CO Emissions from Freight Transport - Green Logistics

CO2 Emissions from Freight TransportAn Analysis of UK Data

Professor Alan McKinnon

Logistics Research CentreHeriot-Watt University

EDINBURGH

LRN Conference 2007

University of Hull

Estimation Methods

• Input-based measures:

– top-down

– based on energy / fuel purchases

– sectoral - classified by dominant activity

• Output-based measures;

– bottom-up

– based on surveys of freight transport operations

– cross-sectoral

– multiply volume of freight movement by CO2 emission factor

tonne-kms x CO2 per tonne-km

Caveats

• Use of parameters derived from international studies– e.g. IFEU, INFRAS,Tremove– differences in primary energy mix, transport infrastructure, vehicle

age profile etc.• National ‘environmental accounts’ estimate CO2 emissions only from

British companies and on a sectoral basis

• Use of tonne-kms as the measure of freight transport activity

• Movement of freight in passenger vehicles: allocation issues

• Focus on CO2 – excluding other global warming gases:– e.g. N2O – roughly 1% of carbon equivalent emissions from HGVs

• Analysis confined to CO2 emissions from domestic freight transport

• Assumptions about the utilisation of vehicle capacity

Source: International Maritime Organisation, 2000

Modal Energy Intensity and Capacity Utilisation

Capacity Utilisation

Off-shoring of Manufacturing and the Upstream Supply Chain

retail distribution centremain assembly plant

component supplier

warehouseprocessing plant

Export of carbon-generating activities reducing UK’s ‘carbon footprint’

Embedded carbon in imported products

UK contributing to the growth of freight-related CO2 emissions in exporting countries + growth of CO2 emissions from international transport

Trends in CO2 Emissions from Road Freight Transport

CSRGT Continuing Survey of Road Based Transport

NRTS National Road Traffic Survey

UKEA United Kingdom Environmental Accounts

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Mill

ion

tonn

es o

f CO

2

CSRGTNRTS/CSRGTUKEA

37%





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Mill

ion

tonn

es o

f CO

2

CSRGTNRTS/CSRGTUKEA

37%

5%





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Mill

ion

tonn

es o

f CO

2

CSRGTNRTS/CSRGTUKEA

37%

-4%

5%

Discrepancy in Estimates of CO2 Emissions from HGVs

29% growth in CO2 from HGVs

NRTS / CSRGT: 9% growth

Road Traffic Growth in the UK 1990-2005

Source: Department for Transport

Growth of CO2 emissions

1997-2005

Cars = + 3.2%

Vans = + 24.4%(Source: SMMT)

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Inde

x of

traf

fic g

row

th (1

990=

100) vans

HGVscars

No CO2 / km target for vans

EU target being considered

Vans

• Freight collections and deliveries + associated empty

running represents only 35% of total van-kms

• 10.7 bn tonne-kms of freight in 2004 6.6% of total

• Assuming average fuel efficiency of 12 km / litre for vans

• 242 gms of CO2 per tonne-km

• 2.6 million tonnes of CO2

• Not possible to monitor trends for freight-carrying vans

CO2 Emissions from Railfreight

National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

'000

tonn

es o

f CO

2

CO2 Emissions from Railfreight

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

'000

tonn

es o

f CO

2

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

bn to

nne-

kms

CO2 ktonnesTonne-km bn

• Assumes fixed CO2 intensity: 49 gms of CO2 per tonne-km

• No allowance for improvements in fuel efficiency of railfreight operations

• Rail Emissions Model (2000) for SRA: 20 gms of CO2 per tonne-km

• EWS / DfT estimate – based on high load factors: 14.7 gms of CO2 per tonne-km

• Using 20 gms of CO2 per tonne-km: 420K tonnes of CO2 in 2004 (cf 1,012K)

Other Freight Transport Modes

• Coastal shipping (UK vessels): 97.5% of all waterborne tonne-kms30 gm of CO2 per tonne-km1.74 m tonnes of CO2

• Inland waterways: 2.5% of waterborne tonne-kms35 gm of CO2 per tonne-km53K tonnes of CO2

Airfreight (domestic): 29 million tonne-km 0.01% of all UK freight movement

bellyhold freight on passenger aircraft + freighters

average 1600 gm of CO2 per tonne-km

55K tonnes of CO2 (2 x global warming potential)

Pipeline: 11 bn tonne-km 8.2 gm of CO2 per tonne-km 90K tonnes of CO2

CO2 Emissions from Freight Transport in the UK (2004)

33.7 million tonnes of

CO2

20.6 million tonnes of CO2

Drax power station

6% of total UK CO2 emissions

21% of transport CO2 emissions

HGV 78.5%

Vans13.3%

Waterway6.8%

Rail 1.1%

Pipeline0.3%

Air0.1%

Variations in CO2 Intensity by Freight Transport Mode

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

Airfreig

ht

Vans

HGVsInl

and w

aterw

ays

Coasta

l ship

ping

Rail

Pipelin

e

CO

2 gm

per

tonn

e-km

gms of CO2 per tonne-km at average loading

Truck > 38 tonne: 90 Railfreight: 20

Assumptions about vehicle load factorsLine-haul rather than door-to-door movements

Research undertaken for the Climate Change Working Group of the Commission for Integrated Transport

Publication of main report and briefing papers

12th September 2007

http://www.cfit.gov.uk/docs/2007/climatechange/index.htm

Logistics Research CentreHeriot-Watt University

EDINBURGH UK

A.C. [email protected]

http://www.sml.hw.ac.uk/logistics

Contact details

www.greenlogistics.org

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.sml.hw.ac.uk/logistics

CO Emissions from Freight Transport - Green Logistics

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