Cloud Unit II

7/30/2019 Cloud Unit II

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by

B. Hari Prasad, Asst.Prof,CSE Dept. Faculty

Gopallapuram, Renigunta-Srikalahasti road, Tirupati


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Cloud Computing


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Meaning of the terms cloud and cloud computing

Cloud based service offerings

Grid Computing vs Cloud computing

Benefits of Cloud model

Limitations

Legal Issues

Key Characteristics of Cloud Computing

Challenges for the cloud

The evolution of Cloud Computing


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What is Cloud and Cloud Computing

The word cloud is used as a metaphor for the Internet

Cloud-like shape to denote a network on telephony schematics and later

to depict the Internet in computer network diagrams

The cloud symbol was used to represent the Internet as early as 1994.

Cloud computing is the use of delivering

hosted services over the internet.

Information is provided to the computers

involved on demand


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The cloud can manage multiple

infrastructures and ties all resources

needed together and will give access toservices when needed which prevents

services from running when they arent

needed which can save valuable

resources.

Many cloud computing infrastructures are

data centers that deliver the different on

demand services

Many companies are nowinvesting in cloud computing and research

groups are researching new ways to put it

to good use. Some experts say cloud

computing is the way of the future and

predict that it will be widely used in the

near future


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History of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing first came into concept back in the 1960s - John

McCarthy proposed that computers may some day be organized in amethod that would involve it acting as a public utility.

Telecommunication companies began offering VPN (Virtual Private

Network) services during the 90s, low cost, point-to-point data circuits that

provided their services.

The cloud symbol represents the difference between the users and

providers responsibilities.

In 2007, major companies such as IBM, Google, Amazon and different

school universities created a huge cloud computing research projectwhich allowed many to see the prospects of cloud computing and the

positive effects it could have on IT users and those who sell IT services.

Cloud computing has been predicted to be put to use by nearly 80

percent of fortune 500 companies by the year 2012 and will continue to

grow in use as the years go by.


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Cloud Based Service Offerings

Cloud computing may be viewed as a resource available as a

service for virtual data centers, but cloud computing and virtual datacenters are not the same.

Amazon.com has played a vital role in the development of cloud

computing.

Amazon S3 provides a simple web services interface that can be used

to store and retrieve any amount of data, at any time, from anywhere

on the web with the same highly scalable, reliable, fast, inexpensive

data storage infrastructure that Amazon uses to run its own global

network of web sites

Cloud computing providers offer their services according to three

fundamental models: Infrastructure as a service (IaaS),

Platform as a service (PaaS),

Software as a service (SaaS)


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SaaS is a type of cloud computing that

delivers applications through a browser

to thousands of customers using a

multiuser architecture

Cloud providers install and operate

application software in the cloud and cloud

users access the software from cloud

clients.

Software as a service (SaaS)

Salesforce.com is by far the best-known example of SaaS computing

among enterprise applications. Salesforce.com was founded in 1999

by former Oracle executive Marc Benioff, delivering enterprise

applications via a simple web site

Examples of SaaS include: Google Apps, Microsoft Office 365, and Onlive.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_clientshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_clientshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onlivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onlivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_clientshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_clientshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_clients


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Cloud providers deliver a computing platform typically including

operating system, programming language execution environment,

database, and web server. Application developers can develop and run

their software solutions on a cloud platform without the cost and

complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and

software layers.

Platform as a service (PaaS)

PaaS is closely related to SaaS but delivers a platform from which

to work rather than an application to work with

Delivers development environments to programmers, analysts, and

software engineers as a service

Examples of PaaS include: Amazon Elastic Beanstalk, Cloud Foundry,

Heroku, Force.com, EngineYard, Mendix, Google App Engine, Windows

Azure Compute and OrangeScape.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herokuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_Yardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OrangeScapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OrangeScapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_Yardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroku


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The Google App Engine environment includes the following features

Dynamic web serving, with full support for common web technologies

Persistent storage with queries, sorting, and transactions

Automatic scaling and load balancing

APIs for authenticating users and sending email using Google

Accounts

A fully featured local development environment that simulates

Google App Engine on your computer


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IaaS providers offer computers, as physical or more often as virtualmachines, and other resources. The virtual machines are run as guests

by a hypervisor, such as Xen orKVM. Pools of hypervisors within the

cloud operational support system support large numbers of virtual

machines and the ability to scale services up and down according to

customers' varying requirements

cloud users install operating system images and their application

software on the cloud infrastructure. In this model, it is the cloud user

who is responsible for patching and maintaining the operating systems

and application software.

Examples of IaaS providers include Amazon CloudFormation,Amazon

EC2, Windows Azure Virtual Machines, DynDNS, Google Compute

Engine, HP Cloud, Joyent, Rackspace Cloud, ReadySpace Cloud

Services, and Terremark.

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervisorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_EC2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_EC2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azure_Services_Platformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DynDNShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Compute_Enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Compute_Enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_Cloud_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rackspace_Cloudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReadySpace_Cloud_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReadySpace_Cloud_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terremarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terremarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReadySpace_Cloud_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReadySpace_Cloud_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rackspace_Cloudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_Cloud_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Compute_Enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Compute_Enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DynDNShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azure_Services_Platformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_EC2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_EC2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervisor


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Is typically an information technology (IT) services provider that

manages and assumes responsibility for providing a defined set of

services to their clients either proactively or as they (not the client)

determine that the services are needed.

A managed services provider (MSP)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology


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Grid Computing vs Cloud computing

Grid computing is often confused with cloud computing.

Cloud computing evolves from grid computing and provides on-demandresource provisioning

Both computing types involve multitenancy and multitask,

Cloud computing and grid computing are scalable

The only differentiating factor between the two is

In grid computing, a single big task is split into multiple smaller tasks

which are further distributed to different computing machines

In cloud computing architecture is intended to enable users to use difference

services without the need for investment in the underlying architecture

Grid computing requires the use of software that can divide and farm out

pieces of a program as one large system image to several thousand

computers

In Cloud the consumer does not own the infrastructure, software, or platform

in the cloud. He has lower upfront costs, capital expenses, and operating

expenses.


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Benefits of cloud model

Removal / reduction of capital expenditure

Reduced administration costs

Improved resource utilisation

Scalability on demand

Quick and easy implementation

Quality of service Guaranteed uptime, SLAs

Anywhere Access

Disaster recovery / backup

There are many reasons why organisations of all sizes and types are

adopting this model of IT


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Limitations of Cloud Computing

Network connection

Control of data security

Additional costs

Peripherals

Generic

Integration


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Key Characteristics of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing exhibits the following key characteristics:

Ability.

Application programming interface (API)

Cost

Device and location independence

VirtualizationMultitenancy :

Centralization

Peak-load capacity

Utilization and efficiency]

Reliability

Scalability and elasticity

Performance

Security

Maintenance
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing


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Legal Issues

StatesEuropean Union Safe Harbor Act provides a seven-point framework of

requirements for U.S. companies that may use data from other parts of the world,namely, the European Union

Notify individuals about the purposes for which information is collected

and used.

Give individuals the choice of whether their information can bedisclosed to a third party.

Ensure that if it transfers personal information to a third party,that third

party also provides the same level of privacy protection.

Allow individuals access to their personal information.

Take reasonable security precautions to protect collected data from loss,

misuse, or disclosure.

Take reasonable steps to ensure the integrity of the data collected.;

Have in place an adequate enforcement mechanism.


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Major service providers such as Amazon Web Services cater to a global

marketplace, typically the United States, Japan, and the European Union,

by deploying local infrastructure at those locales and allowing customers to

select availability zones.

The USA PATRIOT (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing

Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001

(Public Law P.L. 107-56))Act, more commonly known as the Patriot Act, is a

controversial Act of Congress thatU.S. President George W. Bush signedinto law on October 26, 2001

The Electronic Communications Privacy Acts Stored Communications

Act is defined in the U.S. Code, Title 18, Part I, Chapter 121, 2701,

Unlawful Access to Stored Communications.


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Before entrusting your data to a cloud provider you need to have a veryclose read of their terms and conditions , and that you cannot eliminate

all the risks you are responsible for

Terms and conditions

The terms and conditions are non-negotiable, and not necessarily

favourable to the customer

The Data Protection Principles

The Data Protection Act is based on eight legally-binding Principles. Of

these two are particularly relevant to cloud computing:

Principle 7, which says you must have appropriate security, andPrinciple 8, which controls transfers of data abroad

All the Principles are aimed firstly at preventing harm to individuals and

secondly at ensuring that they are treated fairly whenever their data is

used.
http://www.ico.gov.uk/for_organisations/data_protection/the_guide/the_principles.aspxhttp://www.ico.gov.uk/for_organisations/data_protection/the_guide/the_principles.aspxhttp://www.ico.gov.uk/for_organisations/data_protection/the_guide/the_principles.aspxhttp://www.ico.gov.uk/for_organisations/data_protection/the_guide/the_principles.aspx


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Security is one of the most important safeguards from harm. The Principle

says that you must take appropriate steps to prevent:

Unauthorised access

Accidental loss or damage

Security

Cloud providers typically stress the degree to which they take security

seriously, and it is often claimed that their security is likely to be considerably

tighter than in most small organisations. This is probably true, but cloud

providers are also a more tempting target, and breaches undoubtedly do

occur.

Organisations that have close dealings with government agencies may also

want to review the cloud providers offering against the HMG Security

Framework, which is substantially based on ISO 27000.

Many US organisations rely on SAS (Statement on Auditing Standards) 70

compliance. This is not a security standard but an auditing process which

checks that the company is meeting its own stated objectives.


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Transfers abroad

Under Principle 8, transfers of data outside the European Economic Areaare allowed if:

The jurisdiction it is going to has an acceptable law; or

The recipient in the USA is signed up to Safe Harbor; or

One of a set of conditions is met.

Transfers include storing data on a cloud providers systemabroad, even if the data is not intended to be used anywhere outside the

UK.

Almost all European countries are OK, one way or another, but

almost no others. Australia and Hong Kong, for example, have Data

Protection laws but these are not deemed adequate


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Challenges for the cloud

The biggest challenges these companies face are secure datastorage, highspeed access to the Internet, and standardization.

Storing large amounts of data that is oriented around user privacy,

identity, and application-specific preferences in centralized locations

raises many concerns about data protection.

Another challenge to the cloud computing model is the fact that

broadband. Cloud computing is untenable without highspeed,

connections (both wired and wireless). Unless broadband speeds

are available, cloud computing services cannot be made widely

accessible.

technical standards used for implementation of the various computer

systems and applications necessary to make cloud computing work

have still not been completely defined, publicly reviewed, and ratified

by an oversight body.


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Cloud Unit II

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