Cloud Covered Southeast Asia: Next SAR Sensors Generation; Value, Application and Opportunity.

Shahrizal Ide b. MoslinSpace Application and Technology Development Division

Agensi Angkasa Negara (ANGKASA)

Passive and active sensor basics

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SAR data observation basics

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Worldwide Radar MissionRadar Mission•Synthetic Apature Radar: SEASAT, ERSI 1&2, ALMAZ, JERS1, SIRC/X-SAR, RADARSAT, MAGELLAN, ASAR, ENVISAT, ALOS, TERRASAR,COSMO, SARLupe, Sentinel 1..

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• Scattterometers: SEASAT, ERS1, NSCAT, ASCAT, QUICKSAT

• Altimeters: SEASAT, GEOSAT, ERS1&2, TOPEX, POSEIDON, Jason 1 – 3, SIRAL, Cyrosat, SRAL

• Rain Radar: TRMM• Cloud Radar: CloudSat

Sample images

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Sample images

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Sample images

Motivation behind SAR missionCivilian user point of view- Day and night capability - All weather capability- Penetration of EM waves - High resolution

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Clouds ?

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Clouds ?

RazakSat image statistics

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Total Image Downloaded to date 25 March

2010(Scenes)

CatalogImage *(Scenes)

Image Over

Malaysia (Scenes)

Image Outside Malaysia (Scenes)

1300 (All over the world)

824 300 South East Asia = 424Africa = 53S. America = 47 Total = 524Total = 524

• Scene size : 20km X 20km• Analysis based on image scene received by GRS in Temerloh• Catalogue image is less than downloaded image is due to IRPS system is not operational to generate catalogue from 26 Oct until 30 Nov 2009. Total image is expected to be within 824 ~ 1300.

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• Obervations on Malaysia = 300 Scene

No. Details Observations on Malaysia

1. Number of images, cloud cover LESS THAN 75%

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2. Number of images, cloud cover LESS THAN 75% and time of observation within 10 am – 2 pm

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RazakSat image statistics

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RazakSat image

Optical vs. SAR

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Characteristics Optical SARWavelength (λ) Order of μm Order of cmAvailability Limited by the atmospheric

conditions (mostly by cloud)Functional in all weather conditions

Passive/active Passive system Active systemOrbit characteristics

Mostly sun-synchronous orbits (midday and midnight)

Mostly sun-synchronous (dawn and dusk)

Image characteristics

- Panchromatic/coloured images

- Shows sun shadows on image

- Maximum elevation angle: less than 60 degrees

- Data are processed to be a coloured image

- No real shadows. Shadows on image are the absence of data (no echo sensed by payload)

- Not sensitive to antenna/satellite attitude

Ground penetration

Unable to penetrate Depending on the humidity and moisture of ground

High resolution payload

Payload need to have large optical lens or focal length

Payload need more power from the spacecraft 

What the people needs from EO

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Requirement Description

Coverage How much of the globe the

EO system must cover

Persistence How often images of a

particular location are

updated

Resolution How large the smallest

detected object must be

Image Type The type of images required

for the application

Command /

Operations

All images are updated

continuously or only on

command

Problems of using EO data in Malaysia

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Problem Type

Government sector

Private sector

University

Total Percentage

High data cost

37 8 13 57 61.1 %

Unable to process EO data

39 4 11 54 56.8 %

Cloud cover

31 8 11 50 52.6 %

Outdated image

27 9 4 40 42.1 %

Costly HW and SW

26 1 11 38 40.0 %

Low spatial resolution

21 4 10 35 36.8 %Laporan Kajiselidik Keperluan Pengguna Data Satelit Remote Sensing Di Malaysia 2011, Agensi Remote Sensing Malaysia

Preference of satellite data of Malaysians

17Laporan Kajiselidik Keperluan Pengguna Data Satelit Remote Sensing Di Malaysia 2011, Agensi Remote Sensing Malaysia

Application trend for EO users in Malaysia

18Laporan Kajiselidik Keperluan Pengguna Data Satelit Remote Sensing Di Malaysia 2011, Agensi Remote Sensing Malaysia

The Next Space-based SAR Sensors GenerationL-band SAR JAXA : ALOS-2, L-band SAR sensor allowing to get a resolution of 1 m using Spotlight mode INPE (Brazilian National Institute for Space and Research) is proposing an L-band SAR on the SSR-2 Mission with 3 m resolution and 20 km swath. The Argentinian National Space Activities Commission (CONAE) is developing the SAOCOMX-band SAR ASI (Italy) : COSMO-SkyMed Second Generation using X-band SAR (resolution <1m)Spain : SAR satellite called Paz. The Paz SAR instrument; less than 1 m resolution. The Russian : Advance SAR. The Advance SAR instrument will be embarked on board of the Meteor-MP-N1 Mission of ROSKOSMOS (the Russian Federal Space Agency). The Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI): KOMPSAT-5 Mission (1 meter) ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) is proposing a C/X SAR instrument on DMSAR Mission. C-band SAR ESA: the Sentinel-1 programme (5 meter resolution)Canada is developing the RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM) composed of 3 satellites using a SAR instrument operating in C-band

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Global EO Market• Northern Sky Research (NSR) forecasts, the Global

EO market will grow at an average rate of 6.9% a year, and is expected to nearly double from a $3.4B industry in 2009 to a $6.2B industry in 2018

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Global EO Market

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1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Value-Added Services Revenues

Data Revenues

Sat Manufacturing Revenues

Market drivers for EO• Availability of EO Data: The number of EO (passive and

active)satellites over the past decade has increased significantly.

• Affordability of EO data: The cost of remote sensing satellites has dramatically decreased in the past few years

• Government Demand for EO data: Government demands for societal applications of Earth Observation products and services are best met through satellite imagery.

• Commercial Demand for location based information services: the synergy that has been achieved through the combination of satellite imagery, mobile telecommunications, navigation information and software processing. Virtual globes (ie Google Earth, Microsoft Live Earth, etc.)

• Political and Social Factors: Strong political will and bold decisions have been taken by policy makers to relax the regulatory environment for EO data images. 21

EO trends in the future• Technology: With the emergence of smaller and less expensive satellites.• Value Added Service: The growing trend of seamless integration of EO

imagery with GIS, navigation and other telecommunication technology has enhanced the ubiquity of imagery data.

• Availability: Wide availability of free data, products and services provided by government satellites and enterprises such as Google, has increased the use of EO data by the general public.

• Regulation: Export control issues (ITAR) have had a negative impact on the market, but they have also helped to expand the market place.

• Market Players: As the number of players in the EO industry grows, it is expected that competitiveness will result in the emergence of many new applications.

• Evolving Investment Strategies: Governments are moving away from the business model of investing directly in EO data collection assets, and instead, are now providing incentives to encourage commercial enterprises to invest in the EO infrastructure.

• Commercialisation of the EO Industry: Government agencies, the primary investors and operators of EO satellite systems, are increasingly turning to commercial companies to develop and operate EO data systems

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Key driving requirements for EO applications

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Requirement Description Range

Coverage How much of the globe the

EO system must cover

Entire globe to

specific regions

Persistence How often images of a

particular location are

updated

Real time to once a

week

Resolution How large the smallest

detected object must be

1m – 20 m

Image Type The type of images required

for the application

3D or 2D

Command /

Operations

All images are updated

continuously or only on

command

Continuous to On

Command

Guideline for “future mission”(if it is decided to build a combined sensor )

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Area Guidelines

Power Large solar panel and batteries, simultaneous operation of bothsensors not recommended

Size/mass Large, complex satellite is unavoidable, mainly driven by SAR

Data volume Due to the large amount of data generated on-board

Thermal control

Complex, mainly to compensate for huge temperature gradients due to midday/midnight SSO and due to heat generated by the SAR payload

Attitude control

One pass in each mode is recommended

Orbits Up to the intended target (SSO or NEqO)

Operation Complex operational procedures and scheduling is unavoidableAutomation of procedures is critical for the success of the solution

Funding Optic –(Rapid Eye – 160M Eu), World View-2 –(297M Eu) (GeoEye – 360M Eu)SAR – (Tandem-X – 135M Eu), (SAR Lupe-500M Eu, 5 spacecraft) (Cosmo-Skymed- 1.24B Eu, 4 Spacecraft)

Concluding Remarks1. By looking at the optical applications and emerging SAR

applications, it becomes clear that both technologies are complementary, and there an interest for end users have access to the imagery products generated by both instruments.

2. Some applications such as disaster management, flooded areas, bare soil, droughts, ocean and ice surface, detection of changes in infrastructure and vegetation can be brilliantly satisfied using SAR data and they have to be promoted in such a way to be easily understood by a large user community.

3. Integration of the images is the best answer for the society to have an updated EO images for their applications. Integration done either during processing the image on ground or integration of sensor on the spacecraft.

Shahrizal Ide b. MoslinSpace Application and Technology Development Division

Agensi Angkasa Negara (ANGKASA)

Thank You !