CO2 Systems:

Trends, Benefits and ROI

Tucson, Ariz., October 12, 2016

Derek GosselinTechnical Sales Manager, Systems Division

Hillphoenix

Impact of Systems Architecture

Different Types of System

Architectures

Energy’s Impact on

System Designs TCO

Investing in New

Technology

Refrigerants’ Impact

on the Environment

Refrigerants’ Impact

on the Environment

Refrigerants’ Impact on the Environment

CARB & TITLE 24

REGULATORY IMPACT

LOW GWP REFRIGERANTS

Refrigerants’ Impact on the Environment

Refrigerant Other Names/Components ODP GWP

R-22 Freon-22 (HCFC) 0.055 1810

R-404A R-125/143a/134a, HP-62 0 3922

R-507 R-125/143a, AZ-50 0 3985

R-407A R-32/125/134a 0 2107

R-407F(C) R-32/125/134a 0 1825/1744

R-134a Single-component refrigerant 0 1430

R450A/513A N13-1234ze/R-134a/XP10-1234yf/134a 0 547/631

R-448/449A N40 Honeywell, XP40 Chemours 0 1273/1397

R-410A R-125/32, AZ-20, Puron 0 2088(675)

R-744 CO2 0 1

R-717 Ammonia, NH3 0 <1

R-290 Propane (HC) 0 ≈3-20

R-600a Isobutane (HC) 0 ≈3-20

R-1270 Propylene (HC) 0 ≈3-20

Past

Currentsystems

New and retrofit HFC

Higher-pressure HFC

Naturalfluids

New and retrofitHFO blends

Alternate Refrigerants Strategy

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

GWP Level

A1 – Non-flammable

A2L – Mildly flammable

A3 – Flammable

B2L – Toxic, mildly flam.P

ressu

re o

r ca

pa

city

Qualitative chart; not to scale

4000

R-404A

R134a

R-407C

R-407F

R-22

R-407A

R-410A

R-22 like

HFO+R32 blends

R-448A (N40)

R-449A (DR33)

< 1500

R-450A (N13)

R-513A (XP10)

~600

HFC

HFOHFO 1234yf

HFO 1234ze

?

150–

300

HFO+R-32

blends

400–675

HFO+R-32

blendsR-32

DP: DR2; HWL: N12

ARK: ARC 1

R-290

NH3

CO2

Alternate Refrigerants Strategy

Different Types of System

Architectures

Distributed

100% HFC charge

Reduced GWP

w/HFO blends

SecondaryGlycol or CO2

+/-50% charge reduction

with ability to use natural

refrigerant

CO2 cascade CO2 booster

100% natural

refrigerant

60 to 70% charge reduction

with ability to use natural

refrigerant

System Architectures to Reduce or Eliminate High-GWP Refrigerants

CO2 Secondary (Pumped) Architecture

Liquid CO2 is circulated to provide refrigeration.

+/- 50% reduction in carbon footprint over traditional DX technology.

Simple system design with on/off solenoid operation for temperature control.

SNMT2 – MT CO2 secondary

SNLT2 – LT CO2 secondary

CO2 Secondary (Pumped) Architecture

Utilizes DX CO2 on the lower cascade and an HFO blend-based DX system on the upper cascade.

Eliminates all LT HFCs; significantly reduces carbon footprint over traditional DX technology.

CO2 Cascade Architecture

CO2 Cascade Architecture

Upper cascade

HFC primary system;

refrigeration located in

machine room

Lower cascade

MT CO2 secondary LT CO2 DX;

refrigeration within the store area

Upper cascade – primary system

Change to a GWP HFO blend refrigerant

Ammonia (NH3) primary

100% natural refrigerant solution

R-290 propane primary

CO2 Cascade Architecture

CO2 Cascade Architecture

SNLTX2 – LT CO2 DX cascade

SNLTX2MT – Combination system LT CO2 DX cascade with MT CO2 secondary

With HFC primary

CO2 Booster Architecture

Benefits of CO2 booster technology

• HFC-free system, CO2 only

• CO2 is a natural refrigerant; GWP=1

• High-quality heat reclaim opportunities

• Simple oil management system

• Electronic expansion valves in all cases

• Familiar components to traditional DX system

• Low-temp system very similar to cascade system

CO2 Booster Architecture

FLASH TANK

(INTERCOOLER)

HIGH PRESSURE

EXPANSION VALVE

FLASH GAS

CONTROL

VALVE

SUBCRITICAL COMPRESSORSSLHE

LT DISPLAY

CASES

EEV

TRANSCRITICAL COMPRESSORS

MT DISPLAY

CASES

GAS COOLER AND

HEAT RECLAIM LOADS

EEV

LT cases

MT cases

CO2 booster technology review

• Used to maintain the superheat at the outlet of the case/coil

• Can be pulse or stepper valves

Electronic expansion

valves Case controllers

• Case controllers are required for CO2 booster design

CO2 Booster Architecture

Leading edge field trials,

with some having full adoption

CO2 transcritical systems are gaining global traction.

Evolution of CO2 Architecture

More than

30 locations

in California

200+ Secondary 50+ Cascade 200+ Booster

Evolution of CO2 Architecture

Energy’s Impact on

System Designs TCO

Relationship Between Energy and Global Warming

Continuous Investment in CO2 Booster Technology:

CO2 Warm Climate Technologies

• High-pressure sub-cooler

– Removes additional heat after air-cooled gas cooler

– Requires chilled water; likely HVAC water in urban

buildings (w/ 5–8% overall annual energy benefit), or

from combined heat and power system absorption

chiller (w/ 12–15% annual energy benefit)

– Market ready

– Enables booster system operation in the highest dry

bulb ambient temperatures (as does adiabatic)

• Adiabatic gas cooler– Peak savings 20–30+%; annual savings 8–12%

– Market ready

• Parallel compression system

– Peak savings 12–20%; annual savings 6–8%

– Currently operational in R&D lab

Adiabatic gas coolerPARALLEL

COMPRESSOR

Sub-cooler

• Ejector

– Works in combination with parallel

compression

– Peak savings 15–20%; annual savings 8–10%

– Under development in the R&D lab

– Advansor has delivered a beta system, and it

is operating in Europe

– Ready for U.S. beta site testing in 2016

Parallel compression with ejector

Ejector

PARALLEL

COMPRESSOR

EJECTOR

Continuous Investment in CO2 Booster Technology:

CO2 Warm Climate Technologies

CO2 Application in a Warmer Climate

• Elimination of HFCs and reduce the carbon footprint

• Energy comparison with the customer’s traditional R-407A system

• Adiabatic condenser applied to the system for warm climate

CO2 Application in a Warmer Climate

Investing in New Technology

Challenge and Focus on First Cost

CO2 system costs are coming down.$

Supporting the Purchase of New Technology

Challenges

Tangible Benefits Intangible Benefits

Increased Capital CostCO2 systems currently cost more

Driving systems cost reduction to a closer parity with HFC DX systems Cases require EEVs and case controllers

Availability of Refrigeration ContractorsThe CO2 booster systems are similar to traditional DX systems, but require some additional training for installation, startup and maintenance that is available through the Hillphoenix Learning Center.

Impact on Energy PerformanceWith the low critical point of CO2 versus traditional DX systems, ambient conditions impact the performance of the systems. Adiabatic condensers and parallel compression are recommended in warmer climates.

Savings on startup refrigerant charge

Savings on refrigeration installation

Savings on electrical installation

Savings on case performance with EEVs

Savings on energy

(Things we can calculate)

Future cost avoidance of HFC retrofits

Relief from leak & recordkeeping requirements

Savings PM program w/ lower cost refrigerant

Better quality product w/ better case controls

Impact on social responsibility

(Things we know but are hard to calculate)

Understanding Challenges and Benefits of CO2 Booster Systems

Focus on Total Cost of Ownership

$All ROI’s vary based on baseline design and type of new technology being considered

Refrigeration system capital cost xxx,xxx xxx,xxx xxx,xxx

Refrigerated display cases capital cost xxx,xxx xxx,xxx xxx,xxx

Equipment capital cost 198,060$

Estimated start-up refrigerant 20,800$ 2,250$ (18,550)$

Estimated equipment installation 398,486$ 298,000$ (100,486)$

Estimated electrical installation 277,388$ 248,000$ (29,388)$

Estimated installation savings 696,674$ 548,250$ (148,424)$

Annual refrigeration savings (20%) 4160 390 (3,770)$

Annual energy savings ( .10 kWh rate) 121447 105411 (16,036)$

Total estimated annual savings 125607 105801 (19,806)$

Equipment cost - installation savings 49,636$

ROI with annual savings 2.5 Years

Overcoming first cost difference with an ROI

Sample ROIOption A

Glycol - DX

Option B

AdvansorDifference

Refrigeration system capital cost xxx,xxx xxx,xxx xxx,xxx

Refrigerated display cases capital cost xxx,xxx xxx,xxx xxx,xxx

Equipment capital cost 198,060$

Estimated start-up refrigerant 20,800$ 2,250$ (18,550)$

Estimated equipment installation 398,486$ 298,000$ (100,486)$

Estimated electrical installation 277,388$ 248,000$ (29,388)$

Estimated installation savings 696,674$ 548,250$ (148,424)$

Annual refrigeration savings (20%) 4160 390 (3,770)$

Annual energy savings ( .10 kWh rate) 121447 105411 (16,036)$

Total estimated annual savings 125607 105801 (19,806)$

Equipment cost - installation savings 49,636$

ROI with annual savings 2.5 Years

Overcoming first cost difference with an ROI

Sample ROIOption A

Glycol - DX

Option B

AdvansorDifference

Refrigeration system capital cost xxx,xxx xxx,xxx xxx,xxx

Refrigerated display cases capital cost xxx,xxx xxx,xxx xxx,xxx

Equipment capital cost 198,060$

Estimated start-up refrigerant 20,800$ 2,250$ (18,550)$

Estimated equipment installation 398,486$ 298,000$ (100,486)$

Estimated electrical installation 277,388$ 248,000$ (29,388)$

Estimated installation savings 696,674$ 548,250$ (148,424)$

Annual refrigeration savings (20%) 4160 390 (3,770)$

Annual energy savings ( .10 kWh rate) 121447 105411 (16,036)$

Total estimated annual savings 125607 105801 (19,806)$

Equipment cost - installation savings 49,636$

ROI with annual savings 2.5 Years

Overcoming first cost difference with an ROI

Sample ROIOption A

Glycol - DX

Option B

AdvansorDifference

Refrigeration system capital cost xxx,xxx xxx,xxx xxx,xxx

Refrigerated display cases capital cost xxx,xxx xxx,xxx xxx,xxx

Equipment capital cost 198,060$

Estimated start-up refrigerant 20,800$ 2,250$ (18,550)$

Estimated equipment installation 398,486$ 298,000$ (100,486)$

Estimated electrical installation 277,388$ 248,000$ (29,388)$

Estimated installation savings 696,674$ 548,250$ (148,424)$

Annual refrigeration savings (20%) 4160 390 (3,770)$

Annual energy savings ( .10 kWh rate) 121447 105411 (16,036)$

Total estimated annual savings 125607 105801 (19,806)$

Equipment cost - installation savings 49,636$

ROI with annual savings 2.5 Years

Overcoming first cost difference with an ROI

Sample ROIOption A

Glycol - DX

Option B

AdvansorDifference

Utility rebate or incentive for natural refrigerants that save energy BONUS

Focus on Total Cost of Ownership

$

Lbs CO2/yr

Lessons Learned

$

“Change is coming, and we need to understand our options

so we can make good business decisions.”

“New lower GWP HFO blend refrigerants provide an

alternative in traditional DX refrigeration.”

“The trend is moving to natural refrigerants globally and can

be a long-term solution.”

“CO2 system costs are decreasing along with rapid

improvement in technology to provide energy efficiency in

warm climates.”

Questions?

DISCLAIMER

Although all statements and information contained herein are believed to be accurate and reliable, they are presented without guarantee or warranty of any kind, expressed or

implied. Information provided herein does not relieve the user from the responsibility of carrying out its own tests and experiments, and the user assumes all risks and liability for

use of the information and results obtained. Statements or suggestions concerning the use of materials and processes are made without representation or warranty that any such

use is free of patent infringement and are not recommendations to infringe on any patents. The user should not assume that all toxicity data and safety measures are indicated

herein or that other measures may not be required.

Thank You!

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