CMP 101 Set 2 Histry Computer

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Fundamentals of Computer andprogramming in C

(CMP 101 )

HISTORY OFCOMPUTERS


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Revision: You must remember andcomprehend the following terms

Compute :- Calculate (Perform arithmetic andlogical operations)

Computer :- A device that computes and stores, processes, and retrieves data. Here

process data means produces information from data. Hence, it is referred to as data processor.

Computing :- Use computers to perform a task.

13-04-2012 http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/shardaf undamental


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Revision: You must remember andcomprehend the following terms

Data processing Task means capturing inputdata, organizing captured data, processing theorganized data to produce information, anddisplaying the information and related data ina human defined suitable format .



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What characteristics computers have?

Automatic: It is automatic because a computer works by itself without muchhuman intervention .

Speed : As compared to human, a computerworks at a very high speed . Speed is measuredin millisecond (10 -3) but in microseconds (10 -6),nanoseconds (10 -9), picoseconds (10 -12). Acomputer can perform several billions (10 9)operations like +, - , / per second .



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Accuracy : Computers are very accurate butaccuracy depends on their hardware andsoftware design, and the correctness of theinput data. Remember! Garbage in garbageout.

Diligence : Computers work diligently meaningthey perform their task , from start to end,with uniform accuracy and speed.



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Versatility : Computers are versatile becausethey can perform different types of tasks.

Power of remembering: Computers can storeand recall (retrieve) a large number of dataand extract information from them.

No I.Q. ( intelligence quotient ): Computers do

not have intelligence yet. No Feeling or emotions: Computers do not

have feeling or emotions yet.



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Computers Evolution Year Machine Inventor

1642 Mechanical adding machine Pascal B. (France)

1671 First calculator for multiplication Leibniz B. G. W. (Germany)

1880 Keyboard machines USA.

1880-

1970

Punch card Hollerith H. , USA

1882 Difference Engine to produce table. Charles Babbage

1937-44

Mark I Computer : Automatic Sequence ControlledCalculator. It was an electromechanical device.Size : 5 long and 8 high

Switches : 3000 switches to control its operations.Operations : + (0.3 Sec.) , -, (4.5 Sec.), and tablereference.Max number size : 23 digit long numbers.

Howard A. Aiken

1939-42

Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) :Vacuum tubes : 45 for internal logicCapacitors : for Storage.

Dr. John Atanasoff



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Computers Evolution Year Computer Inventor1943-46

ENIAC: The Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator.Type : ElectronicVacuum Tube : 18,000Speed : + (200 microsecond) and (2000 microsecond)Programming : Hardwired ( analog )

A Team lead by J.Presper Eckert andJohn Machuly

1946-52

EDVAC: Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer.Similarities : Hardware was almost similar to ENIACcomputer.Differences : Programming was using stored program in whichdata and instructions were stored in binary (0 or 1).

Dr. John VonNeumanintroduced theidea of stored program. (USA)

1947-49

EDSAC: Electronic Delay Storage Automatic CalculatorSpeed : + (1500 microsecond) and (400 0 microsecond)

Prof. MauriceWilkes, CambridgeUniversity, UK

1951 UNIVAC I: Universal Automatic Computer.The fist digital computer. It operated for 10 days continuously.

The first business use.

USA



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Computers Evolution Year Computer Inventor1953 IBM 650

Sold over 1000 computersIBM



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Computer Generations

Generation A leap into hardware

and softwaredevelopment.

Vacuum tube

Core

TransistorsIntegrated Circuit



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First Generation (1942-55) They were the fastest calculating devices of their time. They were too Bulky.

They used thousands of vacuum tubes. They generated a lot of heat. They consumed a lot of power. Their hardware failed frequently because the vacuum tube filament

failure. They required frequent maintenance due to low-mean time

between failure. Their commercial production was difficult . Hardwired programming was used to program them.



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Second Generation (1955-1964) In these computers transistors replaced the vacuum tube. Transistors made them ten times faster than Ist generation

computers. They should be kept air-conditioned room. They consumed power less than 1st generation computers. They were realizable and less prone to failure. They had larger and faster primary & secondary memories. They were easier to program using programming language

(FORTRAN, COBOL, RPG, ALGOL, SNOBOL, ) Commercial production was difficult. They used batch operating systems . They had increased commercial use.



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Third Generation (1964-75) They performed more than a

million instructions per second. They were of smaller size.

They needed air-conditionedrooms. The consumes less power. They were very reliable and

needed less maintenance. They had larger and faster

primary and secondarymemories. They were general purpose

computers (scientific andcommercial use).

Their commercial production waseasier and cheaper.

There software were portable . They used timesharing operating

systems. They supported Interactive usage. They supported on-line

computing . Timesharing improved the

programmers productivity. Supported unbundling of hardware and software.

Minicomputers were introduced.



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Fourth Generation (1975-89) Personal computers (PC) were

smaller. Mainframe were more powerful. No AC for PC. Much less power consumption. Extremely reliable. Much faster and bigger primary

and secondary memory. Totally general purpose . Much easier production Portable software. Used Graphical Interface ( GUI),

Office and homecomputing.

They were networked soallowed distributed computing.

Allowed ad-on hardware

and software. Their affordability allowed

individual ownership.



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Fifth Generation (1989- Present) Portable PC (Notebook and

laptops) Desktop and workstation PC. More faster mainframe

computers. PCs and laptops operate at room

temperature. They consume optimal power. Extremely reliable and very fast. Hot-pluggable feature (replace

parts without shutting down) Truly general purpose,

They are automaticallyproduction.

Portable software. More user-friendly. Very versatile as they can be used

almost in every walk of the life. Internet-based computing. Unbundled software and ad on

hardware. True user friendly as they are

being used by a variety of usersranging from a child to a scientist.



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Gens.Period Key Hardware Technologies

Key SoftwareTechnologies

Key Characteristics representativeSystems

First1937-55

Vacuum tube ;Electromagnetic relaymemory; Punch cardsecondary storage.

Hardwired , Machine and assembly LanguageProgramming. Scientificand commercialapplications.

Bulky, unreliable,limited commercial use,difficult tomanufacture, costly,and difficult to use.

ENIAC, EDVAC,EDSAC, UNIVAC I,IBM 650, 701

Second1955-64

Magnetic core (main)memory, Magnetic tape anddisk secondary storage.

Batch operating system(OS); High levelprogramming language;Scientific andcommercialapplications.

Faster, smaller, reliable,easier to program,difficult tomanufacture, costly,and difficult to use.

Honeywell 400,IBM 7030, CDC1604, UNIVACLARC

Third1964-75 ICs with SSI (Small ScaleIntegration), MSI (Mediumscale Integration)technologies. Larger Mgc.Core memory. Largercapacity disk and tapesecondary storage.

Time Sharing OS.Standardization of highlevel languages,unbundling (separation )of software fromhardware.

Faster, smaller, reliable,easier and cheaper toproduce. Easier toprogram and upgrade.Scientific, commercialand interactive on-lineapplications.

IBM 360/370,PDP-8, PDP-11,CDC 6600




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Computer GenerationsGens.

Period Key Hardware Technologies

Key Software

Technologies

Key Characteristics representative

SystemsFourth1975-89

ICs with VLSI technologies;Microprocessor;Semiconductor memory;Larger capacity hard disks asin-built secondary storage;magnetic tape and floppy

disk as portable media; CRTmonitor; personalcomputers; computernetworks.

PC Os; GUI; Multiplewindows on a singlemonitor screen; UNIXoperating System; Cprogramming language;PC based and Network

based applications.

Small, affordable,reliable and affordablePCs; more powerful andreliable mainframesystems; totally generalpurpose machines;

easier to producecommercially.

IBM PC and irscolons; APPLE II;TRS 80; VAX9000,CRAY-I, IIand CRAY X/MP.

Fifth1989-Present

ICs with ULSI Tec; Largercapacity main memory;larger capacity hard disks,

Optical disks as read andwrite portable media; Laptopand notebook computers;powerful desktops andworkstations; Very powerfulmainframes; Internet;Network computing.

Word Wide Web(WWW); Multimediaand Internet based

applications.

Portable computers;more powerful, reliableand easy to use

desktop machines; varypowerful mainframes;very high uptime;totally general purposecomputers; easier toproduce commercially.

IBM notebooks;Pentium PC; SUNWorkstations;

IBM SP/2, SGI(Silicon graphicsIndustries) Origin2000, PARAM10000

Next ? ? ? ?13-04-2012 http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/shardaf undamental


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Questions What is computer? Why is it also called as data processor? What is data processing? What is data? What is information? What are some characteristics of a

computer? What is the meaning of garbage in-garbage-

out? What is stored program concept? What is millisecond? What is nanosecond? What is batch processing? What is on-line processing? What is vacuum tube? What is unbundling of software? What is computer versatility?

What is meant by generations of acomputer?

What is vacuum tube? What is transistor? What is VLSI? What is IC? What is SSI? What is MSI? What LSI? What is ULSI? What is microprocessor? What is microsecond? What is picoseconds? What is assembly language? What is hardwired programming? What is core memory? What is diligence in computers?



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Questions

What would be the characteristics of thefuture generation computers ?

What lessons did you learn by studying thetopic on computer generations?



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Resources Computer Dictionary ar http://www.yourdictionary.com/computer/ Integrated circuit. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSRIc-sEgPw Core memory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_core_memory

Vacuum tube is a glass tube surrounding a vacuum. When electricalcontacts are put on the ends, then current flows though thevacuum. It's purpose was to act like an amplifier and a switch.

A Transistor is an semiconductor which is a fundamentalcomponent in almost all electronic devices. A transistor acts as a

switch which can open and close many times per second.transistors are typically made of silicon and so they are very cheapto produce and purchase.

A capacitor is an electronic component which is used in a widevariety of circuit applications due to its ability to store charge.

http://www.yourdictionary.com/computer/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSRIc-sEgPwhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_core_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_core_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_core_memoryhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSRIc-sEgPwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSRIc-sEgPwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSRIc-sEgPwhttp://www.yourdictionary.com/computer/http://www.yourdictionary.com/computer/http://www.yourdictionary.com/computer/http://www.yourdictionary.com/computer/


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CMP 101 Set 2 Histry Computer

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