CloningCloning

Definition of Cloning

The process of making a clone, a genetically identical copy . Cloning refers to

the procedure of isolating a defined DNA sequence and obtaining multiple copies of it

in vivo

Methods of Plant Cloning

Asexual reproduction to plants to produce duplicates from one plant specimen

CuttingTissue CultureGraftingLayeringRamet

Procedures of Animal Cloning• Nuclear Transfer (Adult DNA cloning) :• DNA from an egg is removed and

replaced with the DNA from a cell removed from an adult animal.

• Artificial Twinning (Embryo cloning) :• One or more cells are removed from a

fertilized embryo and encouraged to develop into one or more duplicate embryos.

Nuclear Transfer Cloning - Steps

Unfertilized Eggs Collected from a donor, and nuclei removedFrom 2nd Animal removed a sample cell. Nuclei from sample cell is transplanted into the egg cell.Resulting cell is cultured and a few began to divide.These early embryos implanted into a surrogate mother.

Nuclear Transfer

Nuclear Transfer: Dolly The Sheep

Application of Cloning Technology

• Produce many crop at short times• Relive the extinctive animals• Produce high quality domestic animals• Organ transplant• Develop drugs• Help the sterile couples• Replace the chemical reaction

Important incident of Animal Cloning

1952 : Frog ( Artificial Twinning)1997 : Sheep (Nuclear Transfer)- Dolly1998 : Cow (Nuclear Transfer)-Elsie2002 : Cat (Nuclear Transfer)-Copy Cat2004 : Human embryo (Nuclear Transfer)2005 : Dog (Nuclear Transfer)-Heidi Ledford

Photo of Cloning animals

Annie Copy Cat

Dolly Heidi Ledford

Photo of Cloning animals

Idaho GemMegan and Morag

TetraXenaPromotea

Cloning of endangered animal

Noah the Gaur, an endangered species in 2000Organization: Advanced Cell Technology, USA

Photo from Advanced Cell Technology (www.advancedcell.com)

Cloning of endangered animal

Cloning of woolly MammothExtinct 10,000 years ago

From Mingpao 8/8/2003

Cloning of transgenic animal

Cloning of a cow containing mad cow disease resistant geneIn Shangdong, China

From Mingpao 28/4/2006

Concerns in animal cloning

Technology complicated Survival rate of cloned embryos lowOverweighing of calves at birth Breeders may want to keep their animal uniqueBreeders may want to create better offspring

Health of clonesFrom Ming Pao 27-Mar-2001

• Poor development of heart, lung and immune system

• Might have genetic disorder

Photo from MingpaoPhoto from Mingpao

Dolly gave birth to a female lamb in

1998, but Dolly later died of premature

aging in 2003.

Company for cloning pets

Genetic Savings & Clone – established in 2000, produced the cloned cat, CC in 2001Delivered the first commercially cloned cat, Little Nicky in 2004 for US$50,000Company closed in 2006A new company BioArts International was established for cloning dogs