Coal Miner's Wife
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2005 IEEE International SOI Conference Floating Body Effects on the RF Performance of FDSOI RF Amplifiers C.L. Chen, R.T. Chang,* P.W. Wyatt, C.K. Chen, D-R Yost, J.M. Knecht, and C.L. Keast Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA *Currently at Atheros Communications, Sunnyvale, CA Email: [email protected], Tel: (781) 981-4507 Abstract The impact of body contacts on the floating body effect of fully depleted (FD) SOI at high frequencies is studied. It is found that the floating body effect is negligibly small for FDSOI FETs and the body contact (BC) increased parasitic capacitance and degraded the performance. We show that the linearity of an X-band amplifier, fabricated with a 180-nm FDSOI technology, is unchanged by the BC in continuous wave and pulse mode operations. Introduction It has been shown that the floating body can significantly change the device parameters of a partially depleted (PD) SOI FET at DC and high frequencies [1]. As a result, the linearity, which becomes increasingly important in communication and radar systems, of analog or RF amplifiers, can degrade without a body contact (BC). However, in addition to increased device size and layout complexity, the BC can also introduce undesirable parasitics that degrade the RF performance. Although a thinner silicon layer in fully depleted (FD) SOI offers some mitigation, it is not clear if BC is still required to eliminate the floating body effect. In this work, we evaluate the effect of the body contact on RF characteristics of FDSOI FETs and compare the linearity of actual X-band amplifiers operated in the continuous wave (CW) and pulse mode. Device and Amplifier Fabrication The process is a 180-nm fully depleted SOI technology with metal T-gate structures and high- resistivity substrates [2]. The thickness of the SOI is 45 nm. Maximum fT and fmax for the n-FET are in the 70 GHz range and measured minimum noise figure was 0.5 dB at 10 GHz. The top Al metal thickness is 2 pm. Experiment Results The BC design of a two 10-pm-wide gate-finger nFET is shown in Fig. 1. The p+ implanted contacts were made in the middle and both ends of the poly-Si gate on the source side. The total gate width was increased to 11.5 jm per finger to maintain the same 10-pm effective source width. ...Sour.e.. Body conPtats Fig I -:--: Drain :: contact. Fig. 1 nMOSFET with source side body contact. The Id,-Vd, plots for nFETs with gate length, Lg, of 180 and 500 nm are shown in Fig. 2. The kinks caused by the floating body effect are clearly shown in the 500-nm FET without BC. Although smaller for the 180-nm FETs, the kinks are still present without BC and this is confirmed by measured output conductance. The Ids is slightly higher with BC, probably because the effective drain width is larger than 10-jm source width. 250 No body.cjontact .200 (a) 0.4 0.8 1.25 150 1.0 V 0100 / .. 50 '1, ~~~~~~~0.75 V 0.5 V 0 0O4 0.8 1.2 1.6 Drain Voltage (V) 500 No body- ontact DC, V0= 1.5 V ~400 0 0.4 0.8 ~~~~~1.25 V. D300 c200 / 0100 6 . 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 Drain Voltage (V) Fig. 2 DC characteristics of nMOSFETs. (a) Lg = 500 nm. (b) Lg = 180 nm. The scattering (S) parameters of the FETs were measured for RF characterization. The kinks in the Id,-Vds plots suggest that the output conductance is most likely to be affected by the floating body effect. Figure 3 shows the output S parameter, S22, of nFETs without BC biased at drain voltages above and below the kinks, exhibiting no difference in RF output resistance despite the large difference in DC output resistance. I to 67 GHz i~l a.> k-.; (a) (b) Fig. 3 Measured S22 of no-BC nMOSFETs with gate length of (a) 500 nm and (b) 180 nm. The gate bias is 0.5 V and each plot includes 5 sets of data with Vd, from 0.9 to 1.3 V in 0.1-V steps. The kink observed in the IV plots is caused by change in the body potential, and that potential generally cannot follow the high-frequency signal [3]. The lack of output conductance variation with Vd,, which is observed in PDSOI [1], suggests that the capacitive body coupling is also negligible with a thin fully depleted body even without the BC. The input SI,, plotted in Fig. 4 for 180-nm nFETs, shows higher input capacitance of the device with body contacts. The input capacitances, estimated from SI,, are This work was supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency under Air Force Contract FA8721-05-C-0002. Opinions, interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors, and are not necessarily endorsed by the United States Government. 0-7803-9212-4/05/$20.00 @2005 IEEE 44
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Transcript of Coal Miner's Wife
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Xxxxxxxxx. XxxxxxxxxxBY KEVIN CHAPPELL PHOTOGRAPHY BY VALERIE GOODLOE
THECOALMINER’SWIFE
IT TAKES A SPECIAL MAN TO BE A MINER—and a special woman to love one
LOVE STORIES ARE EVERYWHERE. Unfortunately, it seems as if it takes tragedy before the best onesare ever told. For 34 years—in the mountains of West Virginia—Geneva Lynch lived a real-life fairy tale.
Rosie saw to it.That’s what she called her husband William Roosevelt Lynch. “Either that or ‘Honey,’” she says. He called
her “Genny.” To her, Rosie was a prince. To others in the small town of Oak Hill, W.Va., one hour south ofCharleston, he was a 59-year-old coal miner, one of the old-timers who knew the mines like a grizzled truckerknows the back roads. Genny was a coal miner’s wife. It’s generally agreed that being a coal miner is the tough-est job in the state. Being the wife of one has got to be a close second.
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Coal is often referred to as West Virginia’s “black diamonds.” It’shonored in museums and studied in grade schools. The stuff’s every-where. In some places, such as along a winding two-lane road in thenorth part of town, coal falls off the side of the mountain in chunksthe size of candy bars. In fact, there is believed to be enough coal inWest Virginia to power the entire United States for decades.
By far, coal mining is one of the best jobs in the state. An experiencedminer can make six figures. There are good benefits. A good retirementplan. It’s making it to retirement in good health that’s the challenge.
Even though Rosie never talked about it much to her, Genny rec-ognized the risks. She had encouraged her husband to quit—especiallywhen she found out recently that he was at a site where he had toforage some two miles into the side of a mountain before being lowered some five miles into the ground.
“I told him that was too far in[side] there,” she said. She suggested that he go back to teaching, a profession he entered
after college and walked away from in favor of the camaraderie and finan-cial security mining offered. So close to retirement, she wanted him todo something safer, something that could ease him into his golden years.
Deep down, she knew Rosie would never leave the mine. It’s whatkept him young. “He loved producing coal,” she says.
Historical records show that the earliest coal mining in America ofany commercial significance involved slaves working in the coal pits in Virginia in the mid-1700s. During Reconstruction, the coal and
railroad industries became two primary employment opportunities forthe newly freed Blacks.
“Thousands of them toiled in the pits and shafts, both as slaves andfree men,” says Tim Pinnick, who has been researching Black coal miners for some 20 years. His Web site (blackcoalminerheritage.net) compiles information about Black coal miners that he says “is generallycontained in a myriad of documents, often unindexed and scattered inmany locations across the country.”
As early as 1860, documentation shows Black coal miners workingin northern mines near Pittsburgh. In 1913, a pick miner was paidaround 48 cents per ton of coal that he mined, averaging out to anannual salary of about $700. Large mining companies often providedhousing for the miner and his family. By the 1930s, there were morethan 55,000 Black miners in the United States. But industrializationcut into those numbers dramatically as machines made mining easierand more profitable. By the 1960s, even more Blacks were forced outas unionization resulted in increased wages and better benefits. Thereare presently only a few thousand Black coal miners in the nation.
Today, coal mining in West Virginia is considered such a good jobthat nepotism runs rampant within the industry. A miner who worksin a union-organized mine gets paid vacation, sick days, holiday pay,full medical insurance and, depending on the company, a productionbonus, a safety bonus, clothing allowance and many more benefits.
Mining in the mountains is much like balling in the ’hood. Little
boys in West Virginia start dreaming early of the day when they turn18, can drop out of school and get a good mining job. For many, it’stheir only ticket out of abject poverty. Appalachia poverty. The kind ofpoverty that makes the ghetto look like the good life.
Connects, especially for Blacks, are a must to land a job.Desire is also a must. It takes a special breed of person to travel into
the bowels of the earth—to places that no man has gone before—fora paycheck. Coal mining is not a job someone stumbles into or learnsto love. Around these parts, you’re either one or you’re not. Locals liketosay, “It’s in your blood.”
The Lynch family has mined coal for generations. Genny and Rosie’sson, Mon Lynch, is a miner. So is Rosie’s brother Melvin Lynch. AndGenny’s father, Earl Sylvester Woodson, retired after 35 years of mining,“You either make $4 or $5 an hour working in a restaurant or you makea good living in the mines,” says Woodson, who struggles with blacklung disease, a type of cancer prevalent in coal miners.
For the Lynches, mining has given them a middle-class lifestylein a state with one of the highest levels of poverty in the nation. ForRosie, it helped him put his two children through college. It also
allowed him to treat Genny like his princess.A typical miner works nine hours a day, six days a week. After they
punch in, they take a shuttle car, called a “mantrip,” miles into themountain to their worksite. They don’t come out until their shift isdone. No natural light, only the light on their helmets. No communica-tion with the outside world.
Down in the mine, it’s dark and cramped. Portable toilets havereplaced squatting in the corner (although many miners still prefer thelatter). There are bats the size of rats, and rats the size of cats to contendwith. A day in the coal mine is a constant struggle of endurance andpatience. Mental strength is a must.
Rosie knew the challenges and the risks. But he said that it was all apart of the job. And besides, he had never had been injured in all hisyears of mining. So he kept plugging away, moving from site to site asnew coal was discovered.
That all changed on April 5, 2010. Having put in a day’s work atthe Upper Big Branch mine, he was making his hour-long trek out ofthe mine when a massive explosion sucked every bit of oxygen out ofthe air, killing him and 28 other miners (including Jody Price, who was
Opening Spread | Suffering loss, Geneva Lynch continues to mourn the death of her husband, William Roosevelt “Rosie” Lynch, a coal miner who died on April 5 followinga massive explosion at the Upper Big Branch Mine, one of the largest mining facilities in West Virginia.
Way of Life | For generations, Blacks in West Virginia have mined for a living. (Top, right) Retired coal miner Earl Sylvester Woodson (who suffers from black lung disease)holds the hand of his grandson, Mon Lynch, a miner and son of deceased miner Lynch (bottom inset). Wife Geneva Lynch and daughter Miki Rogers, who gave birth toa daughter 10 days after the fatal mine explosion, talk about Roosevelt’s life.
”“we did everything together....
people would say that we were like two old shoes. we were just inseparable.
JULY 2010 l EBONY 9796 EBONY l JULY 2010
also Black). Genny later found out that Rosie was only seven minutesfrom the exit; seven minutes from hopping into his car; seven minutesfrom making his way back home to her.
The nation mourned. A large part of Genny died that day. “He spoiled me,” she said as she sat down with EBONY in the living
room of their modest split-level home. For two hours—through laugh-ter and tears—she talked about her husband. “I’m lost without him.”
Genny says that she doesn’t know how she’s going to make it. Timewill surely ease her pain. But for now, the memories are too fresh, thelove they shared too strong to let Rosie go.
Sometimes, love is indescribable. But when Genny starts to describeher Rosie, it is undeniable. Here, in her own words, Genny shares hermemories of life as a coal miner’s wife:
He was six years older than I was. But he said that he always had a crush
on me. He followed me all around everywhere. He would just show up wher-
ever I was. I told my mama that I guessed I would have to marry him or else
he was going to follow me all over the world.
He was the type who would search the world over for a [greeting] card that
would say exactly what he wanted to say. It had to be perfect. He would send
me flowers. He would make me tapes just for me. He would sit and go through
his albums and pick out songs just for me to play. He was a special person.
We did everything together. I’d cut the grass. He’d weed. He wouldn’t
let me weed. We cleaned house together. We exercised together. We
walked the track together. We cooked together. We watched TV together.
We were inseparable. People would say that we were like two old shoes.
We were just inseparable.
He was a meticulous man. Everything had to be in order. His clothes. He
wore what was in front of his closet. He didn’t deviate at all. Once he wore it,
it went in the back of the closet. It could be summer and if corduroys were
up, it was corduroys. We tried to change him. His CDs are [still] in A-B-C
order. Every bill was laid out. He kept every check that he ever wrote.
Everything in his drawers is folded. Everything is in order. I haven’t touched
anything. Not going to. Everything is how he left it.
I tried to get him to get out of the mines and start back teaching. But he
said that he loved what he was doing. He liked his crew. He thought that he
was too old to go back to teaching. I told him that they need people who
cared about the kids, not just a paycheck. But he liked mining.
He wouldn’t tell me anything about mining. He knew that I was a wor-
rywart. So when he would come home, he wouldn’t talk about it. The
only thing that he told me was that it took them an hour on the cart to
get to where they were working. I said, “What if something happened
[and] I couldn’t get in there to get you?” He said, “You couldn’t get in
there anyhow.” I said, “Yes, I could if I had to.”
He got up every morning at four o’clock. He had to be at work at six.
When that clock went off, he sat up like a jack-in-the-box. He’d turn
around, get off the bed, put his pants on, go in the kitchen and put his
lunch in his bucket. Before he left, he’d come back in the bedroom, he’d
kiss me three times, squeeze my kneecap, and he was gone. He would
never leave the house without kissing me. Three kisses meant, ‘I love you.’
One time when he was off, I left the house and didn’t kiss him. Do you
know that he came to my job [as an office manager for a medical billing
company] to get his three kisses? And the girls laughed because he
walked in behind me, spun my chair around and gave me three kisses. “I
come to get what you forgot to give me this morning,” he said. Then he
left and went back home. He was just that type of person.
He loved driving his shuttle car, and he loved producing coal. Their crew
was the best crew in [the mine]. They were all older men. They called them
“the old-man crew.” It was Roosevelt, Bennie, Peewee, Woodsie, Tim and
Head, who was the boss. They all loved working with each other. I remem-
ber the Christmas function. They all got together and did karaoke. They were
singing “Elvira.” He was the biggest thing there, standing 6-feet, 21/2- inches.
They put a big cowboy hat on him. I looked at my sister-in-law and said,
“Please tell me they’re not going to sing.” But they did, and they won.
I think mining kept him young. He was always an athlete. He’d shoot your
eyes out with his three-pointer.
He’s got a man cave. He’s a diehard Dallas Cowboys fan. He’s got Dallas
Cowboys everything in there. You couldn’t watch the Cowboys game with
him. He hollered. He screamed. He would bite you. He would squeeze you.
You would be all worn out by the time the game was over. And don’t sit beside
him. You’d be all beaten up by the time the game was over. I was planning on
taking him to a Dallas game for his 60th birthday. People were like, “Why
don’t you throw him a surprise party?” I was like, “No, he wants to see Dallas
play.” He wanted to go to that new stadium. He had never been to a Cowboys
game. This would have been his first game. He kept telling me, “I’m going to
one of them games one day, Geneva.”
I kept saying in the back of my mind, “Yes, you are.” I never told him my
plans. I was going to wait until the start of the football season to tell him. We
were just going to pack up and go. He would have been so excited. You
couldn’t have told him nothing.
He had said that he was going to work nine more years until he paid off
the house. I always told him that when he decided he was ready to retire, we
could sell the house. We could get a Winnebago or something and just travel.
[When he was] ready to retire, [we should] just do it. He wouldn’t have been
satisfied not doing anything. He wasn’t that type of person.
He realized the danger every day. But it wasn’t something that he would
worry about. He wasn’t that type. He would always say, “Don’t worry about
something until there is something to worry about.” He tried to make me
like that. But I couldn’t be like that.
He would have never thought in his wildest dreams that something
would happen. He went about his job. Did the best he could. He was always
prepared. He always wore his safety glasses. He always had his rescuer on.
He did everything safety-wise that he was supposed to.
He had touched so many lives. There were more than 2,000 people at his
funeral. People sat outside for hours to get into the church: former students,
high school classmates. He was always doing things for people. He smiled
all the time. He was just a happy person.
What hurts me most is that he never got a chance to see his granddaughter.
[Their daughter, Miki Rogers, gave birth to Geneva Rose 10 days after his death.]
He was looking forward to having a new grandbaby.
I’m very angry. I haven’t come to realization yet that he’s gone. An explosion
in a mine is 100 percent preventable. Somebody wasn’t doing [his or her] job.
There should never be an amount of methane gas [present] that great to cre-
ate an explosion that large. I see it as if he was murdered. People have been
calling it an accident. An accident is something that can’t be prevented.
This could have been prevented. Rosie should be here right now. ■■
Go With The Flow | Life goes on as three generations of Lynches (l. to r.)—Mon, Melvin and Earl—take part in their weekly fishing expedition on the New River. Outdoorsports are popular in the mountain towns of West Virginia.
Walking In Faith | Pamela Lynch, Melvin’s wife dances at church and her husband walks past memorial erected for his brother and the 28 other miners killed. Coalcan be seen along the mountainside behind the memorial.
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