CMPE 150 – Winter 2009
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CMPE 150 – Winter 2009
Lecture 3
January 13, 2009
P.E. Mantey
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CMPE 150 -- Introduction to Computer Networks
Instructor: Patrick Mantey [email protected] http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/~mantey/
Office: Engr. 2 Room 595J Office hours: Tuesday 3-5 PM TA: Anselm Kia [email protected] Web site: http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/classes/cmpe150/Winter09/
Text: Tannenbaum: Computer Networks (4th edition – available in bookstore, etc. )
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Syllabus
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Today’s Agenda
Standards Layered Network Architecture -
review Networks and History Physical Layer
Signals and Systems Fourier Analysis Communication Theory
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Standards Required to allow for interoperability between
equipment Advantages
Ensures a large market for equipment and software Allows products from different vendors to
communicate Disadvantages
Freeze technology May be multiple standards for the same thing
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Standards Organizations
IEEE ANSI Internet Society ISO ITU-T (formally CCITT) ATM forum
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Network Standardization
Who’s Who in the Telecommunications World
Who’s Who in the International Standards World
Who’s Who in the Internet Standards World
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ITU
Main sectors• Radiocommunications• Telecommunications Standardization• Development
Classes of Members• National governments• Sector members• Associate members• Regulatory agencies
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IEEE 802 Standards
The 802 working groups. The important ones are marked with *. The ones marked with are hibernating. The one marked with † gave up.
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Metric Units
The principal metric prefixes.
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Reference Models
The TCP/IP reference model.
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Reference Models
Protocols and networks in the TCP/IP model initially.
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Comparing OSI and TCP/IP ModelsConcepts central to the OSI model
Services InterfacesProtocols
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A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols
Why OSI did not take over the world
Bad timing Bad technology Bad implementations Bad politics
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Bad Timing
“The apocalypse of the two elephants.”
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A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model
Problems: Service, interface, and protocol not
distinguished Not a general model Host-to-network “layer” not really a layer No mention of physical and data link layers Minor protocols deeply entrenched, hard to
replace
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Hybrid Model
The hybrid reference model used by Tannenbaum
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Internet Layering
Level 5 -- Application Layer (rlogin, ftp, SMTP, POP3, IMAP, HTTP..)
Level 4 -- Transport Layer(a.k.a Host-to-Host)(TCP, UDP, ARP, ICMP, etc.)
Level 3 -- Network Layer (a.k.a. Internet) (IP)Level 2 -- (Data) Link Layer / MAC sub-layer
(a.k.a. Network Interface or Network Access Layer)
Level 1 -- Physical Layer
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Example Networks
The Internet Connection-Oriented Networks:
X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM
Ethernet Wireless LANs: 802:11
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Architecture of the Internet
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TCP/IP Reference Model
Protocols and networks in the TCP/IP model initially.
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Characteristics Internet Layer
Connectionless Internet Protocol (IP) Task is to deliver packets to destination
Transport Layer Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Connection-oriented Reliable
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Connectionless Unreliable
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TELCO Networks
Connection-Oriented Networks X.25 Frame Relay ATM
Fixed Route (set up at start of call) Quality of Service Billing – for connection time
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T’s and D’s
http://www.netstreamsol.com.au/networking/notes/general/t1_e1_t3_e3_ds0_ds1_ds3.html
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T1
• Time-division multiplexed stream of 24 telephone channels
• The basic technology upon which all T-carrier facilities are based
• Uses a full-duplex digital signal over two wire pairs.
• Bandwidth of 1.544 Mbps through telephone-switching network
• Uses AMI or B8ZS coding.
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O’s
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SONET
• Synchronous Optical NETwork• Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) Europe• Internet for CARRIERS• Worldwide standard• Multiplex multiple digital channels• Management support for
– Operations– Administration– Maintenance
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X.25 and Frame Relay• X.25 -- First Public Data Network – 1970s
– Call and connect “Data Terminal Equipment”
– Simple packet structure
– Implemented “virtual circuit” connections
– Flow control, hop-by-hop error control
– Multiplexing – up to 4095 circuits at a time
• Frame Relay – 1980s (up to 2Mbps)
– Limited error control, flow control
– VC based packet switching --“wide area LAN”
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Asynchronous Transfer Mode• Vintage mid -1980s • Goal to unify voice networks and data networks• Packet Switching with virtual circuits (“channels”)• Fixed-length packets (“cells”) - @ 53 bytes
– 5 byte header, 48 byte “payload”– Virtual channel header (VCI)– No retransmission link-by-link
Error correction codes only• Envisioned to reach the end user• Used widely today for backbones
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ATM Virtual Circuits
A virtual circuit.
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ATM Virtual Circuits (2)
An ATM cell.
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The ATM Reference Model
The ATM reference model.
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The ATM Reference Model (2)
The ATM layers and sublayers and their functions
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Ethernet
Architecture of the original Ethernet.
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Wireless LANs
(a) Wireless networking with a base station. (b) Ad hoc networking.
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Wireless LANs (2)
The range of a single radio may not cover the entire system.
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Wireless LANs (3)
A multicell 802.11 network.
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The ARPANET
(a) Structure of the telephone system.(b) Baran’s proposed distributed switching
system.
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The ARPANET (2)
The original ARPANET design.
IMP = Interface Message Processor (Honeywell DDP-316)
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The ARPANET (3)
Growth of the ARPANET (a) December 1969. (b) July 1970.(c) March 1971. (d) April 1972. (e) September 1972.
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NSFNET
The NSFNET backbone in 1988.
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http://www.internet2.edu/pubs/networkmap.pdf
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http://www.nlr.net/services/map/
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http://doc.cenic.org/tools/topology_map.pl?network=uc
UC CENIC January 2009
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SIGNALS and SYSTEMS
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SIGNALS and SYSTEMS
What is a signal?
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SIGNALS and SYSTEMS
What is a signal?
What is a system?
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SIGNALS and SYSTEMS
What is a signal?
What is a system?
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SIGNALS and SYSTEMS
What is a signal?
What is a system?
Signal: time varying function produced by physical device (voltage, current, etc.)
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SIGNALS and SYSTEMS
What is a signal?
What is a system?
Signal: time varying function produced by physical device (voltage, current, etc.)
System: device or process (algorithm) having signals as input and output
Input x(t) output y(t)
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SIGNALS and SYSTEMS
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ax(t) ay(t)
a1 x1(t) + a2 x2(t) a1 y1(t) + a2 y2(t)
Superposition
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SIGNALS and SYSTEMS
Periodic signals --
f(t+T) = f(t) Period = T (seconds)
Frequency = 1/ Period
(“cycles” / sec. = Hertz (Hz)
001/f T
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SIGNALS and SYSTEMS
Periodic signals --
f(t+T) = f(t) Period = T (seconds)
Frequency = 1/ Period
(“cycles” / sec. = Hertz (Hz)
Radian frequency:
(radians/sec.)2 f
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SIGNALS and SYSTEMS
Reference: Signals, Systems and TranformsLeland B. JacksonAddison Wesley
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SIGNALS and SYSTEMS
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SIGNALS and SYSTEMS
100MHz square wave
What bandwidth required for transmission?
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SIGNALS and SYSTEMS
Periodic Signal --- Composed of sinusoids
MATLAB Demo
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SIGNALS and SYSTEMS
Periodic Signal --- Composed of sinusoids
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Fourier Series
2
0 0
0
2
0 0
0
1( )cos(2 ) ( )
1( )sin(2 ) ( )
n
n
a x t nf t d t
b x t nf t d t
00
0 0
0 00 0
1
2
1 2( ) 2 2
fT
t f t
d t f dt dt dtT T
is the “fundamental frequency”
0 01
1( ) cos(2 ) sin(2 )
2
N
n i nn
x t a a nf t b nf t
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Fourier Series
Integration limits: when 0 2t , then
0 0 0
2 2 1
2 /t
T T
so we get:
0 01
1( ) cos(2 ) sin(2 )
2
N
n i nn
x t a a nf t b nf t
0
0
00 0
00 0
2( )cos(2 )
2( )sin(2 )
T
n
T
n
a x t nf t dtT
b x t nf t dtT
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Fourier Series
Euler:
0 01
1( ) cos(2 ) sin(2 )
2
N
n i nn
x t a a nf t b nf t
2 cos(2 ) sin(2 )ij f ti ie f t j f t
02( ) jn f tn
n
x t c e
02( ) jn f t
in
x t c e
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Fourier Series
02( ) jn f tn
n
x t c e
0
0
0
2
02
1( )
T
jn tn
T
c x t e dtT
We can show2 2
n n nc a b 1tan ( / )n nb a ;
recall that2 2 1cos( ) sin( ) cos( tan ( ))
ba b a b
a
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Phasors:
Phasors
2 2a b
a
b
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References Stallings, W. Data and Computer Communications
(7th edition), Prentice Hall 2004 chapter 1 Web site for Stallings book
http://williamstallings.com/DCC/DCC7e.html Web sites for IETF, IEEE, ITU-T, ISO Internet Requests for Comment (RFCs) Usenet News groups
comp.dcom.* comp.protocols.tcp-ip