CO footprint of EPFL business air travel: analysis and ......Our data: all EPFLair travel with...
Transcript of CO footprint of EPFL business air travel: analysis and ......Our data: all EPFLair travel with...
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25 October 2017
CO2 footprint of EPFL business air travel: analysis andreduction opportunities
Joachim Ciers, Aleksandra Mandic, Leonardo Bellocchi, Dominic Zhao, Laszlo Daniel Toth, Giel Op’t Veld
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• Introduction
• Travel habits at EPFL
• Direct vs. indirect air travel
• Replacing short flights with train
• Influence of service class
• How much can we save?
• The price of CO2
• Closing remarks
Contents
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Air business travel produces 1/3 of EPFL’s CO2 emissions
Business travel is responsible for
36 % of EPFL’s total CO2 emissions87 % of business travel is
done by plane
-
5'000
10'000
15'000
20'000
25'000
2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016
CO2 level needed to halt climate change
2 tons CO2 / person/ year
Average EU citizen
9.1 tons CO2 / person/ year
Return flight Geneva- New York (direct, economy)
2.3 tons CO2 / person/ year
Ton
s C
O2
Business travel Commuting
Gas
Mazout
Electricity
14'000
12'000
10'000
8'000
6'000
4'000
2'000
-
km
/FT
E
Vehicles
Rail travel
Air travel
*FTE: full-time equivalent
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CO2 emissions
• Kerosene combustion: 3.15 kg CO2/kg
• Kerosene production: 0.5064 kg CO2/kg [1]
• Taxying, take-off and landing: 30-40 kg
CO2/passenger
• Airplane fabrication: ~5 g CO2/passenger/
km
Impact of air travel on climate change: It’s not only CO2
Other effects
• NOx è Tropospheric O3
• Condensation trails (contrails)
• Cirrus clouds
[1] http://www.ecoinvent.org/
[3] Kollmuss and Crimmins, Carbon Offsetting & Air Travel
Part 2: Non-CO2 Emissions Calculations (2009)
Total radiative effects are 2-4 times
larger than only CO2 radiative
forcing [3] è Multiplication factor M
[2] David MacKay, Sustainable
Energy- without the hot air (2009)
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Cirrus cloudsContrails
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Business Travel at EPFL: a necessity for research, with
overlooked environmental costs
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EPFL researchers experience almost no financial barriers to travel
Relatively low travel costs in Switzerland
lead to nourishment of international
collaborations, as well as other types of
business travel (e.g. conferences,
workshops, etc).
Green Innovation cannot keep up with the researchers’ need to travel
The Confederation: exemplary in energy:Decrease carbon footprint of the business air travel to less than 20% by 2020
Aims: addressing this environmental cost of business travel in the EPFL community
1. Studying travel habits and quantifying carbon footprint of EPFL research community
2. Estimation of potential carbon footprint reduction levels and proposal of the concrete
steps towards carbon footprint mitigation
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The larger faculties emit the most, but ENT has the largest
footprint per capita
• External people contribute
significantly
• Larger faculties emit the most CO2
• ENT has the largest footprint per
capita, but less than half the staff is
academic
Our data: all EPFL air travel with Carlson Wagonlit Travel (CWT) between 2014-2017
è 80 % of total air travels (20 % booked by credit card)
*Normalized per academic full-time equivalent (FTE)
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Professors have the biggest CO2 impact
The professors have the biggest footprint They are main users of business and first class
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Footprint increases with seniority 1 Professor = 10 PhDs = 5 Postdocs
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The inequality in EPFL air travel is larger than for worldwide
income
S10% = 64.0 %58.3 %
49.8 %
G = 0.7490.722
0.678
Biggest consumer
Smallest consumer
Biggest consumer
Smallest consumer
Worldwide income distribution:
G = 0.65 (2013) [1]S10% = Share of the 10%
largest consumers
[1] World Bank, Poverty and Prosperity
The 10 % biggest travelers emit 60%
of all CO2
The Gini coefficient for CO2 emission
is 72% showing large inequality
G = A / (A + B)
B
2016 / Taking on Inequality 8Copyright ©2014 ShARE. All Rights Reserved
A
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There is a large inequality between unit’s travel habits
Big units:886 kg CO2 per unit average
Small units:
1167 kg CO2 per unit average
S10% = 42.3 %40.2 %
39.0 %
G = 0.6220.607
0.588
Smallest consumer
The 10 % most traveling units emit
40% of all CO2
Biggest consumer
No clear relation between lab size
and CO2 emission
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How much can we save?
Indirect trips
è Replace by direct
Business and first class trips
è Replace by economy
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Short distance trips
è Replace by train
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Business and first class flights emit 2 to 3 times more CO2 per km
than economy class.
Average emission:
• In economy class:
0.123 kg CO2/km
• In business and first class:
0.278 kg CO2/km
Higher classes take
more floor space
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Reduction of 800 ton CO2/year (17 %) Reduction of CHF 850 000/year (22 %)
Substituting all business and first
class flights with economy
CO2 emissions and costs can be reduced respectively by 17 %
and 22 % if all business and first class flights are replaced with
economy
Business and first class flights’ emissions
within Europe are negligible
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CO2 emission could be reduced by approx. 15 % (upper bound)
replacing all short-distance flights with train7
hb
ytr
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Lo
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Lis
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New
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4h
by
tra
in 5h
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tra
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6h
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in
7h
by
tra
in
Indirect trip = multiple flights Direct trip = one flight
Replacing all flights up to
approx. 600 km (5h train ride)
è -9 % CO2
• GVA-ZRH:504 flights/year (1.2% of CO2)
• GVA-CDG:
333 flights/year (0.85% of CO2)
• GVA-FRA:
420 flights/year (1.1% of CO2)
15 % of CO2 emissions on continental
trips, 78 % on intercontinental
15 % of total emissions are coming
from short trips and flights < 800 km
Return journey = two trips 13Copyright ©2014 ShARE. All Rights Reserved
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CO2 emissions could be reduced by 8.6 % if we would replace all
indirect trips by direct
Multiple taxying and takeoff
Long-haul indirect caries less fuel
Indirect trips cover many redundant
kilometers …and emit a lot of redundant CO2
Travelled distance Distance(shortest between departure and destination)
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How much can we save? The answers!
Full potential
• Avoided flights ???
Half of the potential
???
• Indirect è Direct -8.6 % -4.3 %
• Short trips è Train -15 % -7.5 %
• Business and first class
è economy -17 % -8.5 %
Subtotal -19 %
• The 10 % largest emitters
reduce their travel by half -29.1 % -14.6 %
Total -30.8 %
For a climate-neutral EPFL
è Compensation of
remaining emissions
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Ticket price correlates mainly with CO2 emissions and service
class, less with the distance travelled
• Ticket price correlates more with service class
than with distance
• Average prices:
- In economy class: CHF 0.094/km
- In business and first class: CHF 0.257/km
• Ticket price is proportional to CO2 emission
1.22 kg of CO2 for every CHF
spent on air travel
Reducing costs = reducing CO2
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The price of CO2: Companies like Myclimate allow to compensate
CO2 emission
At least 50 % to projects in Switzerland:CHF 100 per ton CO2
è Air travel prices +24 %*
Monte Rosa Hut
Projects in developing countries Projects in Switzerland
17*Including multiplication factor of 2Copyright ©2014 ShARE. All Rights Reserved
CHF 30 per ton CO2
è Air travel prices +7 %*
Production (including M):
820/M CHF/ton CO2
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• Can I stay at home?
Video conference?is the event really interesting?
• Can I take the train? 10 (including M)
∞
Other advantages
No time wasted traveling
No money on tickets
More comfortable
More useful time (reading, working)
Less cosmic radiation
Arrive directly in city center
• Can I take economy class? 3 A lot cheaper
What should we make EPFL travellers aware of?
CO2 reduction
factor
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• Can I take a direct flight? 2 - 3 - 4 Faster
depending on No time lost waiting for connection
routing Less chance of lost luggage
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Carbon footprint compensation policy
No compensation CO2 Compensation when booking tickets
Is the final destination reachable by train*
Which transportation mode is chosen?
yes
no
air
rail
**Extra CO2 compensation for choosing air instead of
rail
***Extra CO2 compensation for choosing business over
economy
Presented to the traveller before itinerary choice
CO2 emission calculation (CWT)
including M
**
19• up to 5 hours by train Copyright ©2014 ShARE. All Rights Reserved
***
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• Analysing EPFL business travel data, we have shown that there is large large inequality and that CO2 footprint increases with seniority of EPFL research staff
• It is possible to reduce CO2 footprint by 20-30%. Favouring economy class over business
would cover largest portion of the reduction
• We have proposed a CO2 footprint compensation policy and the travellers’ mindset which
should be promoted when choosing travel itinerary
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Summary: