S.H.M.ENGINEERING COLLEGEKADAKKAL

SEMINAR REPORT

On

CLOUD COMPUTING

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Of

UNIVERSITY OF KERALA

SUBMITTED BY

ARUNSHARMA.S.P

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS &

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

2006-2010

S.H.M.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

KADAKKAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the re-port entitled "SEMINAR REPORT BASED

ON CLOUD COMPUTING" submitted by ARUNSHARMA.S.P

(06412007) of S.H.M Engineering College, Kadakkal to the University of Kerala in

partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of

technology in Electronics & Communication Engineering is a bonafide record of the seminar

presented by him.

Department Head Lecturer-in-Charge

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I thank the almighty GOD for providing me with the strength and

courage to present the seminar.

I express my sincere thanks to Prof. K.G.John(Principal, S.H.M. Engineering

College) Prof.Madhusoodanan Nair (Head of the Department, Electronics &

Communication Engineering, S.H.M. Engineering College), Lect. Suja Paulose

(Staff In Charge) for their kind co-operation for presenting the seminar.

I also extend my sincere thanks to all other members of the faculty of

Electronics & Communication and Engineering Department and my friends for

their co-operation and encouragement.

ARUNSHARMA.S.P

CONTENTS

TITLE PAGENO:

1. LIST OF FIGURES 2

2. ABSTRACT 3

3. INTRODUCTION 4

4. HISTORY 5

5. WORKING 7

6. CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE 9

7. IBM CLOUDS 12

8. CLOUD COMPUTING APPLICATIONS 13

9. WEB OPERATING SYSTEM 17

10. CLOUD STORAGE 20

11. ADVANTAGES 21

12. CLOUD COMPUTING CONCERNS 23

13. CONCLUSION 25

14. REFERENCES 26

LIST OF FIGURES

FIG 1.A TYPICAL CLOUD COMPUTING SYSTEM 7

FIG 2.THE ASTRANOS OPERATING SYSTEM LOGIN SCREEN 9

FIG 3.TYPICAL IBM CLOUDS 1 12

FIG 4.TYPICAL IBM CLOUDS 2 12

FIG 5.CLOUD COPMPUTING APPLICATIONS 13

FIG 6.PREWIEW OF SaaS 14

FIG 7.WEB OS 17

FIG 8.GOOGLE DOC 19

FIG 9.CLOUD STORAGE CONCEPT 20

ABSTRACT

Cloud computing is a style of computing in which dynamically scalable and

often virtualized resources are provided as a service over the Internet. Users need not

have knowledge of, expertise in, or control over the technology infrastructure in the

"cloud" that supports them.

The concept generally incorporates combinations of the following:

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

Platform as a service (PaaS)

Software as a service (SaaS)

Other recent technologies that rely on the Internet to satisfy the computing

needs of users. Cloud computing services often provide common business

applications online that are accessed from a web browser, while the software

and data are stored on the servers.

INTRODUCTION

Cloud computing is a art of computing in which dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources are provided as a service over the internet. Cloud computing is a combination of grid computing and Utility computing.

We can’t say cloud computing as a new technology. It is an extension of our already existing LAN systems. In these systems instead of storing applications inside a pc the client computers access data and applications from a server computer. The main difference between these two is in cloud computing the servers lie on the internet.

The client computers login to the servers using an interface and access data’s information and even processing power from these servers.

HISTORY

The Cloud is a term that borrows from telephony. Up to the 1990s, data circuits

(including those that carried Internet traffic) were hard-wired between destinations.

Subsequently, long-haul telephone companies began offering Virtual Private Network

(VPN) service for data communications. Telephone companies were able to offer VPN

based services with the same guaranteed bandwidth as fixed circuits at a lower cost

because they could switch traffic to balance utilization as they saw fit, thus utilizing

their overall network bandwidth more effectively. As a result of this arrangement, it

was impossible to determine in advance precisely paths traffic would be routed over.

The term "telecom cloud" was used to describe this type of networking, and cloud

computing is conceptually somewhat similar.

Cloud computing relies heavily on virtual machines (VMs), which are spawned

on demand to meet user needs. Because these virtual instances are spawned on demand,

it is impossible to determine how many such VMs will run at any given time. As VMs

can be spawned on any given computer as conditions demand, they are location in-

specific as well, much like a cloud network. A common depiction in network diagrams

is a cloud outline.

The underlying concept of cloud computing dates back to 1960, when John

McCarthy opined that "computation may someday be organized as a public utility";

indeed it shares characteristics with service bureaus that date back to the 1960s. The

term cloud had already come into commercial use in the early 1990s to refer to large

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks. Ill-fated startup General Magic

launched a short-lived cloud computing products in 1995 in partnership with several

telecommunications company partners such as AT&T, just before the consumer-

oriented Internet became popular. By the turn of the 21st century, the term "cloud

computing" began to appear more widely, although most of the focus at that time was

limited to SaaS.

In 1999, Salesforce.com was established by Marc Benioff, Parker Harris, and

their associates. They applied many technologies developed by companies such as

Google and Yahoo! to business applications. They also provided the concept of "On

demand" and SaaS with their real business and successful customers. The key for SaaS

is that it is customizable by customers with limited technical support required. Business

users have enthusiastically welcomed the resulting flexibility and speed.

In the early 2000s, Microsoft extended the concept of SaaS through the

development of web services. IBM detailed these concepts in 2001 in the Autonomic

Computing Manifesto, which described advanced automation techniques such as self-

monitoring, self-healing, self-configuring, and self-optimizing in the management of

complex IT systems with heterogeneous storage, servers, applications, networks,

security mechanisms, and other system elements that can be virtualized across an

enterprise.

Amazon played a key role in the development of cloud computing by

modernizing their data centers after the dot-com bubble and, having found that the new

cloud architecture resulted in significant internal efficiency improvements, providing

access to their systems through Amazon Web Services in 2005 on a utility computing

basis.

In 2007, Google, IBM, and a number of universities embarked on a large scale

cloud computing research project, around the time the term started, it was a hot topic.

By mid-2008, cloud computing gained popularity in the mainstream press, and

numerous related events took place.

In August 2008, Gartner Research observed that "organizations are switching

from company-owned hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models"

and that the "projected shift to cloud computing will result in dramatic growth in IT

products in some areas and in significant reductions in other areas."

WORKING

In cloud computing the client computers login to a server that resides on

internet and access files and application from there. The company that owns these

servers are called cloud computing service providers. The company or computers that

access these services are called clients.

FIG 1.A TYPICAL CLOUD COMPUTING SYSTEM

Consider you are an executive in a large corporation. Your particular

responsibilities include making sure that all of your employees have the right hardware

and software they need to do their jobs. Buying computers for everyone aren’t enough,

you also have to purchase software or software licenses to give employees the tools

they require. Whenever you have a new hire, that requires more computational needs

then you have to buy software and hardware to meet that.

But after that project your company may didn’t receive any project for a long

time or the current project doesn’t requires that much computational needs like the

former one. In that case all the hardware and software resources that you bought for

you former project will be in vain. So here the cloud computing comes to help you.

Let’s imagine your company is using all the resources that it needed online. In

such case each user that has a computer with basic configuration (like a processor

having low processing power, basic os , a keyboard and a mouse)with having only one

application installed in it which will allow you to login to a server in the internet and

access all the data’s and application that you needed from that server. The company

that owns those servers are called cloud computing service providers and the computer

that login to those servers are called clients. By this the client company can largely cut

down their investment.

CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE

Cloud computing system can be divided into two sections.

Front End

Backend

Front End

Front End is the user end. This end consists of a computer with basic

configuration and a single application program installed in it. This application program

is much like a browser that act as an interface between the cloud system and the user

side. The user will login to the servers by using a username and a password that is

unique to the user. The user will be charged by the cloud service provider according to

his usage.

FIG 2.THE ASTRANOS OPERATING SYSTEM LOGIN SCREEN

After login the user will get a screen that is similar to his desktop. He can

access all the applications from that platform.

Back End

Back end is the heart of the cloud. This part consist of the all the

applications for the clients and the all the services that requires to satisfy users

computational needs. That means various computers, servers and data storage systems

that create the "cloud" of computing services. . In theory, a cloud computing system

could include practically any computer program you can imagine, from data processing

to video games. Usually, each application will have its own dedicated server.

A central server administers the system, monitoring traffic and client demands

to ensure everything runs smoothly. It follows a set of rules called protocols and uses a

special kind of software called middleware. Middleware allows networked computers

to communicate with each other. We can’t say that the current protocols fully support

the cloud system. New protocols like XMPP (Extensible messaging and presence

protocol) are used.

At the back end cloud computing system uses a number of technologies like the

following

GRID COMPUTING

SERVER VIRTUALIZATION

UTILITY COMPUTING

In a grid computing system, networked computers are able to access and use the

resources of every other computer on the network. Thus there is a significant work load

shift. Local computers no longer have to do all the heavy lift when it comes running the

applications.

Most of the time, servers don't run at full capacity. That means there's unused

processing power going to waste. It's possible to fool a physical server into thinking it's

actually multiple servers, each running with its own independent operating system. The

technique is called server virtualization. By maximizing the output of individual

servers, server virtualization reduces the need for more physical machines.

Utility computing is a business model where one company pays another

company for access to computer applications or data storage.

IBM CLOUDS

FIG 3.TYPICAL IBM CLOUDS 1

FIG 4.TYPICAL IBM CLOUDS 2

CLOUD COMPUTING APPLICATIONS

The applications of cloud computing are practically limitless. With the right

middle ware the cloud computing system could execute all the programs a

normal desktop computer can run. The services that a cloud provides computer

comes under three sections.

I. Software as a service

II. Hardware as service

III. Platform as a service

FIG 5.CLOUD COPMPUTING APPLICATIONS

SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE(SaaS)

Saas is method of providing softwares on line as a service.

The client companies access these softwares by paying price.

The companies doesn’t have to bother about the cost, updates and maintenances of the

softwares.

No need for any softwares at the client side.

Clients can access these service from anywhere

FIG 6.PREWIEW OF SaaS

HARDWARE AS A SERVICE(HaaS)

HAAS is a method of accessing hardware resources online.

The client company can use these service on a pay and use method.

The client just needs a computer with basic configuration.

Cloud infrastructure, such as Infrastructure as a service, is the delivery of computer

infrastructure, typically a platform virtualization environment, as a service.For

example:

Full virtualization (GoGrid, Skytap)

Grid computing (Sun Cloud)

Management (RightScale)

Compute (Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud)

Platform (Force.com)

PLATFORM AS A SERVICE(PaaS)

A cloud platform, such as Platform as a service, the delivery of a computing

platform, and/or solution stack as a service, facilitates deployment of applications

without the cost and complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and

software layers. For example:

Code Based Web Application Frameworks

o Java Google Web Toolkit (Google App Engine)

o Python Django (Google App Engine)

o Ruby on Rails (Heroku)

o .NET (Azure Services Platform)

Non-Code Based Web Application Framework

o WorkXpress

Web hosting (Mosso)

Proprietary (Force.com)

WEB OPERATING SYSTEM

A Web OS is a User Interface (UI) that allows people to access applications

stored completely or in part on the Web.It uses flash and AJAX technologies.

FIG 7.WEB OS

As the Web evolves, people invent new words to describe its features and

applications. Sometimes, a term gains widespread acceptance even if some people

believe it's misleading or inaccurate. Such is the case with Web operating systems.

An operating system (OS) is a special kind of program that organizes and

controls computer hardware and software. Operating systems interact directly with

computer hardware and serve as a platform for other applications. Whether it's

Windows, Linux, Unix or Mac OS X, your computer depends on its OS to function.

That's why some people object to the term Web OS. A Web OS is a user

interface (UI) that allows people to access applications stored completely or in part on

the Web. It might mimic the user interface of traditional computer operating systems

like Windows, but it doesn't interact directly with the computer's hardware. The user

must still have a traditional OS on his or her computer.

While there aren't many computer operating systems to choose from, the same

can't be said of Web operating systems. There are dozens of Web operating systems

available. Some of them offer a wide range of services, while others are still in

development and only provide limited functionality. In some cases, there may be a

single ambitious programmer behind the project. Other Web operating systems are the

product of a large team effort. Some are free to download, and others charge a fee. Web

operating systems can come in all shapes and sizes.

What exactly do Web operating systems do? Keep reading to find out.

Web operating systems are interfaces to distributed computing systems,

particularly cloud or utility computing systems. In these systems, a company provides

computer services to users through anInternet connection. The provider runs a system

of computers that include application servers and databases.

With some systems, people access the applications using Web browsers

like Firefox or Internet Explorer. With other systems, users must download a program

that creates a system-specific client. A client is software that accesses information or

services from other software. In either case, users access programs that are stored not

on their own computers, but on the Web.

What sort of services do they provide? Web operating systems can give users access to

practically any program they could run on a computer's desktop. Common applications

include:

Calendars

E-mail

File management

Games

Instant messaging programs

Photo, video and audio editing programs

RSS readers

Spreadsheet programs

Word processing programs

With traditional computer operating systems, you'd have to install applications to

your own computer. The applications would exist on your computer's hard disk drive.

They would run by accessing the processing power of your computer's central

processing unit (CPU) by sending electronic requests to your computer's OS.

Web operating systems can't replace your computer's native OS -- in fact, they

depend on traditional computer operating systems to work. The user side of Web OS

software, whether it's a Web browser or a system-specific client, runs on top of your

computer's OS. But programmers design Web operating systems to look and act like a

desktop OS. A Web OS might look a lot like a traditional OS, but it doesn't manage

your computer's hardware or software.

FIG 8.GOOGLE DOC

CLOUD STORAGE

Cloud Storage comes under HaaS.

Users can store their personal data in cloud storage, access and updates this, from any

where.

The client have to pay according to the space they use.

Google doc is an example for this.

FIG 9.CLOUD STORAGE CONCEPT

ADVANTAGES

Clients would be able to access their applications and data from anywhere at

any time. They could access the cloud computing system using any computer

linked to the Internet.

It could bring hardware costs down. You wouldn't need to buy the fastest

computer with the most memory.

Since the cloud computing system's back end is a grid computing system, then

the client could take advantage of the entire network's processing power.

Clients wouldn’t have to worry about the patches and updates of softwares.

Agility improves with users able to rapidly and inexpensively re-provision

technological infrastructure resources..

Cost is greatly reduced and capital expenditure is converted to operational

expenditure. This lowers barriers to entry, as infrastructure is typically provided

by a third-party and does not need to be purchased for one-time or infrequent

intensive computing tasks. Pricing on a utility computing basis is fine-grained

with usage-based options and minimal or no IT skills are required for

implementation.

Device and location independence enable users to access systems using a web

browser regardless of their location or what device they are using (e.g., PC,

mobile). As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and

accessed via the Internet, users can connect from anywhere.

Multi-tenancy enables sharing of resources and costs across a large pool of

users thus allowing for:

o Centralization of infrastructure in locations with lower costs (such as

real estate, electricity, etc.)

o Peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer for highest

possible load-levels)

o Utilization and efficiency improvements for systems that are often only

10–20% utilized.

Reliability improves through the use of multiple redundant sites, which makes

cloud computing suitable for business continuity and disaster

recovery.]Nonetheless, many major cloud computing services have suffered

outages, and IT and business managers can at times do little when they are

affected.

Scalability via dynamic ("on-demand") provisioning of resources on a fine-

grained, self-service basis near real-time, without users having to engineer for

peak loads. Performance is monitored, and consistent and loosely-coupled

architectures are constructed using web services as the system interface.

Security typically improves due to centralization of data], increased security-

focused resources, etc., but concerns can persist about loss of control over

certain sensitive data. Security is often as good as or better than under

traditional systems, in part because providers are able to devote resources to

solving security issues that many customers cannot afford. Providers typically

log accesses, but accessing the audit logs themselves can be difficult or

impossible.

Sustainability comes about through improved resource utilization, more

efficient systems, and carbon neutrality. Nonetheless, computers and associated

infrastructure are major consumers of energy.

CLOUD COMPUTING CONCERNS

The main concerns that cloud computing faces are;

• Privacy and Security

• Bandwidth

• Since cloud computing does not allow users to physically possess the storage of

their data (the exception being the possibility that data can be backed up to a

user-owned storage device, such as a USB flash drive or hard disk) it does leave

responsibility of data storage and control in the hands of the provider.

• Cloud computing has been criticized for limiting the freedom of users and

making them dependent on the cloud computing provider, and some critics have

alleged that is only possible to use applications or services that the provider is

willing to offer. Thus, The London Times compares cloud computing to

centralized systems of the 1950s and 60s, by which users connected through

"dumb" terminals to mainframe computers. Typically, users had no freedom to

install new applications and needed approval from administrators to achieve

certain tasks. Overall, it limited both freedom and creativity. The Times argues

that cloud computing is a regression to that time.

• Similarly, Richard Stallman, founder of the Free Software Foundation, believes

that cloud computing endangers liberties because users sacrifice their privacy

and personal data to a third party. He stated that cloud computing is "simply a

trap aimed at forcing more people to buy into locked, proprietary systems that

would cost them more and more over time."

• Further to Stallman's observation, It would be a challenge for hosting/deploying

intranet and access restricted (for Govt., defense, institutional, etc) sites and

their maintenance. Commercial sites using tools such as web analytics may not

be able to capture right data for their business planning etc.

Privacy & Security

• Perhaps the biggest concern about cloud computing is security and privacy.

• The idea of handling over important data to another company of course worries

the clients.

• Data security is another main problem. The cloud service providers have to

protect data from unauthorized access.

•

Bandwidth

• Bandwidth is also a main problem that cloud computing faces.

• It requires high band width above 16mbps.

CONCLUSION

Cloud computing is still in early development.Market researches , financial

analysis, all wantto assess its potential markets and business impact.Cloud

Computing holds a lot of promise and believes that it is likely to be a major influence

on hosting and application development.

REFERENCES

• www.howstuffworks.com

• www.wikipedia.com

• Info kairali computer magazine