Coal Mining – Internalising the...
Transcript of Coal Mining – Internalising the...
Federation for a Sustainable Environment
Coal Mining and Combustion – Internalising the Cost
for a fair Climate Change Debate
Rain water balance
Rainfall: 750 mm
Pre MiningPost
Mining
% effecti ve Decant
mm Cub M Cub M
Recharge 4% 30 300 4% 100% 300
Runoff 6% 45 450 3% 100% 225
Evapotranspiratio n 30% 225 2250 15% 0% 0
Sub surface 60% 450 4500 78% 25% 1474.2
0
100% 750 7,500 100% 1999.2
Water Balance ( Million m3)
Sub Catchment Total Available for Water Surplus
allocation Requirements (Deficit)
Komati 426.5 883 (456.5)
Crocodile 273 664 (391.0)
Sabie/Sand 162 101 61.0
Total 861.5 1,648 (786.5)
Water Balance ( Million m3)
Upper Olifants 409 350.5 58.5
Middel Olifants 301 456.2 (155.2)
Lower Olifants 101 178.7 (77.7)
Steelpoort 61 50.9 10.1
Total 872 1,036 (164.3)
Loskop Dam - SO4 and TDS Concentrations
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Sep
-71
Nov
-72
Jan-
74
Apr-
75
Jun-
76
Aug
-77
Oct
-78
Dec
-79
Feb-
81
Apr-
82
Jul-8
3
Sep
-84
Nov
-85
Jan-
87
Mar
-88
May
-89
Jul-9
0
Sep
-91
Dec
-92
Feb-
94
Apr-
95
Jun-
96
Aug
-97
Oct
-98
Dec
-99
Feb-
01
May
-02
Jul-0
3
Sep
-04
Nov
-05
Jan-
07
Con
cent
ratio
n (m
g/l)
SO4 TDS
Loskop dam at outbreakPhysical/chemical parameter
Units Site 1 riverine zone
Site 2 riverine zone
Site 3transitiona l zone
Site 4Lacustrin e zone
Site 5 lacustrin e zone
Total Alkalinity as CaCO3
mgl-1 56 52 48 49 43
Total Nitrogen as N µgl-1 17000 15980 12321 9641 9754
Total Phosphate as P µgl-1 711 700 457 359 340
Aluminium as Al µgl-1 1610 1511 191 76 73
Copper as Cu µgl-1 105 92 26 21 22
Iron as Fe µgl-1 1220 1213 175 64 67
Zinc as Zn µgl-1 23 19 12 10 12
Sulphate as SO4 mgl-1 481 398 167 144 151
Silica as Si mgl-1 2.1 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.5
pH 6.7 6.6 8.9 8.8 9
Conductivity µScm-
1392 390 333 314 317
DO mgl-1 6.64 0.83 5.32 4.97 5.24
Temperature ºC 24 25 25 27 26
Witbank Dam - SO4 and TDS Concentrations
0
100
200
300
400
500
600Ja
n-72
May
-73
Sep
-74
Feb-
76
Jun-
77
Nov
-78
Mar
-80
Aug
-81
Dec
-82
Apr
-84
Sep
-85
Jan-
87
Jun-
88
Oct
-89
Mar
-91
Jul-9
2
Nov
-93
Apr
-95
Aug
-96
Jan-
98
May
-99
Oct
-00
Feb-
02
Jun-
03
Nov
-04
Mar
-06
Aug
-07
Conc
entra
tion
(mg/
l)
SO4 TDS
Middelburg Dam - SO4 and TDS Concentrations
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000S
ep-1
978
Aug
-197
9Ju
l-198
0Ju
l-198
1Ju
n-19
82M
ay-1
983
Apr
-198
4M
ar-1
985
Feb-
1986
Feb-
1987
Jan-
1988
Dec
-198
8N
ov-1
989
Oct
-199
0S
ep-1
991
Sep
-199
2A
ug-1
993
Jul-1
994
Jun-
1995
May
-199
6A
pr-1
997
Apr
-199
8M
ar-1
999
Feb-
2000
Jan-
2001
Dec
-200
1N
ov-2
002
Nov
-200
3O
ct-2
004
Sep
-200
5A
ug-2
006
Jul-2
007
Con
cent
ratio
n (m
g/l)
SO4 TDS
And the Future Situation ?Excess mine water - Middelburg Dam catchment
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Year
Vol
ume
(mill
ion
m3/
a)
Excess mine water - Witbank Dam catchment
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Year
Volu
me
(mill
ion
m3/
a)
MAIN FINDINGS: SALINITY STATUS
Douglas
Aucampshoop
Kalkfontein
RustfonteinTierpoort
Krugerdrif
BLOEMFONTEIN
LOWERVAAL
Tweerivier
Kimberley
Douglas Incremental
Lower Harts
Vaalharts
De Hoop
Taung
Wentzel
Barberspan
Spitskop
Erfenis
Allemanskraal
Sand Vet Incemental
MIDDLEVAAL Klipbank
Bloemhof Incremental
Rietspruit
Johan Neser
Klipdrif
Boskop
Klerkskraal
Rietfontein
Koppies
Kromdraai
Parys
VAALBARRAGE
SuikerbosKliprivier
BarrageIncremental
JOHANNESBURG
Delangesdrift
Vaal Dam Incremental
UPPERVAAL
Sterkfontein
Frankfort
UPPERVAAL
Grootdraai
Standerton
Christiana
VAAL
Mak
wes
ie
Klerksdorp
Bloemhof
VaalhartsWeir
VS1
VS2
VS4
VS5
VS6
VS7VS8
VS16
VS17
VS18VS19
VS20
VS1 - At origin at N17 bridgeLEGEND : LEVEL 1 POINTS
VS2 - At Camden (R29/N2 Bridge)VS3 - At N11 Bridge to AmersfortVS4 - At R35 Bloukop BridgeVS5 - Grootdraai DamVS6 - At Villiers Flood SectionVS7 - Vaal Dam on Vaal River (downstream weir)VS8 - Vaal Barrage - near Barrage wallVS9 - Vaal River at low water bridge
VS10 - VermaasdriftVS11 - MidvaalVS12 - Orkney BridgeVS13 - Regina weirVS14 - BalkfonteinVS15 - Bloemhof Dam (upstream)VS16 - Bloemhof Dam (downstream weir)VS17 - Vaalharts Barrage (downstream weVS18 - Vaal River at De HoopVS19 - SchmidtsdriftVS20 - Douglas Barrage - near barrage wal
VS3VS9
VS11
VS12
VS13
VS14VS15
VS10
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
VS20 VS19 VS18 VS17 VS16 VS14 VS13 VS12 VS11 VS10 VS9 VS8 VS7 VS6 VS5 VS4 VS3 VS2 VS1Monitoring Point on Vaal River(Level 1)
TDS
(mg/
l)Acceptable RWQO
Vaal Dam
GrootdraaiDam
BloemhofDam
Vaal Barrage
DouglasBarrage
Escarpment Coal Mining Water Cost
Thickness of seam 3 meters
Tons coal/ha 39,000 Tons
Water / ha affected 2,000 cub m /ha/
annum
Water treated 200,000 cub m/ha/ 100
years
Cost of treatment ( Today) R 2,000,000 @R10/cub m
Coal in SA
Tons of coal mined annually 280,000,000 tons of coal
Water affected in 100 years 1,435,897,436 cub m
Cost of treating water every year R 14,358,974,359
ESKOM
Eskom Coal requirement 150,000,000 tons
Water affected every year 769,230,769 Cub m
Cost of treatment R 7,692,307,692
And Combustion Costs?The economic process is dependent on natural resources, which in turn adhere to the fundamental laws of the natural sciences. The law of mass balance implies that:… the mass of matter that is used as an input into an activity, must be equivalent to the mass of matter that results in the output activity. Any changes in mass that occur during the transformation process, resulting in an output mass lower than an input mass are attributableto waste (Kahn 2000).
(Cost avg of 2 scenarios)
2000 2010
Coal Purchased 92,300,000 150,000,000
CH4Tons 2,267,733 3,685,373 R/ton R 546 R 546Total R 1,238,182,218 R 2,012,213,789
CO2 Tons 161,200,000 261,971,830.99 R/ton R 26 R 26Total R 4,192,812,000 R 6,813,887,324
Total R 5,430,994,218 R 8,826,101,113
Cost of combustion
Costs not internalised
Eskom Total
Water R 7,692,307,692
CH4 and CO2 R 8,826,101,113
R 16,518,408,805
Eskom primary energy cost (2008) R 18,314,000,000
Can we afford to not internalise cost?• If internalisation happens then the
whole Climate Debate will change• It will become an economical debate
vs a green debate– For 100 years the water cost could be
externalised and pollution could be diluted. Not anymore.
– We have reached the same point with air pollution.
• The Climate Change Debate has to be debated on equal footing – Nuclear vs Coal vs renewable based on total cost.
• The cost of the externalities will have to be paid in the future – at what cost?– Housing– Education– Social grants– Political stability– Welfare and healthcare.
THE EXTERNALITY COST OF COAL COMBUSTION IN SOUTH AFRICA ( Paper by Blignaut and King )
• From this study it has been established that the social cost of combusting coal,…… is substantial, with the social cost on average more than double the market price for coal.