CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS)

Contents

The Need for CO2 Capture and Storage 4

Reliance on Fossil Fuels 5

Largest CO2 Emitters 7

Addressing the Challenge 10

Inside CCS 12

CO2 Capture 13

CO2 Transport 17

Safely and Permanently Storing CO2 18

Monitoring Storage Sites 21

Rapid & Widespread Deployment 22

A Solution to Climate Change 24

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“CCS is an essential partof the portfolio of technologiesneeded to achieve substantialglobal emissions reductions.”

International Energy Agency

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Why do we Need CO2 Capture and Storage?

By 2050, global population will rise from 7 to 9 billion people

World energy demand is expected to increase by 50% over the next 20 years

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97 billion people

We Still Rely on Fossil Fuels

Fossil fuels (coal, gas and oil) represent 80% of the global energy mix

Renewables only account for 13% of our total energy supply

5Source: IEA, Key World Energy Statistics, 2009

Fossil Fuels

81.1%Renewables13%

Nuclear5.9%

World total primary energy supply (2007)

Today

… and will Continue to do so for Decades to Come

Renewables could make up 30% of the global energy mix*

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30%

Estimated share of renewables by 2030

But fossil fuels will remain our main source of energy for decades to come

By 2030

*Average taken across multiple estimates: IEA WEO 2008; European Commission baseline scenario; German Ministry of Environment, EUROPROG

Fossil Fuels Power the Largest Emitters of

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Fossil fuels power plants, heavy industry and refineries

account for 52% of the world’s current CO2 emissions(15 billion tonnes CO2 emissions/year)

CO2

… which in turn, produces climate change

Unless the rise in average global temperature is kept below 2°C, devastating and irreversible climate changes will occur

…and too Much CO2 Leads to

Global Warming

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We need to cut CO2 emissions fast…

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… as energy consumption continues to rise

How do we Meet this Challenge?

By using a portfolio of solutions:

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CCS alone will provide up to 20% of the CO2 emission reductions we need to make by 2050.

Here’s how it works...

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Inside CCS

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We can capture at least 90% of

emissions from

fixed emitters

We have been transporting CO2 for decades

CO2 can be stored safely and permanently using natural trapping mechanisms

CO2 Capture

Pre-combustion: Where CO2 is captured before fuel is burned

Oxy-fuel: Where CO2 is captured during fuel combustion

Post-combustion: Where CO2 is captured after fuel has been burned (This technology can also be retrofitted to existing power and industrial plants)

There are 3 technologies to capture CO2 :

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Pre-combustion

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CO2 is captured before fuel is burned

Oxy-fuel

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CO2 is captured during fuel combustion

Post-combustion

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CO2 is captured after fuel has been burned

CO2Transport

Once captured, the CO2 is compressed into a liquid state and dehydrated for transport and storage

CO2 is preferably transported by pipeline

…or by ships when a storage site is too far from the CCS capture plant

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Safely Storing CO2

We use a natural mechanism that has trapped CO2, gas and oil for millions of years

Liquid CO2 is pumped deep underground into one of two types of reservoirs: • deep saline aquifers (700m-3,000m) • depleted gas and oil fields (up to 5,000m)

Both types of reservoirs have a layer of porous rock to absorb the CO2 and an impermeable layer of cap rock to seal the porous layer

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Safely Storing CO2

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The liquid CO2 is pumped deep underground into one of two types of CO2 storage reservoir (porous rock)

Cap rock

Cap rock

Deep saline aquifer700m - 3,000m

up to 5,000m

Depleted oil and gas fields

The Safety of Stored CO2 Increases Over Time

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Mineral trapping

CO2-rich water sinks to the bottom of the reservoir and reacts to form minerals

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Dissolution trapping

CO2 dissolves into surrounding salt water

Residual trapping

CO2 is trapped in tiny rock pores and cannot move

... due to 3 natural mechanisms

Monitoring CO2 Storage Sites

To ensure that a CO2 storage site functions as it should, a rigorous monitoring process begins at the reservoir selection stage and continues for as long as required

Monitoring continues even after a CO2 injection well is closed and EU legislation requires that stored CO2 is kept safely and permanently underground

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Rapid & Widespread Deployment of CCS

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We need to move from the successful small-scale CCS projects in operation today to building 3,400 commercial-scale projects worldwide by 2050if CCS is to provide 20% of the CO2 reductions needed*

*IEA –Technology Roadmap, Carbon capture and storage

3,400

There is an urgent need to dramatically increase public understanding and awareness of the technology through CCS demonstration programmes

Commercially Viable by 2020

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Enabling CCS to be commercially viable by 2020 means validating the technology through large-scale demonstration programmes that require:

sufficient and flexible funding

clear knowledge-sharing principles to maximise learnings

appropriate and comprehensive legislation

accelerated permitting processes

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A Portfolio of Solutions

Alongside more renewables and greater energy efficiency, CO2 Capture and Storage will help us get to the sustainable energy systems of the future

Our climate depends on it

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www.zeroemissionsplatform.eu