Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the...
Transcript of Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the...
![Page 1: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
The Thick and the Thin of It—
Coagulation and Massive
Transfusion
Rebecca Stoudt, CRNA DNP
PhD(c)
![Page 2: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Thick and the Thin of It Coagulation and Massive
Transfusion
Rebecca Stoudt CRNA DNP PhD(c)
![Page 3: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Objectives
• The participant will be able to
– Identify the steps involved in the clotting mechanism
– Discuss the coagulation cascade
– Develop a massive transfusion strategy using qualitative and quantitative test results
– Obtain familiarity with diagnostic tests for coagulopathic states
![Page 4: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Hemostasis
• Three parts
– Vascular spasm
– Primary hemostasis
– Secondary hemostasis
![Page 5: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Hemostasis
• Vascular spasm
– Sympathetic mediated vasoconstriction
– Small and medium sized vessels
• Primary hemostasis
– Platelet plug
• Secondary hemostasis
– Coagulation of blood
![Page 6: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Clotting Made Easy
Injury
Vascular Spasm
Platelets
Fibrin
![Page 7: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Injury
• Intrinsic--damage within a blood vessel
– Think stenting, DVT
• Extrinsic--damage that causes tissue trauma
– Think trauma, surgery
• Vascular spasm for either
![Page 8: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Injury
• When an injury occurs to a vessel (either partial or full thickness) collagen fibers are exposed.
![Page 9: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Clotting Made Easy
Injury
Vascular Spasm
Platelets
Fibrin
![Page 10: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Primary Hemostasis
• Three stages to platelet plug
– Adhesion of platelets to wound
– Release of platelet granules
– Aggregation (platelet clumping)
![Page 11: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Primary Hemostasis
• When a vessel is damaged, collagen fibers are exposed
• Platelets adhere to the collagen via glycoprotein receptors
• Collagen activates the platelets
• The platelet bond is strengthened by vWF, also released by platelet activation
![Page 12: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Primary Hemostasis
• Activated platelets release ADP, seratonin, platelet activating factor (PAF), platelet factor 4, thromboxane A2, vWF, which activates other platelets and increases aggregation
– TXA2 is also a potent vasoconstrictor (ASA)
– ADP also facilitates fibrin binding (Plavix)
• Shape changes from spherical to stellate, thrombin released
![Page 13: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Platelet Activation
ADP Seratonin PAF vWF
PF4 TXA2 vWF Thrombin
glycoprotien IIb/IIIa
![Page 14: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Clotting Made Easy
Injury
Vascular Spasm
Platelets
Fibrin
![Page 15: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Look familiar?
![Page 18: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The “New” Cascade
Extrinsic
Intrinsic
![Page 20: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Simplified Clotting Cascade
![Page 21: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Secondary Hemostasis
• Fibrinogen molecules have caps on the ends so the molecules can’t stick to each other when they’re not supposed to
• Thrombin removes the caps
![Page 22: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Secondary Hemostasis
• Adding calcium allows the rough edges of the fibrin to stick together
• Add Factor XIII, and you have a stabilized fiber meshwork (ie, thrombosis)
![Page 23: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Destroying/regulating the clot
• Normal blood flow—clears activated factors
• tPA—Fibrinolysis
• TFPI--Tissue factor inhibition
• PGI2--Platelet aggregation inhibition, vasodilation
• Proteins C and S—inactivates factors V & VIII
• Heparin-like material binds to antithrombin
![Page 24: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Endothelial Cell Effects
![Page 25: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Thrombin
• Promotes platelet aggregation
• Cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin
• Initiates intrinsic arm and common pathway
• Activates clot regulating factors (Proteins S & C)
• Anticoagulant target (Warfarin and Heparin)
![Page 26: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Thrombin
• Factor II
– One of the Vitamin K dependent factors
– Found in FFP and prothrombin complex concentrate
– Recombinant thrombin available in powder form for topical application for small vessel bleeding
![Page 27: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
MASSIVE TRANSFUSION Clinical Application of Coagulation Knowledge
![Page 29: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Hemorrhage Classifications
• Class I Hemorrhage
– Loss of <15% of blood volume
– No hemodynamic changes
– Elective surgeries, controlled bleeding
– Crystalloid replacement, if needed
![Page 30: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Hemorrhage Classifications
• Class II Hemorrhage
– Loss of 15-30% of blood volume
– DBP increases (vasoconstriction)
– HR increases to maintain CO
– Crystalloid or colloid replacement
– If need blood = Class III
![Page 31: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Hemorrhage Classifications
• Class III Hemorrhage
– Loss of 30-40% of blood volume
– Consistent low BP
– Compensatory vasoconstriction and tachycardia ineffective
– Metabolic acidosis
– PRBC to restore tissue perfusion and oxygenation
– Damage Control Resuscitation?
![Page 32: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Hemorrhage Classifications
• Class IV Hemorrhage
– Loss of >40% of blood volume
– Life threatening
– Unresponsive, profound hypotension
– Trauma-induced coagulopathy
– High likelihood of death
– Damage Control Resuscitation
– Get help, role delineation
![Page 33: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Damage Control Resuscitation
• Developed by the military to treat combat wounds
• Not from randomized controlled trials—real life results
• Addresses trauma-induced coagulopathy
![Page 34: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Trauma-Induced Coagulopathy
• In 25% of trauma patients, TIC is present before resuscitation
• Independent risk factor of death
• Related to base deficit 6 mEq/L or greater
– 20% vs 2% in developing TIC
– Progressive coagulopathy as base deficit increases
![Page 35: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Damage Control Resuscitation
• To halt/prevent the triad of coagulopathy, acidosis, and hypothermia related to hemorrhagic losses
• Old method—use crystalloid first, then PRBCs, then plasma only after large amounts of PRBCs to treat the resultant coagulopathy
![Page 36: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Damage Control Resuscitation
• New method—start treating with plasma and platelets immediately to prevent coagulopathy
• Current guidelines advocate 1:1:1 ratio of plasma, platelets, and RBCs
– Ex. 6 units RBCs, 6 units FFP, 6 pack platelets
– After 6 PRBCs, check fibrinogen level. Give 20 units of cryoprecipitate if <100 mg/dl
![Page 37: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Damage Control Resuscitation
• Need to check labs frequency to check progress and guide therapies
• Derivation of massive transfusion protocols are highly recommended
![Page 38: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Massive Transfusion Protocol
• Improves survival from trauma
• Reduces total blood product utilization in first 24 hours
• Reduces acute infectious complications
• Decreases post-resuscitation organ dysfunction
![Page 39: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Massive Transfusion Protocol
• How much?
– 6 units PRBCs, 6 units FFP, 1 apheresis unit of Plts
• Who initiates?
– Trauma service, ER, anesthesia
– Reordering?
– Assessment of Blood Consumption (ABC) Score
![Page 40: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
ABC Score
• Four variables
– Penetrating injury
– SBP <90 mmHg
– HR >120 bpm
– Positive focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST)
• Looks for free fluid in perihepatic and perisplenic spaces, pericardium, and pelvis
![Page 41: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Calculating Allowable Blood Loss
Age Average Blood Volume (ABV)
Neonates
Premature 95 ml/kg
Full-term 85 ml/kg
Infants 80 ml/kg
Adults
Men 75 ml/kg
Women 65 ml/kg
EBV
EBV = Weight (kg) x ABV
Allowable Blood Loss (ABL)
ABL = EBV x (Hi – Hf)/Hi
Hi = Initial HCT, Hf = Final HCT
![Page 42: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Replacement Considerations
• Crystalloid 3-4:1
• Colloid 1-2:1
• PRBC 1:1
• Crystalloid redistribution half-life 20-30 min
• Colloid redistribution half-life 3-6 hrs
![Page 43: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Blood Products
• PRBCs
– Dose 5-20 ml/kg
– HCT 70%, increases Hgb 1g/dL (3% Hct)
– Consider transfusion of Hbg < 7-8 g/dL
• Below 7 = CO increases to compensate for decreased tissue oxygenation
![Page 44: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Blood Products
• PRBCs
– Stored for 42 days
• 2,3 DPG degradation shifts oxygen dissociation curve to left
• Potassium increases d/t red cell apoptosis
– Citrate binds to calcium
• Liver converts to NaHCO3
![Page 45: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Blood Products
• PRBCs – Type and Screen
• 45 minutes, mix specimen with known antigenic composition
– Type and Crossmatch • Mixes specimen with donor cells
• Confirms ABO typing, detects antibodies to other blood group systems and in low titers
– O negative • After 8 units, continue with O neg
![Page 46: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Blood Products
• FFP
– Dose 10-15ml/kg
– Increases each clotting factor by 2-3%
– Vit. K dependent factors (II, VII, IX, and X)
– Factors V and VIII, vWF, fibrinogen
– ATIII (also available as concentrate)
![Page 47: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Blood Products
• Cryoprecipitate
– Factor VIII and fibrinogen
– 1 unit/5kg, or 10 units/70kg
• 10 units of cryo = 1g of fibrinogen
![Page 48: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Diagnostic Tests
Quantitative
• PT
• aPTT
• INR
• Fibrinogen
• Platelets
• Antithrombin III (ATII)
Qualitative
• Soluble Fibrin Monomer (SFM)
• Thromboelastography (TEG)
• Rotational thromboelastography (ROTEM)
• Sonoclot
![Page 49: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Qualitative
• Soluble fibrin monomer (SFM)—normal = negative
– A measure of soluble fibrin, a precursor of thrombin activation of fibrinogen
– Different from D-dimer
![Page 50: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
The Thromboelastogram
• R (reaction time)—minutes from commencement of test to initial fibrin clot formation (reflects factor levels, fibrinogen)
• Alpha angle—tangent line to TEG tracing (reflects clot growth rate = fibrin build up and cross linking)
![Page 51: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
TEG
• MA (maximum amplitude)—width in millimeters of the widest gap (reflects clot strength = platelet/fibrin interaction)
• LY30—% fibrinolysis at 30 minutes after MA (reflects clot stability)
![Page 52: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
TEG
![Page 54: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Using the TEG
• Platelets >100
– MA > 55 = normal function and number
– MA 49-55 = mild to moderate decreased function
• DDAVP (0.3 mcg/kg)
– MA < 49 = severe decreased function
• 6 pack platelets and DDAVP
![Page 55: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Fibrinogen <100
R = 8-12 (normal) FFP 4 units/70 kg
R > 12 (prolonged) Cryo 10 units/70 kg
![Page 56: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
DIC Stage 1
• Short R
• Obtuse alpha angle Hypercoagulable
• Large MA with fast
• LY30 > 8% fibrinolysis
![Page 57: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
DIC Stage 1
Plts > 100, Fib > 100, LY30 > 8%
If either ATIII <69% or SFM + and
CI btw -1 & 2
Correct ATIII to 90 and transfuse
as needed
If ATIII > 69% and SFM -
Give antifibrinolytic
and/or rFVII at 50 mcg/kg
![Page 58: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
DIC Stage 2
• Prolonged R
• Acute alpha angle Hypocoagulable
• Narrow MA with factor
• LY30 stable depletion
![Page 59: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
DIC Stage 2
Plts < 100, Fib < 100, LY30 < 8%
If either ATIII < 69% or SFM +
Correct ATIII to 90% Plt, FFP and Cryo >100 transfuse as
needed
If ATIII > 69% and SFM -
Plt and Cryo >100 Consider rFVII
50mcg/kg
![Page 60: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Massive Transfusion Recommendations
• Create a protocol for MTP
– How much, who to initiate?
– Work with blood bank, trauma teams, other services (vascular, cardiac surgery, perfusion)
• Get help, role delineation
![Page 61: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Massive Transfusion Recommendations
• Baseline labs, T&C
• Consider labs after each round – Quantitative and qualitative
• Correction of acid/base disturbance
• Correction of coagulopathy
![Page 62: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
We made it!!!
![Page 63: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
63
Thank you!
![Page 64: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
References
1. Doohan J. 2000. Http://www.biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/htm/Hemostasis.htm. Retrieved 9/23/12.
2. Kottke-Marchant K. An algorithmic approach to hemostasis testing. Ch.1: coagulation pathway and physiology. College of American Pathologists (2008).
3. Brunicardi F C. Schwartz’s principles of surgery. Ch.4: Hemostasis, surgical bleeding, and transfusion. McGraw-Hill. (2009).
4. D’Angelo M R., Dutton R P. Management of trauma-induced coagulopathy: Trends and practices. AANA Journal. 2010; 78 (1): 35-40.
5. Thorsen K, Ringdal D G, Strand K, Soreide E, Hagemo J, Soreide K. Clinical and cellular effects of hypothermia, acidosis and coagulopathy in major injury. British Journal of Surgery. 2011; 98: 894-907.
6. Chen, A, Teruya J. Global hemostasis testing thromboelastography: Old technology, new applications. Clin Lab Med. 2009; 29: 391-407.
![Page 65: Coagulation—The Thick and the Thin of It - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · The Thick and the Thin of It ... detects antibodies to other blood ... • R (reaction time)—minutes](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070609/5ad059ae7f8b9a4e7a8dd0e8/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
References
7. Horan J T, Francis C W. Fibrin degradation products, fibrin monomer and soluble fibrin in disseminated intravascular coagulation. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2001; 27 (6): 657-666.
8. Bonk R, Trowbridge C, Stammers A, Klayman M, Marko M, Brindisi N, Pezzuto J. Soluble fibrin monomer complex and cardiopulmonary bypass. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2009; 41 (3): 157-60.
9. Butterworth J, Mackey D, & Wasnick J. 2013. Morgan & Mikhail’s Clinical Anesthesiology, 5th Ed. Chicago, IL: McGraw Hill.