 6 8 . 7 4 7 6 .2 .24 7 499 . 7543 .

. 9 0 7 4 7 2 . 7 5 9 6 .- t

. 91 7203 . 7245 .- 1 . 9 9 7 0 8 2 . 6 8 8 7 .- 2 . 3 0 7 4 3 6 . 7 3 6 0 .

- ? ' 2 . 7 )6? 7 l qq-1

. 74 71 . l 8 . 6841 .- . u J / c J f , . / t 3 t ,

. 7 9 7 3 5 9 . 7 4 9 2 .-3 .71 71?6 . 6868 .- 2 . 3 6 7 4 3 9 . 7 2 4 5 .- . 3 6 7 3 2 9 . 7 1 6 r - .-

. 9 ? 7 ? 8 4 . 7 3 1 2 .

. u a o / t o . o 6 f , r .- l . o t / J f , o . / t u t .

1 A C 1t l J . I

1 t t /

255. 36 4 . 4

- t + t . f ,. Y U . O

- J + t . I-176

- 88 0 . 9

2 7 5 . I 0. i l

- 7 4 . 1 ?- 2 0 6 . t 3- t u o . t +

A A l E- a a . I J

- t l q . l oa 1 1

- 4 . I I' 1 9 5 . l B7 6 . 1 9

I 0 3 . 2 02 7 7 . 2 1l J 6 . L Z

2 5 8 . ? 4I 9 4 . 2 51 6 2 . 2 6- ? 8 . ? 7

- I J f , . L 6

255 . 29

1 1 2 . 2 0 i l 6 . 6 1 3 . l . 2 6 3 l . s l - . 2 5 1 0 . 8 9 . l 1 . 2 6

- . J D t J t + . t a ) o .

I . 5 8 1 7 7 . ? 5 5 .

- . 37 7319 . 7261 . q a

T R - 1 7 5 , p g . 6 o f 9

oRY 8TU./18 yS roRY BSH BY yT

rORY NsH 8Y VTf = - 1 2 5 . 7 f 3 r X + 1 2 6 3 6 . i 0 0

Fis. 3 - oRY 8IU/LB VS Z ORy ASH By iij

I 6000.

r {000.

12000 .

I 0000 .

6000 .

6000 .

J

o 4000 .

2 0 0 0 .

f PC F L i P E R I N ' 0 4 0. R E S I S T I V I T Y O H M _ M -.

i B B

2 0 0

2 4 2l ?ffi

it!?f?]

-

. G R M M R R P I I

. i I p g . 8 o f 9T R - 1 7 5 ,

Fjg. 4 - STA|I0AR0 C0AL PLOT.

1r

F

q

2 0 . 0

rORY NSH 8Y VT VS RPPFRENT OENSITY

O L O G ( G / C C )5 4 . 9 4 5 r X - 1 6 . 2 1 1

Fiq. I - Z 0RY ASl1 8Y f , f VS APPAREIIT 0EftSITy.

r E O X O I S I I J R E y s r O R Y q S i l B Y v T

3 0 . 0 4 0 . 0

rORY NSH 8Y VT- . 3 l 7 r X + 3 6 . 2 0 1

Fiq. 2 - I E0ll0lSiURE VS Z tlRy ASH By m.

E 0 . 0 9 0 . 0 1 0 0 , o

O U . U

7 0 . 0

6 0 . 0

t

Uv:F6

E

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T P - 1 7 5

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nu