CMTC151108-PP Data Assessment and Collection for a ...
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CMTC151108-PP Data Assessment and Collection for a Simplified LCA Tool Thomas Okrasinski, P.E. – Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs John Malian – Cisco James Arnold, Ph.D. - iNEMI
Transcript of CMTC151108-PP Data Assessment and Collection for a ...
CMTC151108-PP
Data Assessment and Collection for a Simplified
LCA Tool
Thomas Okrasinski, P.E. – Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs
John Malian – Cisco
James Arnold, Ph.D. - iNEMI
Outline
Data Assessment and Collection for a Simplified LCA Tool
• LCA Approach
• LCA Estimator Methodology Framework
• Classification and Categorization of ICT Products
• Modeling Manufacturing Stage using Component / Equipment Parametization
• Modeling Transport, Use and End-of-Life Stages
• Constructing the LCA Estimator Tool
• Method for Continued Data Assessment and Collection
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Investors & NGOs
Regulatory Actions
Situation & Challenges
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Sustainability • Environment • Economy • Societal Needs
Customer Expectations
Competitive Advantage
Emerging Regulations
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) An opportunity to tackle climate change
2002 2007 2020
0.5
0.8
1.4
-7.8
Potential ICT equipment
energy savings by 2020
0.5
Source: GeSI – SMART 2020: Enabling the Low Carbon Economy in the Information Age
Gig
ato
ns
CO
2
Zero Growth Line
ICT today: about 2% of global greenhouse gas emissions
An opportunity for
tremendous impact on
remaining 98%
ICT can enable a 15%
reduction in global
emissions by 2020*
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Enabling applications examples
Smart utilities
Smart transport
Smart buildings
Smart industry
ICT – An opportunity to tackle climate change
LCA Methodology - Scope
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Life Cycle Stage Eco-impact Inventory Analysis and Assessment
For ICT products - full LCA can be quite resource / data intensive
LCA Estimation
Eco-impact Assessment of ICT Products – methods and data are
similar for most classes of products About 90% of parts have common application in ICT product types /
classes (we use the same suppliers)
An Industry-wide Opportunity – use a “building block” approach in providing LCA-based eco-impact information for ICT components and equipment
Develop an estimator – based on key parameters of ICT components that contribute significant eco-impact (“hot spots”) based on historical LCA data
Establish consensus with major ICT industry constituents
System agnostic, updateable databases via cross-industry information sharing
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ICT LCA Estimator Methodology – Basics
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• Integrate simplified processes to more easily derive eco-impact information
• Provide a reasonable accuracy - suited to ICT industry’s needs
• Categorize targeted components to provide a unified format for requesting LCA information from suppliers
• Define key elements within ICT product types based on their relative importance in contributing to overall eco-impact
• Provide a simple and unified mechanism for:
– evaluating eco-impacts
– summarizing results
– communicating info within industry and requesting info from suppliers
• Demonstrate scalability, transparency, and a means for continuous improvement relative to continuing technological developments
ICT LCA Estimator Methodology – Scope
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Four discrete life cycle stages for ICT products
Raw Materials
Extraction;
Intermediate
Components and
Sub-assemblies
Manufacturing
Intermediate
Transport and
Assembly of ICT
Product
Final Transport,
Distribution, and
Installation of
ICT Product
Use and
Servicing of ICT
Product
Takeback,
Recycling, final
disposition of ICT
Product
Total Eco-impact
“Cradle-to-Grave”
Embodied Eco-impact
“Cradle-to-Gate”
“Gate-to-Gate”
“Gate-to-Grave”
Operational Eco-impact
Manufacturing Stage Transport Stage Use Stage End-of-Life Stage
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ICT LCA Estimator Methodology – Conditions
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• Functional Unit – defined as specified unit of end-use capacity or end-use value / service over a given time period
• System Boundary – border between product system and environmental system per defined life cycle stages (cradle-to-grave),
Track involved processes until all inputs / outputs are accounted from / to environment
• Cut-off Criteria – limits defining relevant and irrelevant processes
Exclusion of total cumulated flows of less than a specified amount, e.g. 1% (inputs: mass, energy and environment) based on previous LCA studies / information
• Allocation – sharing of environmental impacts between products and co-products
• Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis – technical (e.g. wrong assumptions, limited data
quality) and natural variability
ICT LCA Estimator Methodology – Rules
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LCA Estimator - Simplification Rules (examples)
Inclusions Exclusions
• ICT activities relevant to the defined LCA Stages
• Greenhouse gases* Global Warming
Potentials - 100 years (per IPCC data)
• End-of-life product processing within boundaries of system
• R&D assignable to product
• Employee transport to / from work
• Customer transport to / from retail outlets
• Advertising and marketing services
• Carbon offsetting
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* Future work will address other eco-impacts, e.g.: water use, resource depletion, human toxicity
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ICT LCA Estimator Methodology – ICT Classification
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ICT Eqpt
Printers
AIO Toner
single-use toner
Ink AIO
single-use ink
LAN & Office Telecom
Switch, Copper
Switch, Copper, With PoE
Switch, Blade
Switch, Optical Cameras
Integrated Standalone
HD Cameras
Server
Networked Storage
Telecom
Network
Access
Switching
Core Optical Transport
Power Conditioning
Data Servers
Satellite receivers
Navigation system
Radio
Router
Router, Wireless
Access Point, Wireless
IP Phone
IP Phone, Wireless
Telepresence
HD LCD screens
Codecs
Frames/ furniture
Cameras
projectors
Fixed-Line Network Interface
Cable Modem
Cable Gateway
Cable Set Top Boxes
PCs
Workstation
Laptop
Thin client
Desktop
Game console
Integrated (PC within monitor)
Monitors
LCD
HD LCD Screen
LED
Handhelds
PDA w/ cell phone
Stand-alone PDA
Cell phonePocket PC w/ cell
phone
Pocket PC
Major classification groups defined: • LAN / Office Telecom
• Telecom
• PCs
• Monitors
• Handheld Devices
• Printers
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ICT LCA Estimator Methodology - Component Categorization
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ICT – Common Component Groups
Printed Wiring Boards (PWBs)
Integrated Circuits - including semiconductor devices
Electro–Mechanical Components - fans, motors, etc.
Metals / Metallic Mechanical Components - cabinets, frames, structural parts, heat sinks, etc.
Polymeric Mechanical Components - plastic parts
Displays - electronic display / imaging devices
Power Supplies
Large Capacitors
Batteries
Cables - signal, RF, power cords, wires, optical fiber
ICT - Specialized Component Groups
Optical / Opto-electronic Devices - laser amplifiers, etc.
Radio Frequency Components - power amplifiers, antennas, etc.
Disk Drives
Camera Devices - CCDs, etc.
Copier Components - photoreceptor drum, fuser, laser scanning unit, toner cartridge, printer head, ink cartridge
Other – Lamps, Crystals, Polarized Glass
Component groups with similar materials and manufacturing processes
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ICT LCA Estimator Methodology – Component Type Eco-impacts
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Data Collection and Analysis
• Goal: identify key drivers of eco-impact,
focusing on LCA product aspects that are
significant.
• Triage method relies on available data
sources, but tries to accurately reflect the
associated uncertainty that comes with use of
secondary data.
• Refine targeted data collection using OEM
data / feedback and supplier surveys.
• Use statistical regression analysis to map key
attributes to activities and impact.
Targeting data and input around “hotspots” efficiently reduces
uncertainty of result
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Data Collection and Analysis – Focused Supplier Input
Supplier surveys can focus on the key (hot spot) processes and impacts –
once the specificity / attributes have been analyzed
Environmental Impact / Material Declaration
Component Group: Electrolytic Capacitors
ICT Classification: All
Time period: 2011 Starting Month: January Ending Month: December
Process: Raw Materials Acquisition
Production Flow: 100,000 units
Materials / Components Units Quantity
Origin
(To determine
variability in GHG
emissions)
Additional
Details
Aluminum Kg 1100 Iceland (refiner) 1100 alloy –
98% pure
Aluminum Kg 980 Iceland (refiner) Cubic form –
99.99% pure
Paper Kg 1550 United Kingdom
Butyl Rubber Kg 110 France Petrochemical
based
Organic liquid + ionic
solute
Kg 100 Germany
Solder (Sn; Ag; Cu) Kg 76 Peru (ore + refiner) 95 – 3.5 – 1.5
“Hot spot”
“Hot spot” analysis
Example - Aluminum ore extraction / smelting: • 70 kWh / kg Al 21 kg CO2e / kg Al
Or Aluminum scrap refining: • 10 kWh / kg AL 3 kg CO2e / kg Al
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Bare Printed Wiring Boards (PWB)
Rules / Parameters / Criteria:
Size (sq. cm)
Layers (#)
Single vs. double sided
Surface finish (e.g. HASL, Ni/Au)
Board type (main, daughter)
Board material (FR4)
Algorithm:
Simple summation model
Pattern Recognition / Regression Analysis
GWPPWB = AB [α + (β SF) + (γ BL)]
Where: AB is the area of the PWB
α is the “intercept” coefficient
β is the “PWB surface finish type” coefficient
SF is the PWB surface finish type (e.g., HASL SF = 1; ENIG SF = 2)
γ is the “PWB layer” coefficient
BL is the number of layers in the PWB
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PWB Component Group – Rules, Parameters, Criteria
IC Component Group – Rules, Parameters, Criteria
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Large Integrated Circuits (ICs)
Rules / Parameters / Criteria:
Package Type (e.g. BGA,,PLCC, QFP, TQFP)
Inputs / Outputs (pin count)
Algorithm:
Simple summation model
Pattern Recognition / Regression Analysis
GWPIC = NIC [α + (β IT) + (γ CIO)]
Where: NIC is the number of ICs in this classification
α is the “Intercept” coefficient
β is the ”IC classification type” coefficient
IT is the IC classification type (current range: e.g., PLCC IT = 1; BGA IT = 2; QFP IT = 3; TQFP IT = 4)
γ is the ”IC pin count” coefficient
CIO is the number of input / outputs for the IC type
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Manufacturing Stage LCA – Embodied GHG Emissions
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Eco-impact of Manufacturing Stage
=
Contribution of components, sub-assemblies, cabinets and
packaging materials
+
Intermediate Transports
+
ICT Assembly Processes
+
Software Development
+
ICT Product Testing
+
Packaging Process
* For estimation simplicity: factors may be applied for the process steps (in blue)
Surface Mounting
Process
Thru- hole Mounting
Process
Circuit Pack
Assembly Process
ICT Product
Assembly Process
Bare PWBs &
Components
ICT
Subassemblies
Cabinets, Frames,
Chassis
ICT Product
Testing Process
ICT Product
Packaging Process
Finished ICT Product
Packaging
Materials
Software
Development
Transport Stage LCA
• Rules / Parameters / Criteria:
Location of final product assembly (nodal point – by region)
Location of product integration center / warehouse (nodal point – by region)
Location of final product installation (nodal point – by region)
Final product shipping weight
Transport mode – surface / air
Transport mode GWP factors (per kilogram of shipped product weight per kilometer traveled)
Additional factors to be considered include:
Transportation equipment used
Fuels used
Transport load factor
Empty return rate for transport means
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Use Stage LCA • Rules / Parameters / Criteria:
Location where product is used – by region
Power consumption – per typical product configuration and feature set
Function of product usage (e.g. active, idle / sleep modes, etc.)
Include power to cool equipment internally and externally
Power usage per annum – this can be an average daily power usage based on a typical pattern of
usage that includes sleep modes and other power saving features
Product operating life (e.g., typical operating life or design life)
Servicing – eco-impact associated with servicing of ICT product (may be significant, e.g. network
equipment) estimate as a factor
Product Type On Mode Standby Mode Off Mode Avg Lifetime
Hours/Year Hours/Year Hours/Year Years
Laptops 2,628 876 5,256 4
Desktops 4,380 1,095 1,095 6
Router 8760 0 0 5
Wireless base station 7008 1752 0 10
Optical switch (Central Office)
8760 0 0 20
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End-of-Life Stage LCA
• Rules / Parameters / Criteria:
Simplistic Approach:
Breakdown of product into its constituent components and materials – e.g.,
circuit boards, frames / chassis, metals, polymers, etc.
Conversion factors for eco-impacts of recycling operations for constituent
materials – examples:
PCs - Europe: 70% recycling & incineration / 30% landfill (e.g. WEEE requirements)
LAN & Office Telecom: switches / servers - 80% recycling & incineration / 20%
landfill
Telecom Networks: routers, telepresence, fixed line network interface - 90%
recycling & incineration / 10% landfill
End-of-Life GHG factors – includes de-installation, transport to recycling facility /
disposal site
Full recycling (w/ integration back into raw materials extraction / intermediate mfg)
Incineration (w/ energy recovery)
Landfill (w/ landfill gas energy recovery)
LCA Estimator Tool
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ICT Products (Examples) – GHG Impact Over Life Cycle Stages
•Digital Microwave Link
•(Network Communications Product)
•5.8% •1.5%
•91.6%
•1.1%
•Manufacturing
•Transport
•Use
•End-of-Life
•Satellite-linked Automobile Radio
•(Consumer Entertainment Product)
•55.5% •0.0%
•43.0% •1.5%
•Manufacturing
•Transport
•Use
•End-of-Life
•Wireless SOHO Router
•(Network Communications Product)
•13.7%
•0.3%
•85.1%
•0.9% •Manufacturing
•Transport
•Use
•End-of-Life
Communication of full life cycle eco-impact profile
Equipment types can be aggregated into network / system configurations for further eco-impact assessment
Total PCF: 20,000 kg CO2e
Total PCF: 800 kg CO2e Total PCF: 100 kg CO2e
Enabling a low carbon economy Compare emissions for status quo and ICT system to measure magnitude of impact
* GeSI / BCG “Selective LCA” Methodology – September 2010
2002 2007 2020
Gto
ns
CO
2
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Summary
• Measuring eco-impact of ICT products and applications is imperative for demonstrating direct impact and enabling effects.
• LCA estimation approaches can employ commonalities of ICT components and key parameters (hot spot analysis) to provide a more simplified means of determining ICT equipment eco-impacts.
• LCA estimator proof-of-concept tool defined in this document can provide the basis upon which LCA practitioners can assess the GHG emissions of ICT products over their full life cycle – manufacturing, transport, use, and end-of-life treatment.
• Members of ICT industry are collaborating on LCA data collection and tools development (e.g. iNEMI, PAIA, HDPUG) and measurement / reporting standards (e.g. WRI / WBCSD, ETSI, ITU). Further collaboration / corroboration is needed.
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