co-planar waveguide feeds

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NASA Technical Memorandum 104467

AIAA-91-3422

Coplanar Waveguide Feeds for

Phased Array Antennas

Rainee N. Simons

Sverdrup Technology Inc.

Lewis Research Center Group

Brook Park Ohio

and

Richard Q. Lee

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Lewis Research Center

Cleveland Ohio

Prepared for the

Conference on Advanced Space E xploration Initiative Techn ologies

cosponsored by AIAA, NASA , and OAI

Cleveland, Ohio, September 4 -6, 1991

S


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COPLANAR WAV EGUIDE FEEDS FOR PHASED ARRAY ANTENNAS

Rainee N. Simons

Sverdrup Technology, Inc.

Lewis Research Center Group

Brook Park, Ohio 44142

and

Richard Q. Lee

National Aeronautics and Space Administration


Cleveland, Ohio 44135

Ahctrart

This paper presents the design and performance of the

following

CPW

microwave distribution networks for linear

as well as circularly polarized microstrip patches and printed

dipole arrays: (1) CPW /Microstrip Line feed, (2) CPW /

Balanced Stripline feed, (3) CPW /Slotline feed, (4) GCPW /

Balanced coplanar stripline feed, and (5) CPW /Slot coupled

feed. Typical measured radiation patterns are presented,

and the

r relative advantages and disadvantages are com pared.

Introduction

Coplanar waveguide (CPW ) is a transmission line which

consists of a center strip and a sem i-infinite ground plane

on either side of it las shown in Fig. 1. This type of

waveg uide offers several advantages over conventional

microstrip line, namely, it facilitates easy shunt as well as

series mounting of active and passive devices; it eliminates

the need for wraparound and via holes, and it has a low

radiation loss. Another important advantage of C PW which

has recently emerged is that CPW circuits render them-

selves to fast and inexpensive on-wafer characterization at

frequencies as high as 50 GHz. 2 Lastly, since the RF

magnetic fields in the CPW are elliptically polarized,3

nonreciprocal compo nents such as ferrite circulators and

isolators

4 can be efficiently integrated with the feed net-

work. These as well as other advantages make CPW useful

for a MM IC based microwave distribution network. Grounded

CPW (GCPW ) is a variant of CPW which incorporates an

additional ground plane on the back side of the substrates

as show n in Fig. 1. This additional ground plane can serve

as a heat sink and provide mechanical strength. In addition,

the ground plane serves as a shield between stacked antenna

boards to improve isolation.

Several CPW fed antennas have been reported in the

literature. A GC PW fed coplanar stripline antenna con-

structed by w idening the center strip of the GCPW to form

a rectangular patch (Fig. 2(a)) has been reported.

6

This

antenna produces a linearly polarized far field radiation

pattern in a direction normal to the plane of the substrate.

CPW fed slot antennas which are the complement to printed

dipole antennas (Fig. 2(b)) have also been reported. This

antenna also radiates in a direction normal to the plane of

the substrate.

This paper presents the design and performance of the

following C PW microwave distribution networks for linear

as well as circularly polarized microstrip patches and printed

dipole arrays: (1) CPW /Microstrip Line feed, (2) CPW /

Balanced Stripline feed, (3) CPW /Slotline feed, (4) GCPW /

Balanced coplanar stripline feed, and (5) CPW /Slot coupled

feed. Typical measured radiation patterns are presented,

and their relative advantages and disadvantages are compared.

CPW Microwave Distribution Network Design

Coplanar Waveguide/Microstrip Line Feed

A CPW to microstrip line feed with post coupler

is

shown in Fig. 3. The CPW and the microstrip line share a

comm on ground plane that has an aperture. The coupler is

formed by a m etal post which passes through the aperture

connecting the strip conductors of the CPW and the microstrip

line. A pair of wire bonds located adjac ent to the post tie

the CPW ground planes and the microstrip ground planes

to a comm on potential. The diameters of the aperture and

the metal post were experimentally optimized to ob tain the

best insertion loss characteristics. The advantage of this

type of feed is that the thickness and relative permittivity

of the dielectric substrates for the feed network and the

antenna can be independently chosen. This allows the

individual components to be optimized for the best

performance.

Coplanar Waveguide/Balanced Stripline Feed

A CPW to balanced stripline feed also makes use of a post

coupler

9

as illustrated in Fig. 4. The mechanical features

of the coupler is similar to that described above. This

coupler in addition uses a tapered stub to improve the

bandwidth of the device. The advantage of this feed is

similar to that of the previous example. -


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Coplanar Waveguide/Slotine Feed

rates the integration of a rectangular patch antenna w ith

the feed.

A CPW to slotline feed lo

which uses a nonplanar CPW

T-junction is illustrated in Fig. 5. The circuit is formed

when a CPW on a separate substrate is placed perpendicular

on the CPW of the CPW /Slotline feed network. The advan-

tage of this type of feed is that it eliminates the need for

direct connection between the feed line and the feed net-

work of the array module.

Grounded Coplanar Wave uide Balanced Coplanar

Stripline Feed

Figure 6 shows a G CPW to balanced coplanar stripline

feed.'' Since the GCPW is an unbalanced structure, the

transition to a balanced coplanar stripline requires a balun.12

At the unbalanced end, currents of equa l magnitudes but

opposite direction flow in the center strip conductor 2 an d

in the ground planes I and 3 of the GCPW . At the balanced

end, currents of equal ma gnitude but opposite in direction

flow in the strip conductors 2 and 3 of the coplanar stripline.

The short circuit placed between co nductors 1 and 2 at the

balanced end results in an open circuit between the conduc-

tors a quarter wavelength away at the unbalanced end

forcing all currents to flow betw een conductors 2 and 3.

In addition, the balun also provides impedance transfor-

mation. This transformation ratio is determined by the

characteristic impedance of the coplanar stripline formed

by conductors 2 and 3. This is because all of the microwave

energy propagates through this section of the transmission

line. The advantage of this type of feed is that it allows

construction of end fire arrays which are necessary for

building large two-dimensional phased arrays. The disad-

vantage is that it requires a bond wire to tie conductors 1

and 3 at equal potential which might impact reliability.

Coplanar W aveguide/Slot Coupled Feed

This circuit is formed by etching a na rrow resonan t slot

in the bottom ground plane of a GCPW. The slot is oriented

symm etrically and transverse to the center strip conductor

of the GCPW . The advantage of this type of feed is that the

microstrip patch antennas can be electromagnetically coupled

to the feed through the aperture thus making integration

easy.

Coplanar Waveguide Feed System P erformance and

Antenna Integration

The measured return loss (S

and insertion loss (S21)

of the CPW /Microstrip line post coupler is shown in F ig. 7.

The return loss and insertion loss are better than 10 and

1 dB, respectively, over a wide band of frequencies extend-

ing from 0.045 to 6.5 G Hz . Figure 8 schematically illus-

The measu red return loss (S

and insertion loss (S21)

of the CPW /Balanced stripline post coupler is shown in

Fig. 9. The return loss and insertion loss are better than 17

and 0.25 dB at the design frequency of 2.2875 GH z. Fig-

ures 10(a) and (b) present the proof-of-concept model of a

seven patch hexagonal circularly polarized (CP) subarray

with the above feed system.

The above are typical characteristics of the feeds dis-

cussed in the previous section and the characteristics of the

other feeds will be presented at the conference.

Far Field Radiation Patterns of the Antennas

The measured far field radiation pattern of the microstrip

patch antennas shown in Fig. 8 are presented in Fig. 11.

The radiation is linearly polarized and is parallel to the

plane of the antenna.

The measured far field radiation patterns of the CP

subarray shown in Fig. 10 is presented in Fig. 12. These

patterns were m easured at 2.325 G HZ. The on-axis axial

ratio for the LHCP is 1.5 and 3 dB beam w idths are 36 in

both planes of the subarray. The gain of the subarray as

determined from the beam widths is 13 dB. The measured

return loss at the coaxial input port of the subarray is better

than 10 dB at 2.325 GH z.

The above are typical measured radiation patterns of the

antennas investigated and more results will be presented at

the conference.

Conclusions and D iscussions

The paper presents the design and performance of several

CPW microwave distribution networks which have poten-

tial applications in phased arrays. Typ ical measured far

field radiation patterns of several antennas with the abov e

feeds have been presented and discussed.

References

1.

Wen, C.P., Coplanar Waveguide:A Surface Strip Transmission Line

Suitable for Nonreciprocal Gyromagnetic Device Applications,

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Vol.

MTT-17, No. 12, Dec. 1969, pp. 1087-1090.

2.

Jones, K.E., Strid, E.W., and Gleason, K.R., mm-Wave Wafer

Probes Span 0 to 50 GHz,

Microwave Journal Vol.

30, No. 4,

Apr. 1987, pp. 177-183.

3.

Simons, R.N. and Arora, R.K., Coupled Slot Line Field Compo-

nents,

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques

Vol. MTT-30, No. 7, July 1982, pp. 1094-1099.


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DIELECTRIC

SUBSTRATE

E

r

A D D I T I O N A L

G R O U N D

P L A N E

i

}

^^ H

i

G R O U N D P L A N E S ^

STRIP

CONDUCTOR

4.

Koshiji, K. and Shu, E., Circulators Using Coplanar Waveguide,

Electronics Letters

Vol. 22, No. 19, Sept. 11, 1986,

pp . 1000 - 1002 .

5.

Shih, Y.C. and Itoh, T., Analysis of Conductor-Backed Coplanar

Waveguide, Electronics Letters Vol . 18 , No . 12 , J une 10 , 1982,

pp. 5 38 - 540.

6.

Greiser, J.W., Coplanar Stripline Antenna, Microwave Journal

Vol. 19, No. 10, Oct. 1976, pp. 47-49.

7. Nesic, A., Printed Slotted Array Excited by a Coplanar Waveguide,

12th European M icrowave Conference Digest

Microwave Exhibi-

tions and Publishers, Kent, England, Sept. 1982, pp. 478-482.

8.

Simons, R.N. and Lee, R.Q., Coplanar Waveguide/Microstrip Probe

Coupler and Applications to Antennas,

Electronics Letters

Vol. 26,

No. 24, Nov. 22, 1990, pp. 1998 2000.

9.

Simons, R.N., Lee, R.Q., and Lindamood, G.R., A New Coplanar

Waveguide/Stripline Feed Network for a Seven Patch Hexagonal

CP Subarray, Electronics Letters, Vol. 27, No. 6, March 1991,

pp. 533-535.

10. Lee, R.Q. and Simons, R.N., Electromagnetically Coupled Feed

Network for an Array Module of Four Microstrip Elements,

1988

IEEE International Symposium

on Antennas

and Propagation Sym-

posium Digest

Vol. 111, IEEE, 1988, pp. 1018-1021.

11. Simons, R.N., Ponchak , G.E., Lee, R.Q., and Fernand ez, N.S., Coplanar

Waveguide Fed Phased Array Antenna, 1990 IEEE International

Sym posium onA ntennas and Propagation

Symposium

Digest

Vol. IV,

IEEE, 1990, pp. 1778-1781.

12. DeBrecht, R.E., Coplanar Balun Circuits for GaAs FET High-Power

Push-Pull Amplifiers, 1973

IEEE G-MTT International Micro-

wave Symposium Digest

IEEE, 1973, pp. 309-311.

Figure 1.Schematic i l lustrat ing the f ie lds along the coplanar

wavegu ide and the op t iona l lower ground p lane .

(a )

CPW p atch an tenna.

(b) CPW slot antenna.

Figure 2 .Cop lanar wave guide an tenna.


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a = 2.07 in.

b = 1.74 5 in.

Dielectric:

substrate

Printed

dipole

X

4 balun

CPW port

1

a=2 . 07 in .

b=1.745 in.

Er3^,

T

3

. 01 in .

Era=2.2

Y

T3

S

1 1

og mag

2 1

Ref. 0.0 dB

ef. 0.0 dB

5.0 dB/

.0 dB/

2

1

Slot

_ ^

l ine

J_ J

C o p l a n ar

W8 Y e g u l d e

Figure 5Schematic of a CPW/slot l ine feed. Start 0.04500000 GHz

Stop 6 .50000000 GHz

Figure 7.Measured return loss

(

S

11 )

and insertion

loss (S 2 1

)

of a CPW /microstrip l ine po st coupler

feed

(a) Direct feed.

3

l

F

oplanar

Coplanar

waveguide

/(unbalanced)

twin strip

transmission line

(balanced) J

Figure 6.Schematic of

a CPW /balanced coplanar str ipl ine

feed.

P ro x i mity Co u p le d

`

C P W p o r t

(b) Prox imi ty coup led feed.

F igure 8 . Schemat ic i ll us trat ing the in tegrat ion o f a p atch

an tenna wi th CPW /micros tr ip feed.

5


7/9

.

4

bb ftp

(a) Antenna layer.

a

00

1 42

0

1 0

Log

-20

magnitude,

Sit

3

db

40

-50

0

Log

magnitude, -

5

d b

1.0 f

db

-1.5

0 4 5

. 0

Frequency GHz

Figure 9 .Measured return loss

(S11)

and inser tion loss (

2 1 )

o f a CPW /balanced s tr ip l ine coup ler feed.

C 90 14443

(b) CPW power divider layer.

Figure 10 .Proo f -0 f -concep t model o f a seven patch hexagonal

CP subarray.

6


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E-plane

-plane

H-plane-plane

Feed

ee d

Frequency = 2.2 GH z

requency = 2 .2 GH z

p E-plane

pane

10

-

r

a )

I

( b )

a 20

ti

E

E

a

H-plane

-plane

1 0

^

-20

1

9 0 6030

00

0

9 003000

0

Angle, deg

(a) and (c) Antena excited directly

(b) and (d) Antena excited by

by CPW/microstrip feed.

proximity coup led CPW /micro-

strip feed.

Figure 11.Measured far field radiation pattern of the microstrip patch

antenna.

Ampl itude,

1 ^ v Y

ll

20

.^

J

ff

dB

t

V

M ^ I

30

I I Y,

II

4 0

^

(a )

(b = 0` plane.

, h

to--

I I V n i

mude

2 0

it

e i ,

I

^, V^

3 0

I

40

9

6

30

0

0

0

Angle, deg

b)

d) = 90 plane.

Figure 12.Measure far field radiation pattern of the subarray.

r

7


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S

N a t io n a l A e r o n a u t ic s a n d

ep ort Documentation Page

S p a c e A d m i n is t r a t io n

1 . Repor t No .

ASA TM-104467

2 . G overnment Access ion N o .

3 .

ecipient's Catalog No .

AIAA-91-3422

4. Title and Subtitle

5 . Report Date

Coplanar Waveguide Feeds for Phased Array Antennas

6. Performing Organization Code

7. Au thor(s)

8 .

erforming Organization Report No.

Rainee N. Simons and Richard Q. Lee

E-6315

10. Wo rk Unit No.

506-44-2C

9 . Per forming O rgan ization Name and A ddress

11 . Contract o r Grant No .

National Aeronautics and Space Adm inistration


Cleveland, Ohio 44135 - 3191

13. Type o f R epor t and Per iod Covered

Technical Memorandum

12.

Sponsoring Agency Name and Add ress

National Aeronautics and Space Adm inistration

14. Sponsor ing Agency Code

Washington, D.C. 20546-000 1

15. Supp lementary Notes

Prepared for the Conference on Advanced Space Exploration Initiative Technologies cosponsored by AIAA, NASA, and

OAI, Cleveland, Ohio, September 4-6, 1991. Rainee N. Simons, Sverdrup Technology, Inc., Lewis Research Center

Group, 2001 Aerospace Parkway, Brook Park, Ohio 44142. Richard Q. Lee, NASA Lewis Research Center. Responsible

person, Rainee N. Simons, (216) 433-3462.

16. A bstract

This paper presents the design and performance of the following CPW microwave distribution networks for linear as well

as circularly polarized m icrostrip patches and printed dipole arrays: (1) CPW /Microstrip Line feed, (2) CPW /Balanced

Stripline feed, (3) CPW /Slotline feed, (4) GCPW /Balanced coplanar stripline feed, and (5) CPW /Slot coupled feed.

Typical measured radiation patterns are presented, and their relative advantages and disadvantages are compared.

17. Key Words (Suggested by A uthor(s))

1 8 .

istribution Statement

Phased arrays

Unclassified - Unlimited

Microstrip antennas

Subject Category 33

19. Securi ty Classif.

of the report)

20.

Security Classif. (of this page)

21. No. o f pages

22. Price'

Unclassified Unclassified

4

A03

N A S A

FOR M 1 6 2 6 OC T 8 6

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