CLONE-CITY

CLONE

-‐ ITY

Has the Notion of ‘Place’ Been Undermined by Current

Models in Retail Planning and Design

A Welsh Case Study

Dissertation

Benjamin Hale

Manchester School of Architecture

Copyright © BenjaminHale Schanz 2012

""

!"#$%&#$%&'(%)#&*#+%,'-.#/0&#(1'2'#3'4&5#6*027'8#%0&1*2-#%2&(*29

Title: Clone-City - Has the Notion of ‘Place’ Been Undermined by Current Models in Retail Planning and Design

:%371'-&'2#671**,#*; #<271"&'7&02'

:%371'-&'2#=3">'2-"&):%371'-&'2#:'&2*?*,"&%3#=3">'2"-&)

@";&1#A'%2#<7%B'C"7#D"--'2&%&"*3

<0&1*28#E'3F%C"3GHGI%,'60?'2>"-*28#J-%/',,'#D*07'&

'()*+,-./#.0.*%1

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

S*?)2"K1&#U#E'3F%C"3I%,'#671%3V#WX!W

!!!"#$%#%&'$(#)'#*&)+,-."+,-./0-#"'-"*1!!!"%&'$(#)'#*&)%/*&+%2'%#%,3/#"+,-./0-#"'-4

<,,#2"K1&-#2'-'2>'BG#R*#?%2&#*; #&1"-#?0/,"7%&"*3#C%)#/'#2'?2*B07'B.#-&*2'B#"3#%#2'&2"'>%,#-)-&'C.#*2#&2%3-C"&L&'B#"3#%3)#;*2C#*2#/)#%3)#C'%3-.#','7&2*3"7.#C'71%3"L7%,# .# ?1*&*7*?)"3K.# 2'7*2B"3K#*2#*&1'2("-'.#("&1*0&#?'2C"--"*3#*; #&1'#7*?)2"K1&#1*,B'2.#&1'#%0&1*2G

+1",'#'>'2)#';;*2&#1%-#/''3#C%B'#&*#7*3&%7&#*(3'2-#*; #7*?)2"K1&#C%&'2"%,#?2*B07'B#"3#&1"-#/**9.#&1"-#1%-#3*&#%,(%)-#/''3#-077'--;0,G#"3#&1'#'>'3&#*; #%#7*?)2"K1&#Y0'2).#?,'%-'#7*3&%7&#&1'#%0&1*2#>"%#&1'#=3">'2-"&)G

56$)70$)2-4)2-27-8 7*2(9)&/%,(:%#(-2;7!$(,)7+)(2.7%27%<9%2')4)2#7-8 74%21(2<;7%#7#$)7/%4)7#(4)7'-2/#(#*#)/7%7/-&#7-8 7/*+#,)7<)/#&*'#(-2;72-#7-2,37-8 7#&%<(#(-2%,7'*,#*&)/;7!$('$74(.$#72-#7+)7%27(&&)0%&%+,)7!&-2.;7+*#7%,/-7-8 7!$%#7=7/$%,,7'%,,78-&7#$)7#(4)7+)(2.7#$)7'&)%#(9)72*',)*/7-8 7.&)%#7'*,#*&)/;7#$%#72*',)*/7-27#$)7+%/(/7-8 7!$('$7!)7(2#)&0&)#7,(8);7!$%#7=7/$%,,7'%,,7(27

*078&-47#$)&)"7>)7$%9)7#$)78)),(2.7#$%#7#$(/7/(2.,)7!-&,<7'(9(,(:%#(-27%#7#$)7/%4)7#(4)7)?)&#/7%7/-&#7-8 7%##&(#(-27-&7!)%&(2.7%!%37%#7#$)7)?0)2/)7-8 7#$)7'*,#*&%,7&)/-*&')/;7!$('$7$%9)74%<)7#$)7.&)%#7'(9(,(:%#(-2/7-8 7#$)70%/#"76$(/7#$&)%#7(/7)?0&)//)<;7%4-2.7-#$)&7<(/#*&+(2.7)88)'#/;7+37#$)7/0&)%<(2.7+)8-&)7-*&7)3)/7-8 7%74)<(-'&)7'(9(,(:%#(-27!$('$7(/7#$)7%+/*&<7'-*2#)&0%&#7-8 7#$)7

@#('7-&7%,*4(2*47%#&-'(#()/;7#$)7/%4)7#!(/#(2.7-8 7,%2.*%.)7+370&-0%.%2<%;7)#'"7=#7/))4/7%/7(8 74%21(2<;7+37%00&-%'$(2.7)274%//)7%7+%/('7'-2/*4)&7'*,#*&);7!)&)7%,/-7/#-00)<7)274%//)7%#7%7/*+'*,#*&%,7,)9),"A

T%0,#Z"7*'02.#I"-&*2)#%3B#H20&1.#2344

>"

Abstract

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`[-#2'&%",# ,%3B-7%?'#(1'2'#,%2K'#*0&#*; #&*(3#-1*??"3K#^R*3L?,%7'-[#%7&'B#%-#%#/%79B2*?#;*2#&1'#K2*("3K#7*3-0C'2"-&#3''B-#*; #&1'#,%&'#!\aX[-G#H1'2'#(%-#-**3#%#K*>'23C'3&%,#-1";&#"3#*?"3"*3#%3B#?*,"7)#%-#&*#&1'#-0"&%/,'#3%&02'#*; #-071#B'>',*?C'3&-.#&1'#,%2K'#-7%,'#%/%3B*3C'3&#*; #&*(3#7'3&2'-.#"3B'?'3BL'3&#2'&%",'2-#7%,,"3K#*0&#;*2#1',?#%3B#&1'#?*,"&"7%,#',"&'#'71*"3K#&1'"2#72"'-G#<#?*,"7)#-1";&#&*(%2B-#%#-'2"'-#*; #^Z'&%",L,'B[#02/%3#2'K'3'2%&"*3#?2*F'7&-#-**3#/'7%C'#&1'#3*2C.#C%-9"3K#&1'C-',>'-#%-#&1'#702'#&*#B'K'3'2%&"*3#%3B#"3>'-&C'3&G#

-1";&"3K#0?(%2B-#"3#-"V'.#&1'#7"&)#1%-#-1";&'B#*37'#%K%"3#&*#%#-1*??"3KLC%,,#?%-&"71'G#H1"-#1%-#K">'3#2"-'#&*#&'2C-#-071#%-#^S,*3'#H*(3[-[#%3B#^S*?)7%&#D'>',*?C'3&-[#(1'2'#&1'#>'2)#3%&02'#*; #7*3&'C?*2%2)#B'>',*?C'3&-#1%-#%,,*('B#;*2#

%-#>"&%,#&*#&1'#-077'--#*; #*02#"33'2#7"&)#'3>"2*3C'3&-#2'C%"3-#03*/&%"3%/,'bP%3'#P%7*/-#!\]!c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

,"'#"3#&1'#>'2)#3%&02'#*; #&1'#C%71"%>',,"%3#;*2C#*; #7%?"&%,"-C#%3B#&1"-#-&%K'#*; #^S,*3'#H*(3[#K,*/%,"-%&"*3#&1%&#6*0&1#+%,'-#1%-#%B*?&'B.#(1'2'#&1'#%#K2%B0%,#1*C*K'3"V%&"*3#*; #%271"&'7&02'#"-#2'K%2B'B#%-#%77'?&%/,'5#+1*#72'%&'-#^?,%7'[#"3#*02#7"&"'-#%3B#(1*#%2'#&1'#?%2&"'-#"3>*>,'B#"3#&1"-#?2*77'--5#

56()#7+8*/9:*;+706%"+*

S%2B";; [-#3*&%/,'#-077'--#*; #,%&'#C0-&#/'#%&&2"/0&'B#&*#%#("B'#2%3K'#*; #;%7&*2-#1*('>'2#"&#B*'-#1%>'#%#7*2'#-'&#*; #?*,"L7"'-.#*0&,"3'B#/)#"&[-#B'>',*?C'3&#%K'37).#%B*?&'B#;2*C#*&1'2#=`#7"&"'-G#H1'-'#%2'#,%2K',)#2'L2'?2'-'3&%&"*3-#*; #&2"'B#%3B#&'-&'B#C'&1*B-#%3B#1%>'#?2*>"B'B#S%2B";; #("&1#-*C'#-077'--G#I*('>'2#&1'#';;'7&-#*; #,%2K'#2'&%",#*3#"&[-#1"K1L-&2''&#1%-#%,2'%B)#72'%&'B#%#-*C'(1%&#B"-F*"3&'B#7"&)#(1'2'#&1'#*,B#-1*??"3K#%2'%-#1%-#/'K%3#&*#-1*(#-"K3-#*; #B'K'3'2%&"*3G#H1"-#"-#%,-*#'>"B'3&#*3#%#C%72*#-7%,'#("&1#&1'#7%-'#*; #R'(?*2&.#,*-"3K#*0&#*3#C071#"3>'-&C'3&#*>'2#&1'#,%-&#&'3#)'%2-#&*#

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

!"#$%&'$

>""

Clone-City - Has the Notion of ‘Place’ Been Undermined by Current Models in Retail Planning and Design

%#&023"3K#?*"3&#"3#&1'#%271"&'7&02%,#%3B#'7*3*C"7#3%&02'#*; #&1'#+',-1#1"K1#-&2''&.#%3B#2'-'%271#"3&*#&1"-#%2'%#C%)#-1'B#,"K1&#0?*3#&1'#-&2%&'K"'-#"3#?,%7'#%3B#&1'"2#%B*?&"*3#/)#B'-"K3'2-.#?,%33'2-#%3B#B'>',*?'2-#&*#-0??*2&#%271"&'7&02%,#%3B#02/%3#B">'2-"&)#"3#S%2B";; #%3B#R'(?*2&G

"4


<$6=%.79>2:*%7+/8(%"+*9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 2S%2B";; #%3B#R'(?*2&#I"-&*2"7%,#Q>'2>"'(## # # # # # # W

<$6=%.79>?@"%.76%87.9!.A".,B9C*=6()"*#9%$.9D$.+7.%"(6-9E.F6%.99 9 9 9 GD'"3B0-&2"%,"V%&"*3#%3B#Q0&#*; #H*(3#Z'&%",# # # # # # # dH1'#<271"&'7&02'#*; #R'*LM"/'2%,"-C#!\a\Le\# # # # # # # ]H1'#61";&#&*#^R'(#M%/*02[!\\!L\a# # # # # # # # eH1'#<271"&'7&02'#*; #D'>*,0&"*3#f#H1'#=2/%3#+1"&'#T%?'2#!\\\LWXX\# # # # e=2/%3#Z'3'(%,#WXX\LT2'-'3&# # # # # # # # !W

<$6=%.79>G5++1%.7"109 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 24R'*LM"/'2%,#S*C?'&"&">'3'--#%3B#T2*C*&"*3# # # # # # # !]

<$6=%.79>HI0="7"(6-9J%8/".19K9L7+#7609 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ?2@037&"*3%,#:"4"3K## # # # # # # # # W!

<$6=%.79>4I0="7"(6-9J%8/".19KML-6(.N9<7.6%"+*9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ?OD'-"K3"3K#%#^T,%7'[# # # # # # # # # WaS%2B";;.#^T,%7'#JB'3&"&)[#=3B'2C"3'B5# # # # # # # W\R'(?*2&.#^T,%7'#JB'3&"&)[#E*22*('B5## # # # # # # da

<$6=%.79>P<+*(-81"+*99 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 H2

5"F-"+#76=$Q9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 HG

'==.*/"R9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 H4# # # # # # # #!

()#$*+,*-+.$/.$#*** *

!

-0&1$/%*23

4.$%+56'$)+.

H1"-# "3&2*B07&*2)#71%?&'2#(",,#?2'-'3&# &1'#7*3&'4&0%,#-'&&"3K#("&1"3#(1"71#&1"-#B"--'2&%&"*3# "-#-'&.# &1"-# "-#3'7'--%2)# "3#*2B'2# &*#1"K1,"K1&# &1'#-*7"'&%,.#70,&02%,#%3B#?*,"&"7%,#'3>"2*3C'3&# &1%&#1%-#'C'2K'B# "3#S%2LB";; #%3B#R'(?*2&G#H1'#71%?&'2#(",,#-'2>'#&(*#?02?*-'-_#-'&#*0&#&1'#;2%C'(*29#%3B#-&207&02'#*; #&1'#B"-L-'2&%&"*3#(1",-&# %,-*#?2*>"B"3K# %#/2"'; #1"-&*2"7%,# "3&2*B07&"*3# &*#/*&1# 7"&"'-G#H1'# 2'-'%271#(",,# ;*70-#*3#&(*# 7%-'# -&0B"'-.#S%2B";; # %3B#R'(?*2&.# *>'2# %# ?'2"*B#*; # &1"2&)L&12''# )'%2-# 0?# &*# &1'#?2'-'3&# B%)G#H1'#

?*,"&"7%,#-1";&-#("&1"3#&1'#=3"&'B#`"3KB*C.#3'%&,)#;2%C"3K#&1'#7*3&'4&#(1'2'#+%,'-#03B'2('3&#%#?'2"*B#*; #?2*;*03B#?*,"&"7%,#71%3K'.#70,C"3%&"3K#"3#&1'#;*2C%&"*3#*; #&1'#+',-1#<--'C/,)#$*>'23C'3&#bS)30,L,"%B#S'3'B,%'&1*,#S)C20c#"3#!\\aG#H1'#2'%-*3#;*2#-&207&02"3K#&1'#B"--'2&%&"*3#"3##&1"-#?%2&"70,%2#(%)#"-#&1'#

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

M'%B"3K#*3#;2*C#C)#,"&'2%&02'#2'>"'(.#&1"-#(",,#/'#;*,,*('B#/)#%#71%?&'2#*3#^E**-&'2"-C[.#%#B'-72"?&"*3#*; #

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

L"'-#;*70-"3K#*3#&(*#?2"C%2)#2'&%",# ,'B#02/%3#2'K'3'2%&"*3#?2*F'7&-G#D"-70--"3K#^?,%7'[#%-#%3#"3&2*B07&"*3.#&1'#B"-70--"*3#%3B#2'-'%271#(",,# &1'3#-'?%2%&'# "3&*#&(*#-0/L71%?&'2-#(1'2'#/*&1#7"&"'-#(",,#/'#'4%C"3'B#"3#K2'%&'2#B'&%",G#H1'-'#&(*#71%?&'2-#(",,#&1'3#/'#;*,,*('B#/)#%#7*37,0-"*3#*; #&1'#'>"B'37'#%3B#2'-'%271#

W


<67/";; 96*/9S.,=+7%9T"1%+7"(6-9UA.7A".,

H1'#C*B'23#+',-1#2'K"*3#'C'2K'B#"3#&1'#"3B0-&2"%,#'2%#*; #&1'#'"K1&''3&1#%3B#3"3'&''3&1#7'3&02"'-#("&1#&1'#C03"7"?%,#-'%?*2&#%2'%-#*; #S%2B";; #%3B#R'(?*2&#'-&%/,"-1"3K#&1'C-',>'-#%-#7*%,#'4?*2&#K"%3&-G#S%2B";; #(%-#2';'22'B#&*#%&#&1'#&"C'#%-#&1'#^S*%,#C'&2*?*,"-[G#H1"-#(%-#%#?'2"*B#*; #B'>',*?C'3&#"3#(1"71#/*&1#7"&"'-#-%(#

&1'#?%&&'23#*; #?2*K2'--">'#"3B0-&2"%,"V%&"*3#&1%&#C%3)#*&1'2#7"&"'-#('2'#03B'2K*"3K#"3#&1'#=3"&'B#`"3KB*C#%&#&1"-#&"C'G#H1'#%B>%3&%K'-#*; #&1'"2#?2*4"C"&)#&*#%#C%F*2#'3'2K)#-*027'.#7*%,.#%3B#&1'#K,*/%,#&1"2-&#;*2#&1"-#2%(#C%&'2"%,#&1%&#;*,,*('B.#1',?'B#S%2B";; #%3B#R'(?*2&#'3F*)#%#2',%&">'#'?*71#*; #?2*-?'2*0-#K2*(&1#%3B#7*3-&207&"*3G#J&#"-#("&1"3#&1'-'#?'2"*B-#&1%&#/*&1#7"&"'-#/'K%3#&*#B'>',*?#&1'"2#*(3#B"-&"37&#7">"7#%271"&'7&02%,#,%3K0%K'G#S%&1%)-#T%29#"3#S%2B";;.#7*C?,'&'B#"3#&1'#!\dX.#(%-#*2"K"3%,,)#B''C'B#&1'#7'3&2'#*; #&1'#7%?"&%,G#+"&1# "&[-#T%2"-"%3#/*0,'>%2B-.# &2''L,"3'B#-&2''&-#%3B#K2%3B#7">"7#/0",B"3K-.# bC*-&#3*&%/,)#&1'#S%2B";; #S"&)#

S'3&2%,#I%,,#"3#+'-&C"3-&'2c#S%2B";; #?2*3*037'-#7*3&2%B"7&"3K#"B'%,-#*; #+%,'-[#-&%&0-#("&1"3#&1'#NC?"2'.#*2#?'21%?-#-%"B#C*2'#%/*0&#&1'#%C/"&"*3-#*; #&1'#-*7"'&)#&1%&#/0",&#"&#bI%&1'2,')#WX!X.#W]aLWeWcG#S%2B";; #(%-#3*&#%,*3'#"3#"&[-#*0&?*02"3K#*; #7">"7#?2"B'#("&1#&1'#2'%,,*7%&"*3#*; #7%?"&%,#"3&*#,%2K'#7*3-&207&"*3#?2*F'7&-G#R'(?*2&.#%;&'2#*0&K2*("3K#&12''#?2'>"*0-#H*(3#I%,,-#'C/%29'B#*3#%2K0%/,)#"&-#K2%3B'-&#7*3-&207&"*3#?2*LF'7&#&*#B%&'.#H1'#S">"7#S'3&2'.#B'-"K3'B#/)#S'7",#I*("&&#%3B#7*C?,'&'B#"3#!\daG#J&-#3%C'#%3B#?2*C"3'37'#*;;'2#%#;02&1'2#"3-"K1&#"3&*#&1'#%-?"2%&"*3-#*; #"&-#72'%&*2-G#J; #&1'"2#?2*C"3'37'#"3#&1'#,*7%,#02/%3#1"'2%271)#(%-#B0'#&*#&1'"2#1%2/*02#;%7","&"'-#%3B#&1'#B*C"3%&"*3#*; #&2%B'.#&1"-#%B>%3&%K'#1%B#/''3#,*-&#/)#!\W\G#H1'#B"-%B>%3&%K'-# *; # %# 3%22*(,)L/%-'B# 1'%>)# "3B0-&2"%,# '7*3*C"7# -&207&02'# -**3# /'7%C'# '>"B'3&G# E*&1# *; #

&1'#=3"&'B#`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eX[-#(1'3#%#R'*,"/'2%,#K*>'23C'3&#"3#+1"&'1%,,#%3B#:%2K2'&#H1%&71'2[-#C"3'#

L7'3&2%,"V%&"*3#/'"3K#%#?2"C%2)#B2">'2#"3#02/%3#?,%33"3K#?*,"7)#%2*03B#&1"-#?'2"*B#bI**?'2#%3B#T03&'2#WXXacG

H1'# -'2>"7'# -'7&*2# /'7%C'# %# B*C"3%3&# ;*27'# "3# 6*0&1#N%-&#+%,'-# "3# &1'# ,%&&'2# -&%K'-# *; # &1'# &('3&"'&1#7'3&02)G#R'(?*2&# /'7%C'# &1'# /'-&L7*33'7&'B# ?,%7'# "3#+%,'-# B0'# &*# &1'# 7*3-&207&"*3# *; # &1'#:g#C*L&*2(%)#%3B#6'>'23#E2"BK'#%3B#B'7,"3'# "3# "&[-#C%30;%7&02"3K# "3B0-&2)# "3# &1'#!\eX[-#'37*02%K'B#R'(?*2&#&*# %B*?&# %#B">'2-'# %??2*%71G#+"&1#/*&1#6&#D%>"B-# "3#S%2B";; # %3B# &1'#`"3K-(%)# -1*??"3K#7'3&'2#R'(L

;*03B#"&-',; #%#^1*&-?*&[#;*2#&'713*,*K)#7*C?%3"'-.#("&1#&1'#Z"71%2B#Z*K'2-#B'-"K3'B#J3C%-#:"72*?2*7'-L-*2# ;%7&*2)#%3B#&1'#'-&%/,"-1C'3&#*; #%# 2%3K'#*; #?0/,"7#-'7&*2#'C?,*)'2-G#<,*3K#("&1#%# &12">"3K#70,&02%,#

L

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

d

-0&1$/%*27

()$/%&$6%/*8/9)/:;*

<.1&'=).>*$0/*?0/+%/$)'&@*

A/"&$/#

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`"3KB*CG

E."*/81%7"6-"V6%"+*96*/9U8%9+; 9D+,*9!.%6"-

H1'#';;'7&-#*; #%#,%2K'#-7%,'LB*(3#*; #"3B0-&2)#"3#E2"&%"3#('2'#B'>%-&%&"3KG#E'&(''3#!\a!#%3B#!\e!#E2"&"-1#

B"-&2"7&-G#<&#&1"-#&"C'.#%#-&20KK,"3K#2'&%",#-'7&*2#B'7"B'B#&*#>%7%&'#&1'#"C?*>'2"-1'B#%3B#%3&"Y0%&'B#02/%3#7'3&2'-#%3B#2',*7%&'#&*#&1'#*0&'2#2"3K#B"-&2"7&-G#H1'-'#"3#-&%29#7*3&2%-&#&*#&1'#02/%3#%2'%-#>%7%&'B#/)#"3B0-L&2)_#B"-0-'B#/0",B"3K-.#*/-*,'&'#"3;2%-&207&02'#%3B#1"K1#,'>',-#*; #?*,,0&"*3#71%2%7&'2"V'B#&1'-'#%2'%-G#H1'#B'>',*?C'3&#*; #&1'#C*&*2(%)#3'&(*29#b:g#%72*--#N3K,%3B#"3&*#+%,'-c#%,-*#C'%3&#&1%&#?2*B07&-#7*0,B#/'#

("&1#&1'#C"K2%&"*3#*; #/0-"3'--#;2*C#&1'#7"&)#7'3&'2-#*; #S%2B";; #%3B#R'(?*2&.#&1'#B'>',*?C'3&%,#3%&02'#*; #&1'#7'3&2%,#%2'%-#*; #&1'-'#^&*(3-[.#(1'2'#&1'#2'C3%3&-#*; #&1'"2#"3B0-&2"%,#?%-&#-&",,#,**C'B.#?*-'B#?2*/,'C-#;*2#,%2K'#B'>',*?'2-G#H1"-#?2*7'--#*; #C"K2%&"*3#*; #&1'#^/0-"3'--[#;2*C#"33'2#7"&)#%2'%-#203-#"3#?%2%,,',#("&1#%3*&1'2#"C?*2&%3&#;%7&*2G#+1",'#&1'#-)C?&*C-#*; #02/%3#;%",02'#%2'#?*>'2&).#72"C'#%3B#B'2',"7&"*3.#&1'#03L

"3#6*0&1#+%,'-.#(1'2'#%#B'C*K2%?1"7#C"K2%&"*3#*; #&1'#('%,&1"'2#7,%--'-#&*#&1'#*0&'2#-0/02/-#*; #S%2B";; #%3B#R'(?*2&#(%-#*77022"3K#"3#&1'#!\aX[-#%3B#!\eX[-G#H1"-#,';&#?**2'2#?*?0,%&"*3-#&*#"31%/"&#&1'#"33'2#7"&)#(%2B-#*; #/*&1#7"&"'-.#&1'#';;'7&-#*; #(1"71#,'B#&*#&1'#C"K2%&"*3#*; #&1'#,%2K'#2'&%",'2-.#(1*#K'3'2%,,)#;*,,*(#7*3-0C'2#K'*K2%?1)#?%&&'23-G#+1'3#:%2K2'&#H1%&71'2#7%C'#&*#?*('2#"3#!\a\#"&#?%>'B#&1'#(%)#;*2#&1'#"3L&2*B07&"*3#*; #%#-'&#*; #R'*L,"/'2%,#?*,"7"'-#%3B#2'K0,%&"*3-G#JC?*2&'B#;2*C#&1'#=3"&'B#6&%&'-.#&1'-'#?*,"7"'-#('2'#-**3#;*,,*('B#/)#%3#<C'2"7%3"V'B#;*2C#*; #Z'&%",.#&1'#^-1*??"3K#C%,,[#%3B#&1'#^2'&%",#*0&,'&[G#H1'-'#-&2%&'K"'-#*; #*0&#*; #&*(3#B'>',*?C'3&#('2'#%7&">',)#'37*02%K'B#"3#&1'#'%2,)#!\eX[-#("&1#&1'#"C?,'C'3&%&"*3#

g


("&1#K*>'23"3K#+%,'-c#>"%#&1'#72'%&"*3#*;8#^'3&'2?2"-'#V*3'-[G#H1'-'#('2'#"3&2*B07'B#"3#!\a\G#H1')#('2'#

7*3&2*,-#("&1#%#&'3L)'%2#2',"'; #;2*C#,*7%,#2%&'-G#N,'>'3#'3&'2?2"-'#V*3'-#('2'#'-&%/,"-1'B#"3#!\eX#%3B#%#;02L&1'2#&1"2&''3#"3#!\eWG#<#3*&%/,'#'4%C?,'#*; #%3#'3&'2?2"-'#V*3'#"3#&1"-#'2%#(%-#&1'#D0B,')#N3&'2?2"-'#h*3'#"3#&1'#+'-&#:"B,%3B-#B'>',*?'B#*3#%#C"4#*; #B"-0-'B#;%2C,%3B#%3B#"3B0-&2"%,#,%3BG#H1"-#-71'C'#/'K%3#("&1#"3B0-&2"%,#'-&%&'-#"3#&1'#'%2,)#!\eX-#/0&#"-#3*(#B*C"3%&'B#/)#&1'#:'22)#I",,#61*??"3K#S'3&2'.#(1"71#(%-#

*>'2#]d.XXX#?'*?,'G#H%9"3K#,*7%,#&2%3-;'2-#"3&*#%77*03&#b%#3*&%/,'#'4%C?,'#/'"3K#&1'#:'22)#I",,#61*??"3K#S'3&2'#"3#&1'#+'-&#:"B,%3B-.#(1"71#,%2K',)#7*3-"-&'B#*; #-&*2'-#(1"71#1%B#2',*7%&'B#;2*C#&1'#3'%2/)#&*(3#*; #D0B,').#*3,)#!d.XXX#3'&#F*/-#1%B#/''3#72'%&'B_#%#?*--"/,'#2'%-*3#(1)#&1'#K*>'23C'3&#/'K%3#&*#?2';'2#02/%3#B'>',*?C'3&#7*2?*2%&"*3-#bB"-70--'B#,%&'2#*3c#%-#"&-#C%"3#>'1"7,'#;*2#02/%3#2'3'(%,G#

H1'# ,**-'3"3K#*; #?,%33"3K#7*3&2*,-#%,-*#?%>'B# &1'#(%)# ;*2# &1'# 2%?"B#7*3-&207&"*3#*; # 2*%B-G#H1'# ^K2'%&#7%2#'7*3*C)[#(%-#&1'#&'2C#0-'B#&*#B'-72"/'#&1'#!\eX[-#?1",*-*?1)#*; #&1'#H1%&71'2#K*>'23C'3&#bJ3#!\\X.#M%B)#H1%&71'2#1%B#?,'BK'B#^&1'#K2'%&#7%2#'7*3*C)[c.#(1'2'#*>'2#'3K"3''2'B#"3;2%-&207&02'#3'&(*29-#%3B#

7%2#%-#%#C'%3-#*; #&2%3-?*2&%&"*3#*>'2#%,,#*&1'2-G#J&#(%-#&1'-'#?*,"7"'-#&1%&#B"2'7&,)#;%>*2'B#&1'#K2*(&1#*; #*0&L*;L&*(3#2'&%",#7'3&2'-#%&#&1'#'4?'3-'#*; #&1'#'-&%/,"-1'B#2'&%",#-'2>"7'-#;*03B#"3#&1'#02/%3#7'3&2'-G#@*,L

<K'37)c.#7*3-&207&"*3#/'K%3#*3#%#30C/'2#*; #&1'-'#-1*??"3K#*0&,'&-G#H1"-#70,C"3%&'B#"3#&1'#/0",B"3K#*; #^R'(?*2&#Z'&%",#T%29[#%3B#^E2"BK'3B#:7<2&102#$,'3[#b(1"71#,"'-#*3#&1'#*0&-9"2&-#*; #S%2B";;.#&(*#F037&"*3-#B*(3#&1'#:gc#"3#&1'#'%2,)#\X[-G#Q0&#*; #7'3&2'#2'&%",#?2*>"-"*3#1%-#'4?%3B'B#2%?"B,)#"3#R'(?*2&#S"&)#*>'2#

S"&)8#I%2>%2B#D'-"K3#671**,#$0"B'#&*#61*??"3K.#%3#'--%)#'3&"&,'B#^Z'-"-&%37'[#7*CC'3&-#*3#&1"-#?2*7'--#

*; #&*(3#^:%,,-[#1%>'#1%B#*3#&1'#02/%3#7'3&2'-.#B2%"3"3K#7*CC'27'#%3B#&2%B'#%3B#72'%&"3K#^R*3LT,%7'-[#&1%&#2'C%"3'B#,%2K',)#'C?&)#03&",#&1'#(''9'3B#*3-,%0K1&#*; #-1*??'2-#%22">'B#b`**,1%%-.#J3%/%.#'&#%,G#WXX!.#]ddcG#H1'#02/%3#?'2"?1'2).#71'%?.#%>%",%/,'#%3B#%77'--"/,'#(%-#%3# "B'%,# ,*7%&"*3#;*2#3'(#-1*??"3K#;*2C%&-# &*#'-&%/,"-1#7*C?'&"&">',)#b`**,1%%-.#J3%/%.#'&#%,G#WXX!.#]d]cG#H1'2'#"-#1*('>'2#;%",02'#1'2'#&*#1*,B#&*#%77*03&#&1'#%271"&'7&02%,#%3B#-*7"%,# ,'K%7)#&1%&#&1'-'#72'%&"*3-#1%>'#,';&#0-#("&1.#%-#)*0#7%3[&#/0",B#%#7*CC03"&)#%2*03B#7%,,L7'3&'2#%3B#-0?'2C%29'&#F*/-#bP*3'-#WX!!cG

E<<#:7<2&102#$,'3.#%#?%2&3'2-1"?#*; #<C'2"7%3#%3B#E2"&"-1#B'>',*?'2-#-9",,'B#%&#C%&'2"%,"V"3K#&1'#<C'2"L7%3#'4?'2"'37'.#B'-72"/'B#&1'C-',>'-#%-#%#i?2*B07&#*; #=3"&'B#6&%&'-#Z'&%","3K#93*(L1*(#F*"3'B#"3#72'%L&">'#7*,,%/*2%&"*3#("&1j*3'#*; # &1'# ,%2K'-&#*(3'2-#*; #2'&%",#-?%7'# "3#$2'%&#E2"&%"3Gk#H1'#%271"&'7&02'# "-#i-'3-"&">',)#B'-"K3'B#&*#72'%&'#"3>"&"3K#-?%7'-#%3B#2"71,)#%&&2%7&">'#-022*03B"3K-kG#Z'K%2B,'--#*; #"&-#*2"K"3-.#:7<2&102#$,'3#D'-"K3'2#Q0&,'&#l",,%K'#E2"BK'3B# 2'-'C/,'-# %3# 1"-&*2"7%,#N02*?'%3#H*(3.# B';037&# *; #%3)#9"3B#*; #70,&02%,#7*33'7&"*3#*; #C'C*2)#%3B#?,%7'#b@"KG!c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b`**,1%%-.#J3%/%.#'&#%,G#WXX!.#]gecG

Literature Review- Unpacking the !eoretical Debates

'F+A.&#@"KG!#:7<2&102#$,'3#61*??"3K#Q0&,'&#E2"BK'3BG#

6*027'8#:7%2&102K,'3#D'-"K3'2#Q0&,'&-

]

Clone-City - Has the Notion of ‘Place’ Been Undermined by Current Models in Retail Planning and DesignLiterature Review- Unpacking the !eoretical Debates

D$.9'7($"%.(%87.9+; 9S.+B@"F.76-"10923O3BW3

H1'#B'7,"3'#*; #&1'#"33'2#7"&)#-**3#/'7%C'#03%>*"B%/,'#&*(%2B-#&1'#'3B#*; #&1'#!\eX[-#(1'3#%#B'7%B'#*; #-)-L

*0&L*;L*(3#2'&%",#B'>',*?C'3&-#('2'#/'7*C"3K#%#2'%,"&)G#H1'2'#(%-#-**3#%#K*>'23C'3&%,#-1";&#"3#*?"3"*3#%3B#?*,"7)#%-#&*#&1'#-0"&%/,'#3%&02'#*; #-071#B'>',*?C'3&-G#H(*#2'K0,%&"*3-#'-&%/,"-1'B#"3#&1'#C"BL!\\X[-#/'LK%3#&*#-,*(#B*(3#,%2K'#C%,,#B'>',*?C'3&G#<#2'>"-"*3#&*#T,%33"3K#T*,"7)#$0"B%37'#R*&'#]#-'&-#%#i-'Y0'3&"%,#

L,*('B#/)#&1'#i'BK'L*; #m&*(3k_#*3,)#(1'3#&1'-'#&(*#%2'%-#?2*>'#03-0"&%/,'#7%3#&1'#-','7&'B#?,%33"3K#%K'37)#

1"K1.#(1%&#7*0,B#2'?,%7'#&1'#-'2>"7'#-'7&*2#/**C.#(1"71#1%B#2'-0,&'B#;2*C#&1'-'#^*0&#*; #&*(3[#,*7%&"*3-5#=2/%3#2'K'3'2%&"*3#-71'C'-#"3#/*&1#N3K,%3B#%3B#+%,'-#('2'#2**&'B#"3#%#?2*7'--#*; #7*C?'&"&">'#/"BB"3K#"3#&1'#!\\X[-#b<,B'3#%3B#6%C#Z*C%)%#!\\gc.#("&1#?2">%&'#-'7&*2#"3>'-&C'3&#,'>'2%K'.#&1'#&%2K'&"3K#*; #%2'%-#*; #3''B#%3B#%3#'C?1%-"-#*3#?%2&3'2-1"?G#<&#%#HST66#bH*(3#%3B#S*03&2)#T,%33"3K#60CC'2#671**,c#C''&"3K#"3#!\\X#&1'#&1'3#T,%33"3K#D"2'7&*2#*; #=2/%3#Z'3'(%,.#+',-1#D'>',*?C'3&#<K'37).#P*13#I#T%>"&&.#7*CLC'3&'B#*3#&1'#7*3-*2&"0C#C*B',.#C'3&"*3"3K#&1%&#"&#%7&'B#i?%2&"70,%2,)#K**B#(1'2'#,*7%,#%0&1*2"&"'-#%2'#-&2*3K.#&1'#+D<#b+',-1#D'>',*?C'3&#<K'37)c#2'-*027'#"-#,"C"&'Bjk#bT%>"&&#!\\XcG#H1"-#C%)#1%>'#/''3#&1'#7%-'#;*2#S%2B";; #/0&#"3#H1%&71'2[-#E2"&%"3#,*7%,#K*>'23C'3&#/'7%C'#72"??,'BG#<&9"3-*3#%3B#+",9-LI''K#%2K0'#&1%&#&1'#%&&'C?&#/)#&1'#H1%&71'2#%3B#:%F*2#K*>'23C'3&-#*; #!\a\L\a#&*#?0-1#,*7%,#K*>'23C'3&#"3&*#

L&"'-#"3#+%,'-#&*#C%9'#,*7%,"V'B#(1*,'#-7%,'#71%3K'-#&*#?,%33"3K#?*,"7)#b<&9"3-*3#%3B#+",9-LI''K#WXXXcG#Z'K'3'2%&"*3#%&&'C?&-#%&#&1"-#&"C'#"3#6*0&1#+%,'-#('2'#7%&'K*2"-'B#/)#%#30C/'2#*; #-0/-&%3&"%,#"3"&"%&">'-#,%0371'B#/)#-077'--">'#6'72'&%2"'-#*; #6&%&'#;*2#+%,'-.#%&#K*>'23C'3&%,#,'>',.#%3B#/)#&1'#,'%B"3K#2*,'#&%9'3#/)#&1'#+D<G#J&#(%-3[&#03&",#&1'#%33*037'C'3&#*; #&1'#6'72'&%2)#*; #6&%&'.#R"71*,%-#NB(%2B-#"3#D'7'C/'2#!\e].#&1%&#&1'#%&&'3&"*3#%3B#;*70-#*; #&1'#+D<#2'&023'B#&*#&1'#02/%3#7'3&2'-#*; #6*0&1#+%,'-G#H1'#72'%&"*3#*; #&1'#S%2B";; #E%)#/%22%K'.#%#-71'C'#&*#^72'%&'[#%#(%&'2;2*3&#'3>"2*3C'3&#&1%&#(*0,B#9"79L-&%2&#&1'#2'K'3L

!\\g.#gd]cG#<,B'3#%3B#Z*C%)%#C%9'#%3#"3&'2'-&"3K#2';'2'37'#&*#&1'#'--'37'#*; #&1'#02/%3#2'K'3'2%&"*3#?2*L7'--#%&#&1"-#&"C'.#&1')#B"-70--#&1'#?2*7'--#*; #&023"3K#%#,"%/","&)#-&207&02'.#'GK#B'2',"7&.#>%7%3&#,%3B#,*7%&'B#"3#%#?2*C"3'3&#?*-"&"*3#"3#%#&*(3#7'3&2'#"3&*#%3#%--'&.#b<,B'3#%3B#6%C#Z*C%)%#!\\gcb@"KGW#f#@"KGdcG#H1"-#1%-#/''3#&1'#C%"3#&%-9#*; #02/%3#2'K'3'2%&"*3#"3"&"%&">'-#"3#+%,'-#b<,B'3#%3B#6%C#Z*C%)%#!\\g.#gdecG#H1'#?2*L

L

%3B#C%29'&"3K#-&2%&'K"'-#"C?,'C'3&'B#/)#&1'#7*3-*2&"0C#*; #,*7%,#%0&1*2"&"'-#%3B#?2">%&'#B'>',*?'2-G#H1'-'#?2">%&'#B'>',*?'2-#('2'#'37*02%K'B#/)#(%)#*; #%#^6&2%&'K"7#D'>',*?C'3&#671'C'[#K2%3&.#2'7'">'B#&12*0K1#&1'#+D<#b+',-1#D'>',*?C'3&#<K'37)cG#J&[-#&1"-#?2*7'--#&1%&#,'B#&*#&1'#2';02/"-1C'3&#%3B#&2%3-;*2C%&"*3#

L%K'# &1'# 2';02/"-1C'3&#*; #C%3)#*&1'2#/0",B"3K-# &1%&#1%B#?2'>"*0-,)# 2'C%"3'B#'C?&)#("&1"3# &1'-'#%2'%-G#H1'#03"3&'3B'B#2'-0,&#*; #&1"-#(%-#&1%&#R'(?*2&#%3B#S%2B";; #/*&1#C%"3&%"3'B#%3#030-0%,,)#1"K1#B'K2''#*; #

*0&B%&'B#%3B#B';037&#/0",B"3K-.#7,'%2'B#&*#C%9'#(%)#;*2#,%2K'2#B'>',*?C'3&-#"C?,'C'3&"3K#C*B'23#-&),'-G#

J3#!\e\.#*3#&1'#/%79#*; #%#30C/'2#*; #?2*/,'C-#/*&1#2%7"%,#%3B#-*7"%,.#;%7"3K#-*7"'&).#&1'#<0B"&#S*CC"--"*3#?0/,"-1'B#%#2'?*2&#'3&"&,'B#=2/%3#Z'K'3'2%&"*3#%3B#N7*3*C"7#D'>',*?C'3&#b<0B"&#S*CC"--"*3#!\e\c.#(1"71#?2*>"B'B#%#2'>"'(#*; #02/%3#?*,"7)#-"37'#!\a\G#H1'#2'?*2&#(%-#72"&"7%,#*; #%#30C/'2#*; #%-?'7&-#*; #H1%&71'2[-#!\eX#-&),'#02/%3#?*,"7)G#6'>'2%,#C%F*2#7*CC'3&%&*2-#('2'#%,-*#?%"3&"3K#7)3"7%,#B'?"7&"*3-#*; #&1'#-&%&'#%3B#';;'7&">'3'--#*; #02/%3#?*,"7).#-*C'#B'-72"/"3K#"33'2#7"&)#?*,"7)#%-#%#71%2%B'#b6&'(%2&#!\eacG

a


'F+A.&9@"KGW#H1'#02/%3#2'K'3'2%L&"*3#?2*7'--8#,"%/","&"'-#"3&*#%--'&-G#6*027'8#<,B'3#%3B#6%C#Z*C%)%#

!\\g

D+=&9@"KGd#JC%K'-#*; #B'2',"7&#/0",B"3K-#%BF%7'3&#&*#-1*?-#('2'#%#7*CC*3#-"K1&#"3#!\eX[-#S%2B";;G#6*027'8#S%2B";; #S*037",#<271">'

e


D02"3K# &1'# ?'2"*B# *; # !\a\# &*# !\\!.# 02/%3# 2'K'3'2%&"*3# ?*,"7)#(%-# %-# B"-&"37&">'# ;2*C# &1%&#(1"71# 1%B#L

?2*%71'-#*; #02/%3#2'K'3'2%&"*3G#J3#2'-?*3-'#&*#&1'#?2*/,'C-#*271'-&2%&'B#/)#&1'#H1%&71'2"&'#?*,"7).#!\eX[-#

*3#?0/,"7L?2">%&'#?%2&3'2-1"?-.#%3#'C?1%-"-#*3#/'&&'2#7*2?*2%&'#C%3%K'C'3&.#&1'#C%2K"3%,"V%&"*3#*; #,*L7%,#K*>'23C'3&#"3#+%,'-#%3B#%#3'(#'C?1%-"-#*3#7*CC03"&)#7*3-0,&%&"*3#(%-#&1'#*0&7*C'#*; #&1"-G#6*0&1#+%,'-#%&#&1"-#&"C'#-0;;'2'B#;2*C#%#,%79#*; #%#7**2B"3%&'B#?*,"7)#%??2*%71.#%#,%79#*; #%#,*3KL&'2C#7*1'2'3&#

LB2'--#&1%&#71%3K'#"-#'3B'C"7#%3B#&1'2'#C0-&#%,(%)-#/'#2%(#'BK'-.#'C?&)#-?%7'-#%3B#*>'2#B'C%3B#bT%>"&&#

'BK'-[#%3B#02/%3#7'3&'2-#-&",,#"3#B'-?'2%&'#3''B#*; #2'>">%,G#H1'#2',"%37'#0?*3#&1"-#C%29'&#;*27'-#%??2*%71#

^2%(#'BK'-[#(",,#';;'7&">',)#2'C%"3#2%(#(1'3#/0-"3'--'-#%2'#';;'7&">',)#K*>'23'B#/)#7*3-0C'2#K'*K2%?1"'-G#S*3-&207&">'#2'3'(%,# "3#7*CC03"&"'-# "-#K'3'2%,,)# "3&'2B'?'3B'3&#*3#%#B',"7%&'#/%,%37'#/'&(''3#C%29'&L

D$.9J$";%9%+9MS.,9@6F+87N2332B3O

?'2"*B#-%3B("71'B#/'&(''3#&1%&#*; #%#,%2K',)#^H1%&71'2"&'[#%3B#^R'(#M%/*02[#?*,"7)#B*C"3%&'B#*3'G#I*(L'>'2#&1"-#"3&'2"C#?'2"*B#1%B#%#,%-&"3K#';;'7&#*3#&1'#?2*7'--#"3#(1"71#^R'(#M%/*02[#(*0,B#%??2*%71#02/%3#2'K'3'2%&"*3#"3#+%,'-.#%3B#-**3#%;&'2#7%2"*0-#7*%,"-&"*3-#"3#&1'#+',-1#<--'C/,)#%;&'2#"&[-#;*2C%&"*3G#+"&1#

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bP*3'-#WX!!cG#H1'#%"C-#*; #&1"-#?'2"*B#"3#!\\!L\a#('2'#&*#?2*B07'#%#-0-&%"3%/,'#"C%K'#*; #2'K'3'2%&"*3.# &*# '4?%3B# %77'--# &*# ?*('2# %3B# &2%3-;*2C# &1'#(%)# &1%&# ,*7%,# K*>'23C'3&# *?'2%&'BG# H(*#?2*C"3'3&#?*,"7"'-#'C'2K'B#*0&#*; #&1"-#?'2"*B8#S"&)#S1%,,'3K'#%3B#&1'#6"3K,'#Z'K'3'2%&"*3#E0BK'&#('2'#

;*2#02/%3#;03B"3K#%3B#%&#&1'#&"C'#(%-#&'2C'B#%#^2'>*,0&"*3#"3#02/%3#?*,"7)[#bD'%9"3#%3B#NB(%2B-#!\\dc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b+',-1#D'>',*?C'3&#<K'37)c#%3B#*&1'2#K*>'23C'3&%,#B'?%2&C'3&-#7*37'23'BG##H1'#02/%3#%K'3B%#C*>'B#*3#%3B#(%-#2'L%--'--'B#("&1#^R'(#M%/*02[#"3#:%)#!\\aG

D$.9'7($"%.(%87.9+; 9E.A+-8%"+*9X9D$.9C7F6*9Y$"%.9L6=.792333B?>>3

+1",'#&1'#&12''#?2'>"*0-#-'7&"*3-#;*70-'B#*3#&1'#?*,"&"7-#%3B#?*,"7)#K'-&02'-#*; #&1'"2#&"C'.#&1'#%271"&'7&02%,#,%3B-7%?'#"3#&1'#"33'2#7"&)#;*2#'%71#*; #&1'-'#?'2"*B-#(%-#,';&#2',%&">',)#0371%3K'BG#H1'#'7*3*C"7#B'7,"3'#*; #&1'#!\eX[-#%3B#-1*2&#2'7'--"*3#*; #&1'#'%2,)#!\\X[-#?2*>"B'B#>'2)#,"&&,'#?2">%&'#"3>'-&C'3&#%3B#&1'#,%79#*; #?0/,"7#-'7&*2#"3>*,>'C'3&#C'%3&#%#-7%,'#*; #2'K'3'2%&"*3#/)#%#;%2#2'B07'B#C'%-02'#&1%3#&1%&#(1"71#('#-%(#"3#&1'#T*-&L+%2#?'2"*B-#*; #'%71#7"&)_#&1"-#(%-#%/*0&#&*#71%3K'#("&1#&1'#%22">%,#*; #H*3)#E,%"2#"3#%#!\\a#,%3B-,"B'#','7&"*3G#H1'#?2*7'--#*; #B'>*,0&"*3#7*3&"30'B#%&#%3#%77','2%&'B#2%&'#'%2,)#*3#"3#&1"-#K*>'23C'3&G#+1",'#67*&-#>*&'B#"3#;%>*02#*; #','7&"3K#&1'"2#*(3#T%2,"%C'3&.#+',-1#>*&'2-#('2'#*3,)#*;;'2'B#%3#<--'C/,).#

\


("&1#;'('2#?*('2-G#H1'#+',-1#<--'C/,)#C%9'-#-0/*2B"3%&'#,'K"-,%&"*3.#(1"71#%,,*(-#;*2#>%2"%&"*3#"3#<7&-#*; #T%2,"%C'3&#"3#+'-&C"3-&'2G#<-#%#2'-0,&#*; #&1"-.#02/%3#2'K'3'2%&"*3#?*,"7)#"3#+%,'-#1%-#K'3'2%,,)#3*&#B'>"L%&'B#;2*C#&1'#N3K,"-1#C*B',#bN>%3-#%3B#P*3'-#WXXe.#W]cG#H1'#+D<#b+',-1#D'>',*?C'3&#<K'37)c#(%-#

&1%&#*; #&1'#N3K,"-1#%3B#67*&&"-1#C*B',#*; #1%>"3K#%#2'K"*3%,#B'>',*?C'3&#%K'37)#("&1#%3#'7*3*C"7#2'-?*3L

&1'#-%C'#02/%3#2'K'3'2%&"*3#7*C?%3)#-&207&02'#%-#N3K,%3BG#R'(?*2&#=3,"C"&'B#(%-#-'&#0?#"3#WXXd#&*#702L&%",#2"-"3K#02/%3#B'7,"3'#("&1"3#&1'#7"&)G#J3#&1"-#"3-&%37'#('#-''#C0,&"?,'#?%2&3'2-#7*C"3K#&*K'&1'2#/0&#("&1#;03B"3K#B"2'7&#;2*C#K*>'23C'3&#2%&1'2#&1%&#%#B'>',*?C'3&#%K'37)G##@2*C#&1'#?'2"*B#!\a\L\a#&1'#&(*#H*2)#

02/%3#7'3&2'-#-0;;'2'B#;2*C#B'2',"7&"*3#%3B#02/%3#B'7,"3'G#+1%&#?*-"&">'#*0&7*C'-# &1'2'#('2'.#/'7%C'#-"C?,)#iJ-,%3B-#*; #?2*-?'2"&).#"3#%#-'%#*; #?*>'2&)k#bH%,,*3#WXX\cG#R'(#';;*2&-#('2'#C%B'#03B'2#M%/*02#%3B#,%&'2#&1'#+',-1#<--'C/,).#(1"71#&**9#%#1*,"-&"7#%??2*%71#&*#02/%3#2'K'3'2%&"*3G#<#2'?*2&#7*CC"--"*3'B#"3#!\\\#%3B#7*C?",'B#/)#Z"71%2B#Z*K'2-#7*CC'3&-#*3#&1'#3''B#;*2#%3#"372'%-'B#7">","&)#%3B#02/%3"&)#("&1"3#*02#7"&"'-#bZ*K'2-#!\\\c.#&1"-#^3''B[#/'7%C'#&1'#;*7%,#?*"3&#%3B#C%"3#B2">'2#;*2#K*>'23C'3&#?*,"7)#&12*0K1L*0&#&1'#R'(#M%/*02#?'2"*BG#H1'#2'?*2&#?2*>"B'B#&1'#/%-"-#;2*C#(1"71#&1'#=2/%3#+1"&'#T%?'2#7*0,B#/'#

L&"C"-C#*; #&1'#?'2"*B#%3B#1%B#%#-&2*3K#,'%3"3K#&*(%2B-#&1'#"C?*2&%37'#*; #1"K1LY0%,"&)#B'-"K3.#03-02?2"-"3K#K">'3#&1'#"3>*,>'C'3&#*; #%#?2*C"3'3&#%271"&'7&#-071#%-#Z"71%2B#Z*K'2-G#E%27',*3%#(%-#?2%"-'B#%-#/'"3K#%#C*B',#*; #02/%3#-077'--.#1"K1#B'3-"&)#"33'2#7"&)#1*0-"3K#7*C/"3'B#("&1#1"K1#-&%3B%2B-#*; #02/%3#B'-"K3#%3B#%#70,&02%,#"B'3&";)G##I*('>'2#"3#&1'#=2/%3#+1"&'#T%?'2.#%,&1*0K1#"37,0B'B.#1"K1#Y0%,"&)#B'-"K3#(%-#K">'3#,'--'2#"C?*2&%37'#/)#&1'#%0&1*2-#"3#7*C?%2"-*3#&*#&1'#3''B#;*2#?%2&3'2-1"?#%3B#%#2'%,,*7%&"*3#*; #?*('2#&*#,*7%,#K*>'23C'3&#"3#&1'#B'7"-"*3LC%9"3K#?2*7'--G#H1'#+1"&'#T%?'2.#"&#%??'%2-.#(%-#F0-&#*3'#71039#*; #%#

';;'7&#*3#&1'#3%&02'#*; #02/%3#2'3'(%,#"3#S%2B";; #%3B#R'(?*2&G#+1%&#('#-''#B02"3K#&1"-#?'2"*B#"-#3'(#,'K"-L,%&"*3#*3#&1'#C*B'23"V%&"*3#*; #,*7%,#%3B#2'K"*3%,#K*>'23C'3&_#3'(#?,%33"3K#K0"B%37'#*3#1*0-"3K.#2'K"*3%,#

%3B#&1'#;*2C%&"*3#*; #02/%3#2'K'3'2%&"*3#7*C?%3"'-#"3#/*&1#S%2B";; #%3B#R'(?*2&G#T%29"3-*3#2'C%29-#*3#

7"&"'-#%2'#-1%?'B.#C%3%K'B#%3B#K*>'23'BG#bT%29"3-*3#WXX!cG#<-#%#2'-0,&#*; #C%3)#*; #&1'-'#3'(#?*,"7"'-.#&1'#-?%&"%,#%271"&'7&02'#*; #02/%3#?*,"7)#(%-#2'(2"&&'3G#+1%&'>'2#"&-#C'2"&-#*2#,"C"&%&"*3-.#&1'2'#7%3#-02',)#/'#3*#B"-%K2''C'3&#&1%&#&1"-#%22%3K'C'3&#(%-#%3B#1%-#/'7*C'#"31'2'3&,)#03-&%/,'#bT%29"3-*3#WXX!cG

H1'#6-!%&</7%27B&+%27C)2%(//%2')#2'?*2&#bZ*K'2-#!\\\c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bZ*K'2-#!\\\cG#:"4"3K#"-#3*&#*3,)#%/*0&#%K'.#'&13"7"&).#;%C",)#-&207&02'#%3B#"37*C'#/0&#%,-*#C*2'#%/*0&#C"4"3K# ,">'O(*29O?,%)# b@"KGgcG# J&# (%-# &1"-# ;*2C# *; # 2'K'3'2%&"*3#C'&1*B*,*K).# ,'B# /)# %2K0C'3&-#*; #7*CC0&'2#B"-&%37'-#%3B#-0-&%"3%/","&)#&1%&#?2*>"B'B#/*&1#S%2B";; #%3B#R'(?*2&#("&1#"&-#>"-"*3#*; #02L/%3#B">'2-"&).#%,/'"&#B'2">%&">'-#*; #%,2'%B)#&2"'B#%3B#&'-&'B#?2*F'7&-.#-071#%-#&1'#M">'2?**,#(%&'2;2*3&G#J&#"-#"C?*2&%3&#&*#3*&'#1'2'#&1'#7*22',%&"*3#/'&(''3#Z*K'2-[#2'?*2&#%3B#&1'#(*29#*; #P%3'#P%7*/-.#(1*#%2K0'-#&1%&.#&1'#7*C?2'1'3-">'#3%&02'#*; #7*3&'C?*2%2)#?,%33"3K#-71'C'-#('2'#"37%?%/,'#*; #?2*>"B"3K#-0"&%/,'#K2*03B-# ;*2#B">'2-"&)# bP%7*/-# !\]!c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

!X


-&2''&#70,&02'.#7*>'2'B#/)#%#2',"%37'#*3#-?'7&%&*2#-?*2&-_#&1'# "3B0-&2"%,#%2'%-#*; #/*&1#7"&"'-#1%>'#/'7*C'#%2'%-#;*2#7*3-0C?&"*3G#H1'#*0&7*C'#1'2'#"-#-''3#&*#/'#&1'#'2*-"*3#*; #&1'#B"-&"37&">'3'--#%3B#B">'2-"&)#*; #70,&02'#("&1"3#&1'#7"&)G#H1'#C"4'B#(*29O,">'O?,%)#'3>"2*3C'3&#"-#%"C'B#B"2'7&,)#%&#&1*-'#("&1#&1'#2'-*027'-#&*#'3F*)#&1'CG#H1"-#1%-#72'%&'B#B"-?%2"&)#"3#&1'#7"&)#b+'3&#WXXWcG#J&#"-#("&1"3#&1"-#7*C?,'4#'3>"2*C'3&#&1%&#&1'#-%,%2"'B#',"&'#'3F*)#&1'#7"&).#(1",-&#&1'#-'C"#-%,%2"'B#%-?"2'#&*#B*#-*.#%3B#&1'#2'C%"3B'2#%2'#'47,0B'B.#%,C*-&#B';'%&"3K#&1'#*2"K"3%,#*/F'7&">'-#&1%&#('2'#-'&#*0&.#"3#&'2C-#*; #%#K2'%&'2#7">","&)#("&1"3#&1'#7"&).#%-#"&#(%-#&1"-#-*7"%,#K2*0?#&1%&#*2"K"3%,,)#"31%/"&'B#&1'#7"&)G#l"*,'37'#"-#2'Y0"2'B#&*#/0",B#&1'#3'(#02/%3#(*2,B#*3#&1'#(2'79%K'#*; #&1'#*,B.#&12*0K1#-02?,0-#%/-*2?&"*3.#&12*0K1#02/%3#&2%3-;*2C%&"*3#%3B#&1'#2'C*>%,#*; #&1'#^?**2[G##<-#I%0--C%33#&*2'#&12*0K1#&1'#*,B#T%2"-"%3#-,0C-.#0-"3K#?*('2-#*; #'4?2*?2"%&"*3#"3#&1'#3%C'#*; #

%&#%#2'B07'B#-7%,'G#J3#&1'#7%-'-#*; #T%2"-#%3B#?'21%?-#Z*/'2&#:*-'-[#^C'%&#%4'#&*#&1'#E2*34[#('#-''#2',%L&"*3-#("&1#&1'#C*B'23#2'/2%3B"3K#*; #^H"K'2#E%)[#&*#^S%2B";; #E%)[#%3B#&1'#7,'%2"3K#*; #7*037",#2'-"B'37"'-G#<#?2*K2'--"*3#*; #?2*?'2&)#-?'70,%&"*3#%3B#&1'#-*2&"3K#*; #,%3BL0-'#%77*2B"3K#&*#2%&'#*; #2'&023#;*2#&1'#^1"K1'-&#?2"7'#%3B#/'-&#0-'[#bI%2>')#WXXec#"-#3*(#2'K%2B'B#%-#&1'#3*2CG#<271"&'7&02'#%3B#02/%3#?,%33"3K#?*,"7"'-#*; #&1'#?*,"&"7%,#',"&'#B*C"3%&'.#-'>'2"3K#&1'#B("3B,"3K#%&&%71C'3&-#&1'#7"&)#C%)#1%>'#*37'#1%B#&*#"&-#-*7"%,#

'F+A.&#@"KGg#6DW.#S%2B";;.#/"K#2'&%",#"3&'2,"39'B#("&1#,">'O?,%)#%2'%-G#6*027'8#<0&1*2-#*(3

!!


'F+A.&9I%0--C%33-#(*29-#%3B#S%2B";; #

E%)G#Z'%,,*7%&"*3#*; #7%?&"%,#&12*0K1#02/%3#(*29-G#6*027'8#<0&1*2-#*(3

!W


C7F6*9!.*.,6-9?>>3BL7.1.*%

*0&#%3#"B'3&"&)#/0&#B*"3K#-*#>"%#&1'#?2*7'--#*; #%#02/%3#2'3'(%,#?2*K2%C#("&1#&1'#+%,'-#:",,'33"0C#S'3&2'#b?"7&02'B#@"KG]c#/'"3K#&1'#72*(3"3K#K,*2)#"3#%#C0,&"&0B'#*; #-"3K0,%2#?2*F'7&-#&1%&#%--"-&'B#"3#&1'#'37%?-0,%&"*3#*; #&1'#S%2B";; #E%)#2'K'3'2%&"*3#?2*K2%CG#H1'#+%,'-#:",,'33"0C#S'3&2'#(%-#S%2B";; [-#%&&'C?&#%&#"&[-#*(3#E",/%*#%3B#&*#-*C'#'4&'3&#"&#-077''B'B.#"; #>"-"&*2#30C/'2-#%2'#%3)&1"3K#&*#K*#/)G#I*('>'2#"&#1%-#/'7*C'#

L&"*3#"-#;*27"3K#2'K"*3%,#'7*3*C"'-#&*#;*70-#0?*3#7*C?'&"&">'3'--#%-#%#9')#'7*3*C"7#?*,"7)#&**,G#H1'#^1%2B#/2%3B"3K[#*; #S%2B";; #%3B#"&[-#2',"%37'#*3#'>'3&-#"-#2'K%2B'B#%-#-)C/*,"7#*; #&1'#3%&02'#*; #7*C?'&"&">'#7"&"'-#"3#%#K,*/%,"V'B#(*2,BG#+1'3#7"&"'-#-&2">'#&*#K%"3#&1'#%&&'3&"*3#*; #C0,&"3%&"*3%,#7*2?*2%&"*3-.#&*02"-&-.#%3B#?*L&'3&"%,#"31%/"&%3&-.#&1')#3''B#&*#'-&%/,"-1#%#C%29'&L*2"'3&%&'B#?,%33"3K#?2*7'--#&*#B">'2-";)#&1'"2#'7*3*C"7#

R'(?*2&-#7%-'.#"&#1%-#/''3#*3#&1'#2'7'">"3K#'3B#*; #&1"-#^7*C?'&'#*2#B"'#3%&02'[G#+"&1#3'"&1'2#&1'#'7*3*C"7#;*27'#3*2#?*,"&"7%,#7,*0&#"&#1%-#/'7*C'#%#>"7&"C#*; #C%29'&#;*27'-G#H1'#"B'%#*; #-*7"%,#B"-?%2"&)#"3#B'-"K3"3K#

-0;;'2"3K#'7*3*C"7%,,)#%-#%#2'-0,&.#&1'#1"K1'-&#2%&'#*; #2'&%",#7,*-02'-#"3#&1'#7*03&2).#?2'-'3&'B#/)#&1'#B%&%#/'L,*(#B"-?,%)"3K#?2"C'#2'&%",#2'3&-#"3#S%2B";;.#S(C2/%3#%3B#R'(?*2&#b@"KG]c.#bS*,,"'2-#J3&'23%&"*3%,#WX!X.#eWcG#

'F+A.&#@"KG]#Z'&%",#Z'3&-#"3#S%2B";;.#R'(?*2&#%3B#S(C/2%3G#6*027'8#S*,,"'2-#J3&'23%&"*3%,

!d


H1'# 7*3-&207&"*3#*; # -"K3%&02'#/0",B"3K-# b@"KGac# "3#S%2B";; # %3B# &1'# 7,'%2"3K#*; #S%2B";; #E%)# &*#B2">'# 0?#,%3B#>%,0'-#1%>'#72'%&'B#%# ^;%3&%-)#7"&)[G# bN>%3-#%3B#P*3'-#WXXecG#+1'2'#&1'#-"K3%&02'#/0",B"3K#%7&-#%-#%#^H2*F%3#1*2-'[#"3#*2B'2#&*#?0,,#"3#"3>'-&C'3&#%3B#&*02"-C#bI%&1'2,')#WX!Xc#2',)"3K#*3#&1'#?'27'">'B#^E",L/%*#N;;'7&[#&*#&%9'#1*,BG#<K%"3.#"3#&1"-#"3-&%37'#R'(?*2&#,%79-#&1'#2'-*027'-#&*#'C0,%&'#&1"-#%3B#"3-&'%B#1%-#-','7&'B#%#-7%,'B#B*(3#>'2-"*3#*; #02/%3#2'K'3'2%&"*3#b@"KGec# &1%&# ,%79-#&1'#7*L*2B"3%&"*3.#B"2'7&"*3.#

B"2'7&-# &1'#M*3B*3#671**,#*; #N7*3*C"7-#7"&"'-#?2*K2%C#%2K0'-.#i&1'2'# "-#%#B%3K'2# &1%&# &1'-'#/0",B"3K-#(",,#/'#-''3# "3# "-*,%&"*3Gk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b`,"3KC%33#

('#-''#"3#R'(?*2&#"-#%3#"37*1'2'3&#02/%3#?,%3.#("&1#&1'#Z">'2;2*3&#<2&-#S'3&2'#%&#&1'#1',CG#Z'K'3'2%L

LF'7&#"-#3*&#%,(%)-#&1'#/'-&#*?&"*3#/'7%0-'#"&#(*29'B#"3#%3*&1'2#7"&).#%3B#"-#3*&#%#&2%3-;'2%/,'#%--'&G#+1%&#(*29'B# "3#E",/%*# b&1'# /'-&# 93*(3# '4%C?,'# *; # %# "7*3# B2">'3# 02/%3# 2'K'3'2%&"*3#?2*F'7&c# -''C-#3*&# &*#/'#(*29"3K#"3#*&1'2#7"&"'-#&*#&1'#-%C'#B'K2''#"; #&1'#-077'--#*; #C%3)#*&1'2#-71'C'-#('2'#&*#/'#%--'-'BG#J&#(%-#$'12)#1"C-',; #&1%&#-%"B#&1'#i/*%&#1%-#-%",'B.#%271"&'7&-#('2'#&*#,%&'#&**#,%&'.k#b`,"3KC%33#WX!XcG

Q3'#7%3#B'B07'# &1%&#?*,"7)#1%-#72'%&'B#%BL1*7#%271"&'7&02'#("&1"3#/*&1#7"&"'-G#E0&#(1%&#?2*7'--# ,'B# &*#&1'#B'7"-"*3-#&1%&#('2'#C%B'5#J3#&'2C-#*; #2'&%",.# &1'#?*,"7)#S%2B";; #1%-#03B'2&%9'3#%3B#R'(?*2&# "-# "3L&'3B"3K#&*#?02-0'#1%-#%2K0%/,)#2'-0,&'B# "3#%# ,*--#*; #B"-&"37&">'3'--G#$,%--.#-&'',.#%3B#7*372'&'#/,%3B3'--#3*(#%B*23-#71%"3#-&*2'-#b&1'#1*C*K'3"V'B#71",B#*; #K,*/%,"V%&"*3#%3B#7*?)7%&#%271"&'7&02'c#%&# &1'#1'%2&#

L2"?1'2).#(1'2'#-'>'2"3K#^"B'3&"&)[#%3B#^?,%7'3'--[#(%-#9')G#H1'-'#-&*2'-#1%>'#3*(#2'?,%7'B#&1'#-C%,,'2#,*7%,#2'&%",'2-#"3#&1'#7"&)G#<#B'K2''#*; #-&'2","&)#3*(#'4"-&-#"3#/*&1#S%2B";; #%3B#R'(?*2&_#"B'%,#-'&&"3K-#&1'#RN@#%2K0'#;*2#%#^-&2"3K#*; #/"K.#7,*3'#&*(3#2'&%",'2-[#bR'(#N7*3*C"7-#@*03B%&"*3#WXXgcG#<-#C'3&"*3'B#'%2,"'2#"&#(*0,B#/'#%#C"-&%9'# &*#/',"'>'# &1%&#E",/%*[-#-077'--#7*0,B#/'#2'?'%&'B#/)#7,*3"3K# "&-# &"&%3"0C#2"//*3-#"3#'>'2)#70,&02'G#H1"-#?2*7'--#7%3#C%)/'#/'#-0CC%2"V'B#/)#&1'#E2%V","%3#?1",*-*?1'2#NB0%2B*#T*2&',,%8

5D7',-2)<7'*,#*&)7(/7%27%+-&#)<7'*,#*&);7+)'%*/)7!$)27%7'*,#*&)7')%/)/7#-7+)7(2#)&<)0)2<)2#;7(#7')%/)/7#-7+)7%7'*,#*&)"A#

L&'3-">',)#/)#'4&'23%,#;*27'-.#/'#&1')#%2&"-&"7.#?*,"&"7%,#*2#-*7"*L'7*3*C"7%,G#J; #?02"-&#%271"&'7&02'#"-#&*#-02>">'.#&1'3#"&#C0-&#-02>">'#"3#&1'#(%)#&1%&#"&#"-#2'Y0"2'B#&*#B*#-*#/)#-*7"'&)G#J&#"-#("&1"3#&1'-'#-*7"'&%,#?%2%C'&'2-#&1%&#J#/%-'#C)#&1'-"-.#'4%C"3"3K#*3#&1'#C"72*#-71'C%&"7#-7%,'#1*(#W!-&#7'3&02)#7*3-0C'2"-&#"B'%,-#1%>'#

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

!g


D+=&#@"KGa###S%2B";; [-#:",,'33"0C#H1'%&2'#6*027'8#+',-1#<2&-#S*CLC"-"*3

'F+A.&#@"KGe#R'(?*2&[-#Z">'2;2*3&#<2&-#H1'%2&2'#6*027'8#<0&1*2-#*(3

-0&1$/%*2B

C++#$/%)#D

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

H1'#B'L"3B0-&2"%,"V%&"*3#*; #+',-1#&*(3-#%3B#7"&"'-#(%-#%3#'4%7&"3K#/,*(#*3#%3#%,2'%B)#-&20KK,"3K#'7*3*C).#(1"71#,';&#/*&1#7"&"'-#("&1#-&20KK,"3K#02/%3#7'3&'2-G#+"&1#-C%,,L-7%,'#?2">%&'#*2#?0/,"7#-'7&*2#"3&'2>'3&"*3-#&1'#?2*7'--#*; #2'K'3'2%&"*3#(%-#7'3&'2'B#*3#%#C0,&"#;%7'&'B#,*7%,#'7*3*C)_#-C%,,#/0-"3'--'-.#?0/,"7#%3B#-'2>"7'#-'7&*2-.#2'&%","3K#%3B#B"3"3K#%,,#/'7%C'#&1'#-&%?,'-#*; #&1'#'7*3*C"7#*0&?0&#*; #/*&1#7"&"'-.#("&1#^/"K#

&1'#"33'2#7"&)#2'C%"3'B#",,#-0"&'B#;*2#&1'-'#-?%7'#103K2)#7*2?*2%&"*3-G#J&#"-#("&1"3#&1"-#%271'&)?%,#7*3&'4&#&1%&#('#-''#&1'#2'L'C'2K'37'#*; #%#03",%&'2%,#'7*3*C"7#;*27'#("&1"3#&1'#7">"7#'3>"2*3C'3&G#H1'#^'4?'2"'37'#'7*3*C)[#%&#&1'#B%(3#*; #&1'#W!-&#7'3&02)#(%-#&*#/'#&1'#-*,'#-?%&"%,#?2*?2"'&*2#*; #&1'-'#&(*#+',-1#7"&"'-.#("&1#^2'&%",[#'3&'2"3K#%&#&1'#1',C#%-#&1'#C%"3#-&),"-&"7#%3B#"3;2%-&207&02%,#C*B',G#H1'-'#-?%7'-#*; #7*3-0C?L

WX!X.# e\cG#<,*3K#("&1# &1"-#3''B# ;*2# ^?,%7'#C%29'&"3K[# "&# 1%-#/''3# %2K0'B# &1%&# &1"-#1%-# ,'B# &*# %3# '2%#*; #"3&'2L%2'%#7*C?'&"&">'3'--#/'&(''3#R'(?*2&#%3B#S%2B";; #bI**?'2#%3B#T03&'2#WXXac#("&1#E2"-&*,#%72*--#&1'#N3K,"-1#/*2B'2#%,-*#*;;'2"3K# "&-',; # &*#&1'#'Y0%&"*3G#J&# "-# &1"-#3''B#;*2#7*C?'&"&">'3'--#&1%&#1%-#/''3#&1'#B2">'2#;*2#?,%7'#C%29'&"3K#%3B#&1'#'C'2K'37'#*; #^/2%3B10/-[.#(1"71#1%-#%,,*('B#C*-&#3*&%/,)#S%2B";; #&*#7*C?'&'#C*2'#';;'7&">',)#"3#&1'#N02*?'%3#C%29'&G#<-#?%2&#*; #&1'#7*C?'&"&">'3'--#B2">'.#7"&)#C%3%K'2-#%2'#"372'%-"3K,)#?2'*770?"'B#("&1#?2*C*&"3K#&1'"2#,*7%,#%--'&-#m#"3#(1%&#1%-#/''3#&1'C'B#%-#^?,%7'#(%2-[#

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eX[-#"3#&1'#=6<#bI**?'2#%3B#T03&'2#WXXac_#"&#2';'22'B#&*#&1'#'C'2K'37'#*; #%#B";;'2'3&#-&),'#*; #02/%3#

!]


C%3)#<C'2"7%3#7"&"'-#bN>%3-#%3B#P*3'-#WXXecG#:%)*2-#3''B'B#3'(#(%)-#&*#K'3'2%&'#C03"7"?%,#2'>'30'-G#

;*70-'B#*3#?%2&"70,%2#?2*F'7&-#(1"71#&1')#7*,,'7&">',)#%K2''B#&*#?2*C*&'G#6*C'#*; #&1'-'#9')#?2*F'7&-#/'L7%C'#93*(3#%-#02/%3#K2*(&1#7*%,"&"*3-#*2#K2*(&1#C%71"3'-G#M'K"&"C"V"3K#%3B#-C**&1"3K#&1'#?2*K2'--#*; #&1'-'#?2*F'7&-#/2"3K-#7*3-0,&%3&-.#%7%B'C"7-#%3B#?0/,"7#2',%&"*3-#?,%)'2-#"3&*#&1'#7*%,"&"*3G#=3B'2#-,"K1&,)#B";;'2'3&#7"270C-&%37'-.#/0&#,%2K',)#"3#&1'#-%C'#-?"2"&.#&1'"2#'C'2K'37'#"3#&1'#=`#2'?2'-'3&'B#%#7*%,"&"*3#*; #,*7%,#"3&'2'-&-.#("&1#'%71#?,%)'2#C%"3&%"3"3K#&1'"2#*(3#"3&'2'-&-#/0&#%,-*#?02-0"3K#%#7*CC*3#'7*3*C"7#K2*(&1#%K'3B%.#%3B#/'7*C"3K#B*C"3%3&#%7&*2-#"3#,*7%,#'7*3*C"7#B'>',*?C'3&G#E2"&"-1#K*>'23C'3&-.#;2*C#H1%&71'2#&*#E,%"2#1%>'#%7&">',)#'37*02%K'B#&1'#;*2C%&"*3#*; #&1'-'#,*7%,#%,,"%37'-#"3#*2B'2#&*#/**-&#7"&"'-[#,*7%,#'7*3*C"7#B'>',*?C'3&#;*2&03'-G#H1"-#"372'%-"3K#?2'*770?%&"*3#("&1#^/**-&'2"-&[#?*,"7"'-#(*0,B#-0KL

M"/'2%,"-&#"B'%,-#*; #7">"7#02/%3#B'-"K3G

S.+B@"F.76-9<+0=.%"%"A.*.1196*/9L7+0+%"+*

<3#"C?*2&%3&#?*"3&#*; #2';'2'37'#(1'3#%3%,)V"3K#&1'#7"&)#"-#&1'#2*,'#&1%&#^"C%K'[#1%-#1%B#&*#?,%)#"3#?2*C*&L

J3#&2%3-,%&"3K#C%29'&"3K#&1'*2)#&*#?,%7'-.#7"&"'-#%2'#7*37'">'B#%-#%3*&1'2#7%?"&%,"-&#?2*B07&#"3#&1%&#&1')#%2'#2'LB'-"K3'B.#?%79%K'B#%3B#&1'3#C%29'&'B.#-*,B#*2#&2%B'B#%-#7*CC*B"&"'-#&*#7*3-0C'2-#"3#%#C%29'&?,%7'G#J3#&1"-#?2*7'--#&1'2'#"-#%#9')#2*,'#;*2#?0/,"7#?*,"7)#"3#1',?"3K#&*#%B%?&#%3B#B";;'2'3&"%&'#&1'#?2*B07&#-*#%-#&*#-&%3B#*0&#;2*C#&1'#72*(BG#S'3&2%,#&*#&1"-#"-#?2*B07&#71%3K'8#1'2'#7"&"'-.#*2#C*2'#%7702%&',)#?%2&"70,%2#?%2&-#*; #&1'C.#%2'#?1)-"7%,,)#2'B'>',*?'B#b*2#̂ C%B'#*>'2[c#*;&'3#"3&*#2'&%",#C'K%-7%?'-#&*#/**-&#'4&'23%,#"C%K'#>"%#

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bN>%3-#%3B#P*3'-#WXXe.#g!acG#+'#-''#&1"-#"3#6*0&1#+%,'-#(1'2'#&1'2'#1%-#/''3#%#B";;0L-"*3#*; #&1'#'4"-&"3K#','C'3&-.#"3#&'2C-#*; #&1'#?,%33"3K#K0"B%37'#*3#02/%3#B'-"K3#%3B#%271"&'7&02%,#','C'3&-G#E*&1#&1'#%271"&'7&-#*; #&1'#@2"%2-#+%,9#%3B#6&#D%>"B-#H(*#-71'C'-#7*3B07&'B#%3#'4&'3-">'#-&0B)#*; #*&1'2#

;*2#*2"K"3%,"&)#(1'3#C%3)#*; #&1'#-%C'#-&),'-.#&'713"Y0'-#%3B#','C'3&-#%2'#&1'3#,%&'2#0-'B#"3#/*&1#7"&"'-#("&1#%#7'2&%"3#B"-2'K%2B#;*2#7*3&'4&5#J3#%3#"3&'2>"'(#("&1#R"K',#I%3-*3#*; #S%2B";; #S"&)#S*037",#1'#-&%&'-8

5=27#)&4/7-8 7!%2#(2.7('-2('7%&'$(#)'#*&);7!)7<(<7%7#&%!,;7-279%&(-*/70&-E)'#/72%#(-2%,,37%2<7(2#)&2%#(-2%,,3;7,--1(2.7%#7%72*4+)&7-8 7<(88)&)2#7/'$)4)/7(27#$)74%&1)#""""7#$(/7!%/7<-2)7+)8-&)70*##(2.70)27#-70%0)&7&)%,,3"A

R"K',#I%3-*3.#S%2B";; #S'3&2%,#T,%33"3K#

+1'3#)*0#72"&"Y0'#&1'-'#?2*F'7&-#"&#/'7*C'-#7,'%2#&1%&#?,%33'2-#%3B#?*,"7)#C%9'2-#3*(#2'K%2B#&1'"2#7"&L"'-#%-#7*CC*B"&"'-G#H*#2'K%2B#7"&"'-#%-#7%?"&%,"-&#7*CC*B"&"'-# &1%&#7%3#/'#B'-"K3'B.#%B%?&'B#%3B#-*,B# "-#-"C?,"-&"7.#/'7%0-'#&1')#%2'#&*&%,,)#B";;'2'3&#'3&"&"'-.#&1'#7"&)#B*'-#3*&#'4"-&#%-#%#?2*B07&G#J&#"-#3*&#-"C?,)#%3#'7*3*C"7#'3&"&)8#2%&1'2#"&#'C/2%7'-#%3B#'C/*B"'-#%#C0,&"&0B'#*; #-*7"%,.#70,&02%,.#'7*3*C"7.#?*,"&"7%,.#"3-&"L

?*-&L"3B0-&2"%,#02/%3#7*2'-#('#1%>'#-''3#&1'#'C'2K'37'#%#K2*("3K#30C/'2#*; #7*3-0C?&"*3#-?%7'-#*>'2#&1'#?%-&#B'7%B'G#J3#/*&1#R'(?*2&#%3B#S%2B";; #&1'#&2%3-;'2#;2*C#%#?02',)#2'&%",#,'B#;037&"*3#"3&*#%#7*3-0C?&"*3#

!a

Boosterism

"3#R'(?*2&#&*B%).#%#7"&)#&1%&#-''C"3K,)#;%",'B#&*#%B%?&#&*#&1'#71%3K"3K#B)3%C"7#"3#2'&%",.#"&#-0;;'2'B#(1",-&#'3K%K'B#"3#7*C?'&"&"*3#("&1#&(*#*; #"&[-#C%F*2#2">%,-#S%2B";; #%3B#E2"-&*,G#R'(?*2&#*37'#%&&2%7&'B#2'&%",'2-#%3B#?2*>"B'B#-?%7'-#/%-'B#0?*3#%#7">"7.#l"7&*2"%3#-&2''&-7%?'#1*('>'2#&1'#,%79#*; #%B%?&%&"*3#%3B#7*CL

*; #&*(3#-1*??"3K#?%29#%&#6?)&&)#%-#%3#%,&'23%&">'G#H1'#2'%-*3#1"K1,"K1&'B#3'%&,)#/)#%#2'7'3&#Y0*&'#;2*C#%#-?*9'-(*C%3#;*2#&1'#6('B"-1#7,*&1"3K#2'&%",'2#If:_

6?*9'-(*C%3#;*2#If:.#R'(?*2&

+1'3#"&#7%3#/'#?2*>"B'B#"&#"-#%2K0'B#&1%&#2'&%",.#&1'#%2&-#%3B#'3&'2&%"3C'3&#%2'#3*(#?,%)"3K#%3#"372'%-"3K,)#?">*&%,#2*,'#"3#&1'#70,&02%,#2'K'3'2%&"*3#*; #7"&"'-#%3B#"3#7*3-&207&"3K#7"&)#"C%K'-.#T%0,#H%2,"3K#*; #R'(?*2&#=3,"C"&'B#C%B'#"&#7,'%2#"3#*02#B"-70--"*38

56$)7(2(#(%,7/'$)4)7)29(/%.)<7%74*,#(7/#-&)37&)/(<)2#(%,7+,-'17/(##(2.7%+-9)7#$)7&)#%(,7%2<7)2#)&#%(24)2#7 '-&);7!(#$7%7 ',)%&7 )40$%/(/7+)(2.7-27%##&%'#(2.7 )2#&)0&)2)*&(%,7 /#*<)2#/7-&7F'&)%#(9)G7',%//)/7#-7H)!0-&#"A

T%0,#H%2,"3K.#D'>',*?C'3&#S*3-0,&%3&.#R'(?*2&#=3,"C"&'B

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

/2%3B"3K#%3B#C%29'&"3K#-&2%&'K"'-#*0&,"3'B#/)#*&1'2#7"&"'-#"3#&1'"2#2'K"*3.#';;'7&">',)#72'%&"3K#%#7,*3'B#02/%3#L

V%&"*3#%,-*#2'Y0"2'-#%#70,&02%,#;%7'#%3B#&1"-#"-#?2*>"B'B#/)#&1'#'>'3&-#-)3B2*C'G#H1'#:",,'33"0C#6&%B"0C#b0-'B#;*2#-?*2&"3K.#C0-"7%,#%3B#*&1'2#C%F*2#'>'3&-c#%3B#&1'#2'7'3&,)#*?'3'B#+%,'-#:",,'33"0C#S'3&2'#b,*7%L&"*3#;*2#1"K1#%2&-.#C0-"7%,-#%3B#*&1'2#70,&02%,#'>'3&-c#"3#S%2B";; #%3B#&1'-'#/*&1#C"C"79'B#/)#&1'#Z">'2;2*3&#H1'%&'2#%3B#<2&-#S'3&'2#"3#R'(?*2&G#H1'-'#%2'#'--'3&"%,,)#"7*3-#*; #'3&'2&%"3C'3&#%3B#1"K1#70,&02'.#72'%&'B#&*#%7&#%-#%#7'3&'2?"'7'#;*2#'"&1'2#7"&"'-#2'&%",#2'K'3'2%&"*3#-&2%&'K"'-G#J&#"-#("&1#2'&%",#&1%&#&1'#1%2B#/2%3B"3K#*; #K,*/%,#%2&-#%3B#'3&'2&%"3C'3&#2'K'3'2%&"*3#?2*7''B-#%-#%#C'%3-#&*#%&&2%7&#&*02"-C.#%3B#1%-#/'7*C'#&1'#^70,&02%,#7*C?*3'3&#*; #K,*/%,"V%&"*3[#bN>%3-#%3B#P*3'-#WXXe.#g!aL!\cG#

T'21%?-#&1'#C*-&#"C?*2&%3&#%-?'7&#*; #^?,%7'#C%29'&"3K[#7*37'23-#&1'#>'2)#^?'27'?&"*3[#*; #?,%7'8#"C%K'-.#

%3B#&1'"2#%7&"*3-#&*(%2B-#"&#%3B#&1'#?'*?,'#&1%&#"31%/"&#"&G#$">'3#&1"-.#7"&"'-#C0-&#%KK2'--">',)#C%29'&#&1'CL

B"'[#?2"37"?,'-#*; #K,*/%,"V%&"*3G#T,%33'2-#1%>'#%,C*-&#&2%3-;*2C'B#&1'C-',>'-#"3&*#2'&%",'2-.#K2%-?"3K#&1'"2#?2*B07&.#7*3-&207&"3K#3'(#B'>',*?C'3&-#&1%&#'4"-&#%-#&%",*2'B.#'C/,'C%&"7#%3B#-','7&">'#"C%K'-#bB2%("3K#0?*3#?2*B07&#71%3K'#%3B#70,&02%,#&2%3-;*2C%&"*3c#&*#2'?,%7'#*,B#%3BO*2#3'K%&">'#*3'-#"3#*2B'2#&*#B'>',*?#%#B)3%C"7#%3B#%??'%,"3K#?'27'?&"*3.#%#?'27'?&"*3#*; #^03"Y0'#?,%7'#"B'3&"&)[G#+'#-''#&1"-#"3#R'(?*2&#(1'2'#

-''C-#&*#/'#%(%2'#*; #&1'#?'27'">'B#"C?*2&%37'#*; #%3#"7*3"7#-&207&02'#%3B#"3#WXXe#?2'--'B#%1'%B#("&1#&1'#7*3-&207&"*3#*; #%#;**&/2"BK'#&*#2'C'B)#&1"-.#,"39"3K#&1'#&(*#/%39-#*; #&1'#Z">'2#=-9#"3#&1'#7'3&'2#*; #&1'#

7*3&2*>'2-)#-022*03B"3K#R'(?*2&[-#;**&/2"BK'#"-#&1%&#"&#,'%B-#&*#3*(1'2'#'--'3&"%,,).#"3#&1'#-'3-'#&1%&#&1'#

!e

Clone-City - Has the Notion of ‘Place’ Been Undermined by Current Models in Retail Planning and DesignBoosterism

*&1'2#-"B'#*; #&1'#Z">'2#"-#03B'>',*?'B#%3B#&1'2'#'4"-&#3*#?,%3-#&*#B*#-*G#H1'#'4"-&"3K#/2"BK'.#&(*#103B2'B#C'&'2-#;02&1'2#B*(32">'2#2'C%"3-#%C?,'#'3*0K1#/0&.#%-#C'3&"*3'B#,%79-#&1'#^"7*3"7[#"C%K'#&1%3#'3%/,'-#&1'#/2%3B"3K#&*#?2*7''B#&*#%&&2%7&#3'(#>"-"&*2-#%3B#"3>'-&C'3&G#

5>(#$7&).%&</7#-7#$)7+&(<.);7!)7!%2#)<7#-7'&)%#)7%27(4%.);7%2<7(#7(/7*/)<7-274*'$7-8 7-*&7,(#)&%#*&)72-!7%,-2.7!(#$7#$)7+*/(2)//7/'$--,"A

T%0,#H%2,"3K.#D'>',*?C'3&#S*3-0,&%3&.#R'(?*2&#=3,"C"&'B

D+=&#@"KG\#T'B'-&2"%3#@**&/2"BK'.#R'(?*2&#6*027'8#<0&1*2-#*(3

'F+A.&#@"KG!X#:",,'3"0C#E2"BK'.#M*3B*3#6*027'8#<0&1*2-#*(3

!\

Boosterism

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b:%2>"3#%3B#$2%L1%C#WXX!.#!!c.#2'"&'2%&"3K#%2K0C'3&-#C%B'#'%2,"'2#"3#&1"-#&1'-"-#*; #1*(#7022'3&#?2%7&"7'-#"3#02/%3#B'-"K3#%2'#?%2&"7"?%&"3K#"3#&1'#?2*7'--#*; #;2%KC'3&%&"*3G#H*#,"39#/*&1#̂ ?'27'?&"*3#*; #?,%7'[#%3B#"3;2%-&207&02'#%3B#&1'"2#';;'7&-#,'%B"3K#&*#;2%KC'3&%&"*3.#*3'#7%3#,**9#%&#&1'#&'713"Y0'#*; #72'%&"3K#^?,%7'#C)&1-[G#E*&1#7"&"'-#1%>'#>"K*2*0-,)#/2%3B'B#%3B#C%29'&'B#&1'C-',>'-#2%&1'2#&1%3#-"C?,)#-*,B#%3B#&1"-#"-#B0'#&*#&1'#;%7&#&1%&#&1')#%2'#

L?*,"&%3#?'2-*3%.#%&&2%7&"3K#>"-"&*2-#%3B#/0-"3'--#&*#"3B0,K'#"3#&1'#7*3-0C?&"*3.#1)?"3K#0?#&1'#^;%3&%-)#7"&)[#

L

2'%,"&)#*; #'>'2)B%)#7"&)#,";'G#@02&1'2C*2'.#"&#"-#7,%"C'B#&1%&#?,%7'#?2*C*&"*3#,'%B-#&*#%#B"-&*2&"*3#/'&(''3#21'&*2"7#%3B#2'%,"&)#"3#&1%&#"C%K'-#;2'Y0'3&,)#'4"-&#"3B'?'3B'3&,)#*; #%??%2'3&#;%7&-#*; #*/F'7&">'#2'%,"&)G#I"BLB'3#/'1"3B#&1'#K,"&V#%3B#K,"&&'2#*; #-*C'#*; #&1'-'#&(*#7"&"'-#02/%3#2'K'3'2%&"*3#?2*F'7&-#('#B"-7*>'2#%#;2%7L&02'B#7"&)G#+1'2'#%70&'#?*>'2&)#%3B#B'?2">%&"*3#7*'4"-&#("&1#C%F*2#2'K'3'2%&"*3#?2*F'7&-.#?,0-1#%?%2&C'3&-#

"&#"-#"3#';;'7&#'4%7'2/%&"3K#-*7"*'7*3*C"7#B"-?%2"&"'-#%3B#%,*3K#("&1#7*3-0C'2"-&#"3;2%-&207&02'#3'&(*29-#"-#;2%KC'3&"3K#&1'#7"&)#'>'3#;02&1'2#bI**?'2#%3B#T03&'2#WXXacG

L

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

L&02'#%-#%#C'B"0C#;*2#7*3-&207&">'#"3&'2>'3&"*3#b`,"3KC%33#WX!X.#WagcG#J&#"-#(1'2'#&1"-#"-#3*&#%71"'>'B#&1%&#&1'#^/2%3B[#2'"K3-#-0?2'C'.#?2*C*&'B#%3B#2'?,"7%&'B.#%3B#"3#-*#B*"3K.#%271"&'7&02'#"3%B>'2&'3&,)#/'7*C'-#2'?,"7%&'B#,'%B"3K#&*#%#,%79#*; #B">'2-"&)G#H1'#B'C"-'#*; #2'&%",#B">'2-"&)#2'?2'-'3&-#C*2'#&1%3#F0-&#%#-'3&"C'3L&%,#,*--G#H1'#-?2'%B#*; #S,*3'#H*(3#E2"&%"3#b%#;*,,*(#0?#2'?*2&#&*#RN@[-#^$1*-&#H*(3#E2"&%"3[.#%BB2'--"3K#&1'#"--0'#*; #1*C*K'3"V%&"*3#*; #1"K1#-&2''&-c#7*0,B#2'?2'-'3&#%#C*2'#K'3'2%,#&12'%&#&*#&1'#>"%/","&)#*; #,*7%,#'7*3*C"'-#%3B#7*CC03"&"'-#("&1"3#&1'-'#C%2K"3%,#7"&"'-#-071#%-#R'(?*2&G#R%&02%,#-7"'3&"-&-#-"37'#S1%2,'-#D%2("3#1%>'#03B'2-&**B#&1'#>%,0'#%3B#"C?*2&%37'#*; #B">'2-"&)#"3#C%"3&%"3"3K#1'%,&1)#-&%/,'#'7*-)-&'C-G#<#

%3B#;%03%#"3#%#K">'3#%2'%_#'Y0","/2"0C#"3#(1"71#3*#*3'#-?'7"'-#"-#B*C"3%3&#%3B#'%71#1%-#"&-#B"-&"37&#3"71'#("&1"3#&1'#'7*-)-&'CG#:*2'#"C?*2&%3&,).#"&#%,,*(-#-?'7"'-#&*#/'#2'-","'3&#&*#71%3K'G#H1'#<C'2"7%3#/"*,*K"-&#%3B#%0&1*2#E%2/%2%#`"3K-*,>'2#(2"&'-8

5D#7#$)7&--#7-8 7)9)&3#$(2.;7I%&!(27/%(<;7(/7#$%#7!-2<)&7-8 7!-2<)&/;7.)2)#('7<(9)&/(#3"7J-*G&)7*2,(1)73-*&7/(/#)&;7%7,(##)&7-8 70*0/7(/7(#/7-!27/4%,,7C%(2+-!7K-%,(#(-2;7%2<7)9)&37.&%(27-8 7

*2#(,73-*7'%/#7#$)7/))</7-27#$)7.&-*2<7%2<7.&-!7#$)47-*#;7+*#7/*&)7)2-*.$;7/-4)7!(,,7.&-!7

WX

Clone-City - Has the Notion of ‘Place’ Been Undermined by Current Models in Retail Planning and DesignBoosterism

(2#-7#%,,)&70,%2#/7%2<7/-4)7/$-&#)&;7/-4)7#-*.$)&;7/-4)7/!))#)&"""7L)2)#('7<(9)&/(#3;7(27<-4)/@#('70-0*,%#(-2/7%/7!),,7%/7!(,<7-2)/;7(/72%#*&)G/7/-,)7(2/*&%2')70-,('3"A

E%2/%2%#`"3K-*,>'2.#E"*,*K"-&

6*C'#%2K0'#%#-&2*3K#?%2%,,',#/'&(''3#K'3'&"7#B">'2-"&)#"3#&1'#3%&02%,#(*2,B#%3B#2'&%",#B">'2-"&)#*3#*02#1"K1#-&2''&-G#+1'2'# ,*--#*; # K'3'&"7#B">'2-"&)# &12'%&'3-# &1'# -02>">%,# *; # -?'7"'-# %3B#C%9'-#3%&02%,# '7*-)-&'C-#>0,3'2%/,'# &*#7*,,%?-'.#7,*3'#&*(3-# "C?'2",# ,*7%,# ,">',"1**B-.#7*CC03"&"'-#%3B#70,&02'#/)#B'72'%-"3K#&1'#2'-","'37'#*; #1"K1#-&2''&-#&*#'7*3*C"7#B*(3&023-#%3B#B"C"3"-1"3K#7*3-0C'2#71*"7'G

W!

-0&1$/%*2E

FD1)%)'&@*G$65)/#*

H*I%+>%&D@037&"*3%,#C"4#1%-#/''3#%#1*&#&*?"7#;*2#%271"&'7&02%,#%7%B'C"7-#%3B#?*,"7)#C%9'2-#;*2#&1'#,%-&#&('3&)#)'%2-_#&1'#&1'C'-#%BB2'--'B#"3#Z"71%2B#Z*K'2-[-#2'?*2&#('2'#'--'3&"%,,)#%"C'B#%&#7*C/%&"3K#&1'#C*3*&*3*0-.#?2*L

2'-'%271#,"39"3K#"&#/%79#(1'2'#3'7'--%2)#&*#&1'#2'-'%271#%3B#,"&'2%&02'#%,2'%B)#?2*B07'B#/)#*&1'2-G#

Z8*(%"+*6-9["R"*#

:%3)#*; #&1'#"B'%-#"3#Z"71%2B#Z*K'2-[#"3"&"%,#2'?*2&#%3B#-0KK'-&"*3-#?0&#;*2(%2B#('2'#%BB2'--'B#"3#-*C'#

72"&"7"-'#&1'#,'>',#*; #"C?2*>'C'3&#"3#1"-#1%,;(%)#2'?*2&G#H1'#2'?*2&#%"C'B#%&#B'%,"3K#("&1#%3B#C%9"3K#;02L&1'2#2'7*CC'3B%&"*3-#*3#1*(#&*#-*,>'#&1'#^7"&)#72"-"-[#bZ*K'2-#!\\\cG#H1'#%B*?&"*3#%3B#C%3&2%#7*C"3K#;*2#

&1'#C0,&"70,&02%,#%3B#C0,&"B'C*K2%?1"7#3%&02'#*; #C*B'23#E2"&"-1#-*7"'&)G#H1'#2'?*2&#1%-#/'7*C'#%#?*,"&"7%,#2',%)#/%&*3.#?%--'B#/'&(''3#-077'--">'#K*>'23C'3&-#'%71#("-1"3K#&*#0-'#"&#&*#-*C'1*(#F0-&";)#&1'"2#?*,"7)#%3B#?*,"&"7%,#C*&">'-G#Z*K'2-#2"K1&,)#?2*>"B'-#&1'-'#?*,"&"7"%3-#("&1#%#(%9'#0?#7%,,8#i%3#02/%3#2'3%"--%37'#"-#3*&#%3#*?&"*3L#"&#"-#%#3'7'--"&)GGG<71"'>"3K#&1'#3'7'--%2)#71%3K'-#"-#K*"3K#&*#2'Y0"2'#%#2%B"7%,#3'(#?*,"7)#%K'3B%#("&1"3#&1'#7*3&'4&#*; #%#7*1'2'3&#02/%3#?1",*-*?1)Gk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

5>)7%&)7',-/)7#-7%,,7&)#%(,)&/;73-*&71)37%2'$-&7#)2%2#/;73-*&7M-$27N)!(/;7O-*/)7-8 7P&%/)&/;7I)+)2$%4/;7Q%&1/7%2<7R0)2')&/;7 #$)74(</(:)7-0)&%#-&/;7 #$)7&)/#%*&%2#/7%2<7#$)7 ,)(/*&)7-0)&%#-&/78-&7(2/#%2')7S*)7K(2)4%/"7>)712-!7!$%#7%,,7-*&7'*&&)2#7&)T*(&)4)2#/7%&)"7>)7$%9)7%7/)2/)78-&7!$%#7!(,,7!-&17%2<7!$-7(/7%##&%'#)<7#-7(#;7/-7!$)27!)7,--17%#7%7/(#)7!)712-!7/#&%(.$#7%!%37!$%#7(#G/7.-(2.7#-7+)7%2<7!$('$7#30)7-8 7%2'$-&G/7!(,,7+)7(2#)&)/#)<7+%/)<7*0-27

%2<7<),(9)&7.--<7%&'$(#)'#*&)7+*#72-#7+)7/-7/0)'(%,(/#7#$%#7#$)7'-/#7(/7#--7$(.$"A

<3B2'(# QKK.# <271"&'7&# *3# R'(?*2&# @2"%2-# +%,9.# Z'&%",# 6?'7"%,"-&.# M'-,"'#P*3'-#<271"&'7&-

WW


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̂ H1'#S%?"&*,#S'3&'2[#*3#&1'#*&1'2#-"B'#*; #&1'#7"&).#1'%>",)#';;'7&"3K#&2%B'#"3#&1"-#%2'%G#H1'#"3>*,>'C'3&#*; #&1'-'#?2"37"?%,#2'&%",'2-#'%2,)#*3.#%,,*('B#%#7,'%2#-%).#*;&'3#"3#&1'#-&),'#*; #%271"&'7&02'#%3B#&1'#,*7%&"*3#*; #&1'"2#-&*2'#"3#&1'#-71'C'.#B'-"K3#"--0'-#&1%&#3*2C%,,)#(*0,B#1%>'#;%,,'3#03B'2#&1'#2'C"&#*; #&1'#%271"&'7&G#R"K',#I%3-*3#*; #S%2B";; #S'3&2%,#T,%33"3K#'>'3#('3&#-*#;%2#&*#7*CC'3&#*3#&1'#-&),'#*; #%271"&'7&02'.#&1'#C%"3#%371*2#-&*2'#b@"KG!!c.#P*13#M'("-#(%3&'B8

5>$%#7M-$27N)!(/7<(<2G#7!%2#7!%/7/-4)#$(2.7#$%#7!%/7('-2(';7437<(&)'#-&7%#7#$)7#(4)7!%/7%27%&'$(#)'#U0,%22)&;7%2<7#$)70$&%/)7$)7*/)<7#$%#7/#*'17(274374(2<7!%/7/-4)#$(2.7#$%#7!%/7F'-2#)40-&%&37+*#7'(9('G"A

R"K',#I%3-*3.#S%2B";; #S'3&2%,#T,%33"3K#

'F+A.&#@"KG!!#P*13#M'("-#<371*2#-&*2'.#S%2B";;G6*027'8#<0&1*2-#*(3

Wd

Empirical Studies – Program

+1%&#&1"-#-1*(-#0-#"-#&1'#?0,,#%3B#-%)#&1%&#,%2K'#2'&%",'2-#%2'#3*(#1%>"3K#*3#?2"C'#B'>',*?C'3&-#"3#*02#7"&)#

&1'#%7&*2-#%2'#&1%&#1%>'#*02#7"&"'-#02/%3#-?%&"%,#,%3K0%K'G

H1'#%B*?&"*3#*; #%371*2#-&*2'-#'%2,)#*3#"3#%#-71'C'#-''C-#&*#1%>'#'>*,>'B#;2*C#%#&2"'B#%3B#&'-&'B#7*3L

"3&'2'-&"3K#-&0B)#1'2'#"-#1*(#?*,"7).#%3B#'>'3#&1'#71%,,'3K'-#*; #'7*3*C"7-#%3B#-'702"3K#'Y0"&)#1%>'#1%B#%#B"2'7&#';;'7&#*3#&1'#B"2'7&"*3#*; #/*&1#&1'-'#-71'C'-G#H1'#/%-"7#&1"39"3K#/'1"3B#&1"-#-&2%&'K)#,"'-#"3#&1'#/'L,"'; #&1%&#/)#?,%7"3K#&(*#-&*2'-#*3#'"&1'2#-"B'#*; #%#2'&%",#B'>',*?C'3&#7*3-0C'2-#(",,#C"K2%&'#/'&(''3#/*&1.#0-"3K#&1'C#%-#2';'2'37'#?*"3&-#b@"KG!WcG#H1'-'#-&*2'-.#%-#C'3&"*3'B#'%2,"'2#C0-&#3*&#%,(%)-#/'#2'&%",'2-.#&1'#?2*7'--#*; #2'Y0"2"3K#'Y0"&)#"-#3*&#/"%-'B#&*#^0-'[G#Q3'#*; #&1'-'#-&*2'-#(",,#K'3'2%,,)#/'#2'&%",#(1",-&#&1'#*&1'2#

%3#'4?'2"'37'#B'-&"3%&"*3.#%#C0,&"L#-72''3#7"3'C%#&1%&#%,,*(-#;%C","'-.#7*0?,'-#*2#"3B">"B0%,-#%3#'3&'2&%"3L

*; #%3*&1'2#,%2K'#71%"3#-&*2'_#D'/'31%C-#C"22*2"3K#P*13#M'("-[-#;037&"*3#%-#?2"37"?%,#2'&%",'2G#H1'#-?%7'#/'&(''3#&1'-'#&(*#B'-&"3%&"*3-#C''&-#&1'#2'%,#3''B#;*2#&1'#7*3-0C'2-#%3B#&1'#-02>">%,#*; #&1'#?2*F'7&G#Z'&%",#

71*"7'#%-#&1'"2#%2'%#2'Y0"2'C'3&-#%3B#/0-"3'--#C*B',#B*#3*&#B'C%3B#&1'#%??2*?2"%&"*3#*; #%3#%371*2#-&*2'G

'F+A.&#@"KG!W#D"%K2%C#*; #%371*2#,'B#2'&%",#B'>',*?C'3&G#6*027'8#

<0&1*2-#*(3

Wg

Clone-City - Has the Notion of ‘Place’ Been Undermined by Current Models in Retail Planning and DesignEmpirical Studies – Program

D+=&#@"KG!d#@2"%2-#+%,9.#R'(?*2&G6*027'8#M'-,"'#P*3'-#<271"&'7&-

'F+A.&#@"KG!g#6DW.#S%2B";;G#6*027'8#M%3B#6'702"&"'-#$2*0?#?,7

Empirical Studies – Program

;%-7"3%&"*3.#1'#2';'2-#&*#&1'#-?%7'#/'&(''3#%3B#&1'#-7%,'#*; #&1'-'#-71'C'-#%-#&1'#'--%)-#3%C'-%9'#iE"K3'--k.#%#7*37'?&#&1%&#1%-#/'7*C'#7*CC*3#"3#%271"&'7&02%,#&1'*2)#%3B#B'/%&'8

5=8 7FV(.2)//G7#&%2/8-&4/7%&'$(#)'#*&);7(#/7%''*4*,%#(-27.)2)&%#)/7%72)!71(2<7-8 7'(#3"76$)7)?#)&(-&7-8 7#$)7'(#37(/72-7,-2.)&7%7'-,,)'#(9)7#$)%#)&7!$)&)7F(#G7$%00)2/W7#$)&)G/72-7'-,,)'#(9)7F(#G7,)8#"76$)7/#&))#7$%/7+)'-4)7&)/(<*);7%27-&.%2(:%#(-2%,7<)9(');7%74)&)7/).4)2#7-8 7#$)7'-2#(2*@-*/74)#&-0-,(#%270,%2;7!$)&)7#$)7&)42%2#/7-8 7#$)70%/#78%')7#$)7)T*(04)2#G/7-8 7#$)72)!7(27%27*2)%/37/#%2<-88"A7

Z'C#`**,1%%-.#!\\e

H*#%BB2'--#`**,1%%-[#Y0*&'#&1'#2'C3%3&#*; #&1'#*,B#"3#S%2B";; #%3B#R'(?*2&#%2'#&1'#3'&(*29#*; #2*%B-.#&1'#l"7&*2"%3#/0",B"3K-#%3B#'4"-&"3K#-1*??"3K#%27%B'-G#H1'-'#-"&#%,*3K-"B'#&1'#^3'([#"3#%#B"-&*2&'B#;%-1"*3.#*3#Y0'-&"*3"3K#R"K',#I%3-*3#%-#&*#&1'#&1"39"3K#/'1"3B#&1'-'#7*33'7&"*3-#1'#2'C%29-#&1%&#i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

-"&#%/*>'.#/0&#-&",,#("&1#%3#%"2#*; #,'&1%2K)#%/*0&#"&G#`**,1%%-#B'-72"/'-#^E"K3'--[#%-#%#?1'3*C'3*3#*; #-7%,'.#

&1%3#&1"-#-'7&"*3#*; #&1'#'%-&'23#','>%&"*3#*3#@2"%2-#+%,9#R'(?*2&.#(1'2'#&1'#^T*&&'2-#T0/[#-"&-#%,*3K-"B'#

"-#%7Y0"2'BG

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

:*3*&*3)#2'-0,&-#;2*C#C"3B,'--#2'?'&"&"*3#%3B#?2'B"7&%/","&)_#(1'3#Z*K'2-#2';'2-#&*#K2'%&'2#^C"4"3K[#"3#1"-#

2'%,C-#*; #70,&02'G#T2*K2%C#%-#%#K'3'2%&">'#','C'3&#"3#%271"&'7&02'#7%3#3*#,*3K'2#/'#2'B07'B#C'2',)#&*#%#F04L&%?*-"&"*3#*; #7*3&2%-&"3K#%7&">"&"'-#-071#%#2'&%",#%3B#2'-&%02%3&-.#/0&#1%-#&*#/'#'4&'3B'B#"3&*#&1'#'4?'2"'3&"%,#

LK2%C-#("&1#%C/"'37'-#B'2">'B#;2*C#?%2&"70,%2#70,&02%,.#-*7"%,#%3B#7*,,'7&">'#C","'0-G#<271"&'7&02'#7%3#3*#,*3K'2#/'#B'>',*?'B#("&1*0&#%#>"&%,#&'3-"*3#/'&(''3#&1'#K,*/%,.#&1'#2'K"*3%,#%3B#&1'#,*7%,#(1",-&#'C/2%7"3K#&1'#7"&)G

H1'2';*2'.#%,&1*0K1#"&#"-#;2'Y0'3&,)#%--0C'B#&1%&#%#C"4#*; #?2*K2%C-#%3B#;037&"*3-#(",,#"3'>"&%/,)#?2*B07'#%#1'"K1&'3'B#'4?'2"'3&"%,# "3&'3-"&)# "3# 2'&%",.# &1"-# "-# %#C"-7*37'?&"*3.# %-#?2*K2%CC%&"7#B";;'2'3&"%&"*3# 2'LC%"3#K'3'2"7L#,%79"3K#"3#B2%C%#%3B#'C*&">'#%--*7"%&"*3-#"3#/*&1#&1'-'#%371*2#-&*2'#-71'C'-G#J3#'--'37'#%#?2*K2%C#"-#%#-'&#*; #1%/"&-.#%#2'?'&"&"*3#*; #%/-&2%7&#;*2C0,%-#&1%&#,'%B#&*#?2'B"7&%/,'#%7&">"&"'-G#H*#'4?%3B#

W]

Clone-City - Has the Notion of ‘Place’ Been Undermined by Current Models in Retail Planning and DesignEmpirical Studies – Program

'F+A.& L?*2&.#N%-&#N','>%&"*3G#6*027'8#M'-,"'#P*3'-#<271"&'7&-

'37*02%K'#03'4?'7&'B#?%&&'2-#*; #-*7"%,"V%&"*3.#"3&'2%7&"*3.#%3B#7*CC03%,#'3K%K'C'3&#%3B#&1%&#%,,*(#3'(#

1)/2"B#"3#%271"&'7&02'#7%3#/'#%71"'>'B#*3,)#/)#B'>',*?'2-#%3B#?*,"7)#%,,*("3K#%271"&'7&-#&1'#%/","&)#&*#72'%&'#"3&'3&"*3%,#C%3"?0,%&"*3-#*; #?2*K2%C#("&1#B";;'2'3&#'3>"2*3C'3&-#&*#'3K"3''2#03?2'B"7&%/,'#%3B#-02?2"-L

'%71#?'2-*3#&*#;2''L%--*7"%&'#"3#%77*2B#("&1#1"-#*2#1'2#70,&02%,#/%79K2*03B#%3B#-?%&"%,#C"K2%&"*3#1%/"&-G

Wa

-0&1$/%*2J

FD1)%)'&@*G$65)/#*

HKI@&'/L*-%/&$)+.E.1"#*"*#969ML-6(.N

<271"&'7&02'#("&1"3#&1'#7*3&'4&#*; #2'&%",#1%-#C"K2%&'B#&12*0K1#%#?2*7'--#*; #2%?"B#'>*,0&"*3#*>'2#&1'#?%-&#&12''#B'7%B'-.#%,C*-&#"3#?%2%,,',#("&1#(1%&#-*C'#72"&"7-#(*0,B#%K2''#&*#/'#&1'#/'K"33"3K-#*; #&1'#&20,)#K,*L/%,"-'B#%K'G##:*>"3K#&12*0K1#&12''#-&%K'-#"&#1%-#7%22"'B#("&1#"&#&1'#/%KK%K'#*; #"&-#?2'>"*0-#70,&02%,#'C/*B"LC'3&.#%,C*-&#&*#&1'#B'&'2C'3&#*; #"&[-#7022'3&#;*2CG#:*>"3K#&12*0K1#%#?02',)#;*2C#B2">'3#?%2%B"KC#%&#&1'#

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

C%&'2"%,#K**B-G#H1'#2'Y0"2'C'3&#*; #%271"&'7&02'#"3#&1"-#?'2"*B#2'-&'B#?02',)#*3#;037&"*3.#7%22)"3K#("&1#"&#%#?'2>'2-'#;%-7"3%&"*3#("&1#;*2CG#:*B'23"-C#(%-#%#7*C;*2&%/,'#7*3>'2-"*3#"3#%#(*2,B#?*?0,%&'B#/)#F0>'3",'#K,*/%,#7*3K,*C'2%&'-G# J&#(%-#%# ,%3K0%K'# &1'# &2%3-,%&'B#?'2;'7&,)# "3&*# &1'#2'&%",# 2'%,C.#(1'2'#%271"&'7&02'#7*0,B#'3%/,'#-&%3B%2B"V%&"*3#%3B#72'%&'#&1'#0,&"C%&'#-?%7'-#;*2#7*3-0C'2"-C#&*#&%9'#?,%7'G#H*(%2B-#&1'#'3B#

%3B#;037&"*3#;*,,*('B#%271"&'7&02'#"3&*#&1"-#'?*71.#?*-&LC*B'23"-C#(%-#/*23#*; #%3#%K'#(1'2'#%271"&'7&02'#%-#%#7*CC*B"&)#03B*0/&'B,)#/'7%C'#&1'#;*70-G#J&#"-#7,'%2#&1%&#-"37'#?*-&C*B'23"-C#'C'2K'B#%-#&1'#3'(#m"-C#7*CC*B"&"'-#1%>'#/'7*C'#"3&'271%3K'%/,'#/0&#%,-*#"37,0B'B#%#>"*,'3&#'3'2K)#&1%&#(%-#%9"3#&*#?039#C0L-"7#%3B#;%-1"*3G#H1"-#"-#(1'2'#?*-&C*B'23#%'-&1'&"7-#'C?*('2'B#7**,#%271"&'7&02'G#Z'&%",#7**,3'--#-''C-#&*#1%>'#/'7*C'#"C?*2&%3&#'3*0K1#&*#*0&-1"3'#&1'#;%7&#&1%&#&1'2'#"-#3*&1"3K#-'?%2%&"3K#&1'#%>%3&LK%2B'#;2*C#

%>%3&LK0%2B.#0&","V"3K#"&-#3%&02%,#2'-"-&%37'#&*#'3&"7'#&1'#7*3-0C'2.#3*&"3K#P*3#P'2B'#T%2&3'2-1"?-#I*2&*3#

&*#72'%&'#'3K%K"3K#'3>"2*3C'3&G#J3#*2B'2#&*#&023#%271"&'7&02'#"3&*#%3#'4?'2"'37'.#&1'#-?%7'-#"3#/'&(''3#%3B#&1'#0-'2[-#'4?'2"'37'#*; #?,%7'#/'7*C'#>"&%,#72"&'2"%G#

H1'#E0,,#Z"3K#"3#E"2C"3K1%C#7*0,B#/'#7*3-&20'B#%-#&1'#*?&"C"V%&"*3#*; #&1'#7*CC'27"%,#*>'21%0,#*; #?*-&LC*B'23"-C#"3#E2"&%"3G#H1'#'4&'23%,#;%7%B'-#*; #&1'#C%,,-#%2'#B'-"K3'B#"3#%#>%K0'#?*-&LC*B'23#3'*L7,%--"7%,#

We


H(*G#H1'#"3;%C*0-#6',;2"BK'-#/0",B"3K#1*('>'2#'4"-&-#%-#%3#'3&"2',)#-'?%2%&'#%271"&'7&02%,#'3&"&)_#B'-72"/'B#/)#-*C'#%-#%#^K"%3&#-,0K[#"&#1%-#3*#B*0/&#/'7*C'#"7*3"7.#'>"B'3&.#'3;*27"3K#&1'#/2%3B#-&%&0-#*; #6',;2"BK'-#%3B#&1'#7"&)#*; #E"2C"3K1%C_#72'%&"3K#&1'#'3>"2*3C'3&#;*2#&1'#%#;*2C#*; #2'&%",#C*2'#%9"3#&*#&*02"-C#&1%3#

'2%#*; #/2%3B#%271"&'7&02'.#%-#C'3&"*3'B#"3#71%?&'2#&12''.#&1"-#;*2C#*; #%271"&'7&02'#*2K%3"V'-#"&-',; #"3#&1'#"33'2#7"&)#"3&*#^/2%3B10/[#B"-&2"7&-#b`,"3KC%33#WX!Xc_#0&","V"3K#%,,#&12''#*; #&1'#-&%&'B#"B"*C-.#(1'2'#;*2C.#;037&"*3#%3B#%271"&'7&02'#%-#%#7*CC*B"&)#7*C/"3'#&*#;*2C#/2%3B#%271"&'7&02'#b@"KG!acG#H1"-#7*37'?&#*; #/2%3B#%271"&'7&02'#2'Y0"2'-#&1'#72'%&"*3#*; #^?,%7'[#("&1"3#(1"71#&*#"B'3&";)#"&#;2*C#7*C?'&"&*2-.#2'&%",#1%-#/'7*C'#%#C*B'#;*2#^?,%7'[#72'%&"*3G

'F+A.&#@"KG!]#H12''#1"-&*2"7%,#?2*K2'--"*3-#*; #2'&%",#%271"&'7&02'.#,'%B"3K#&*#&1'#^/2%3B[G#6*027'8#<0&1*2-#*(3

W\

Empirical Studies – ‘Place’ Creation

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

J; #&1"-#"-#&1'#7%-'#"-#"&#03%>*"B%/,'5#J3#&1"-#71%?&'2#J#(",,#;*70-#*3#'%71#2'&%",#7%-'#-&0B).#6&#D%>"B-#H(*#"3#S%2B";; #%3B#&1'#?2*?*-'B#@2"%2-#+%,9#-71'C'#"3#R'(?*2&G#E)#%3%,)V"3K#&1'#?2*7'--'-#(1"71# ,'B#&*#&1'#

1*C*K'3"V%&"*3#'4?'2"'37'B#"3#/*&1#?2*F'7&-G#

<67/";;\9ML-6(.9:/.*%"%QN9C*/.70"*./]

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

56$)&)7!%/7%7<)9),-04)2#7#)%47/)#7*0X#$)7&-*#)7#$)37#--1;7!%/7&%#$)&7#$%27'-*2'(,70&-@<*'(2.7%7+&()8;7%/70,%22)&/7!)7<-2G#712-!7#$)7'-44)&'(%,7,()7-8 7#$)7,%2<7-*#7#$)&);7!$%#7!)7<(<7!%/7%.&))7#-7%7FQ%/#)&0,%27Y&(2'(0,)/7I-'*4)2#G;7/)##(2.7-*#7#$)74%/#)&0,%270&(2'(0,)/7

%8#)&7$-*&/"A

R"K',#I%3-*3.#S%2B";; #S'3&2%,#T,%33"3K#

J&#"-#?2*/,'C%&"7#&*#7*CC'3&#*3#&1'#C*&">'-#*; #%#M%3B#6'702"&"'-#/0&#*3'#7%3#B'3*&'#;2*C#&1'#3%&02'#*; #&1'#B'>',*?C'3&#&1%&#'C'2K'B#&1%&#&1'#?2"37"?,'-#*; #B">'2-"&)#%3B#"3&'K2%&"*3#C%)#3*&#1%>'#/''3#%BB2'--'B#

2'-?*3-"/,'#1'2'#/0&#"&#(%-#("&1#S%2B";; #S*037",#2',"3Y0"-1"3K#7*3&2*,.#&1%&#&1'#,%3K0%K'#*; #%271"&'7&02'#/'7%C'#&1'#,%3K0%K'#*; #&1'#2'&%",'2.#&1'#%271"&'7&02'#*; #&1'#/2%3BG##J3#&'2C-#*; #B*C"3%37'#%3B#B">'2-"&)#J#?0&#&1'#Y0'-&"*3#&*#R"K',#I%3-*3#%-#&*#(1'&1'2#&1"-#1%B#/''3#%BB2'--'B#/)#&1'#?,%33'2-8

5I(<7%74-#(9%#(-27)?(/#7#-7%<E*<('%#)7%2<7%<<&)//7#$)7(//*)7-8 7%7<-4(2%2#7&)#%(,7)29(&-2@4)2#7%2<7#$)7)88)'#/7#$(/74(.$#7$%9)7-27-#$)&7'-40)#(#(9)7%&)%/7-8 7#$)7'(#3ZA

E'3F%C"3#I%,'.#<0&1*2

(#7$%<7#$)7*2(T*)7-88)&7-8 7#$)7%&'%<)/7%2<7#$)7#$(&<7#$(2.72-#7&),%#)<7#-7#$%#7!%/7#$%#70&(-&7#-7R#7I%9(</76!-;7!)7$%<7[*))27R#&))#7&)0%9)<;7%2<7+)8-&)7#$)7R#7I%9(</70&-')//7!)7$%<7(29)/#)<7%7,%&.)7%4-*2#7-8 74-2)37(2#-7#$(/7%&)%7-8 7#$)7'(#3"A

R"K',#I%3-*3.#S%2B";; #S'3&2%,#T,%33"3K#

J#/',"'>'# &1%&# &1'#3%&02'#*; # &1'# 2'?,)#B"B#3*&# %BB2'--# &1'#Y0'-&"*3# %3B#C%)#1%>'#/''3#C"-03B'2-&**B.#(1'&1'2#"3&'3&"*3%,#*2#3*&.#/)#2'%B"3K#/'&(''3#&1'#,"3'-#"&#"-#'>"B'3&#&1%&#&1'2'#(%-#%3#%(%2'3'--#&1%&#*&1'2#%2'%-#C"K1&#-0;;'2#%3B#&1'#7"&"'-#7*CC"&C'3&#&*#&1'-'#%2'%-.#3*&#&*#-*03B#&**#7)3"7%,.#(%-#"CC*2&%,"V'B#

dX


C%3)#*&1'2#-077'--;0,#2'&%",#,'B#02/%3#2'K'3'2%&"*3#-71'C'-#1%B#B*3'#"3#&1'#?%-&G#J&#%#7*CC*3#-)C?&*C#*; #?%2%B"KC#?%2%,)-"-.#*2#(1%&#-*C'#?-)71*,*K"-&[-#&'2C#^7*3-0C?&"*3#/"%-[8#&1'#"3%/","&)#*2#2';0-%,#&*#-''#/')*3B#&1'#7022'3&#C*B',-#*; #&1"39"3KG#J; #M">'2?**,.#R'(7%-&,'#%3B#:%371'-&'2#1%B#&1'"2#"33'2#7"&)#C'K%LC%,,-.#S%2B";; #%-#%#7*C?'&"&*2#(%3&'B#&1'#-%C'.#%,*3K#("&1#%,,#&1'#&2"CC"3K-#*; #?2*K2%C.#02/%3#B'-"K3#%3B#%271"&'7&02%,#,%3K0%K'#&1%&#7%C'#("&1#"&G#

H1"-#"-#3*&#&*#-%)#&1%&#-*C'#7*3&'4&0%,#','C'3&-#*; #S%2B";; #1%>'#3*&#/''3#"3&2*B07'B.#%3B#(1%&#"-#7*3&'4&#L

'37'#&1%&#S%2B";; [-#1"-&*2"7#%27%B'-#1%B#*3#&1'#B'-"K3.#"3#-?'%9"3K#("&1#%#-1*??'2#*3#%#6%&02B%)#%;&'23**3#J#%-9'B#1"C#&*#K">'#C'#1"-#*?"3"*3#*3#&1'#-?%7'#b@"KG!a#f#@"KG!ecG

%&'%<)/7-27(#G/7<)/(.2ZA

E'3F%C"3#I%,'.#<0&1*2

5>$(,)7=7#$(217#$)7<)/(.27(/7(2#)&)/#(2.;7(#7/#(,,7<-)/2G#7$%9)7#$)7/%4)78)),7%/7#$)7%&'%<)/"7=7/*/0)'#7(#7$%/7%7

#*&27%2<7$%9)78*2237/$%0)<7/$-07*2(#/7!$('$7.(9)/7#$)47/-74*'$7-8 7#$)(&7'$%&%'#)&;7#$%#7/(40,37(/2G#78)%/(+,)7(27%74-<)&27/$-00(2.7')2#)&;7%7/$%4)7(27437-0(2(-2XA

<3B2'(.#6%&02B%)#-1*??'2

J; #%3#%&&'C?&#1'2'#1%-#/''3#C%B'#&*#2'?,"7%&'#%#7*3&'4&0%,#-1*??"3K#'4?'2"'37'#"3#S%2B";; #"&#7%3#/'#%?L?,%0B'B#;*2#'4%7&,)#(1%&# "&# "-.#%# 2'?,"7%&"*3#*; #%3#'3>"2*3C'3&# ,"9'#('#-''# "3# &1'#S%-&,'#<2%7B'G#H1"-# "-#('2'#&1'#,"39#/'&(''3#^%27%B'[#%3B#^%27%B'#"3-?"2'B[#B'-"K3#'3B-G#H1'#B'-"K3#*; #-1*??"3K#7'3&2'#*>'2?*('2#

"3&'2C"&&'3&#%2'%-.#72'%&"3K#%#;'',"3K#*; #B"-,*7%&"*3#(1'3#)*0#C*>'#&12*0K1#&1'#-?%7'G#J; #*/-'2>%&"*3-#*; #-1*??'2#C*>'C'3&-#%2'#%3)&1"3K# &*#K*#/)#)*02#7*33'7&"*3#&*# &1'# ,*('2# ,'>',# "-#?02',)#>"-0%,.#%,&1*0K1#

7*3&2*,,'B#'3>"2*3C'3&#(1'2'#)*0#%2'#2'Y0"2'B#&*#?%--#%-#C%3)#-1*?#;2*3&-#%-#?*--"/,'#/';*2'#)*0#C%9'#)*02#B'-7'3&G#H1'#'3>"2*3C'3&# "-#1'%>",)#C*3"&*2'B.#?02',)#%# -?%7'# ;*2#7*3-0C?&"*3#('#%2'#?2'-'3&'B#

H1'#-&*2';2*3&-#/'7*C'#&1'#^"C%K'[#"3#%#1"K1,)#7*C?'&"&">'#C%29'&#(1'2'#^/2%3B#B*C"3%37'[#"-#'>'2)&1"3KG#J3-&'%B#*; #%#-1*??"3K#'4?'2"'37'#"3#S%2B";;.#('#%2'#&2'%&'B#&*#%#C0,&"3%&"*3%,#-1*??"3K#'4&2%>%K%3V%#*; #I*,,"-&'2#b@"KG!\c.#<??,'#/*&1#<C'2"7%3#%3B#$",,)#I"79-.#<0-&2%,"%G#Z'F'7&"*3#*; #7*3&'4&#"-#'37*02%K'B#%3B#*3'#7%3#0,&"C%&',)#/'7*C'#'%-",)#7*3;0-'B#%-#&*#(1'&1'2#)*0#%2'#"3#S%2B";; #*2#S%,";*23"%.#&1'#/2%3B.#0-"3K#"&-#-&*2';2*3&#%271"&'7&02'#&*#-',,#&1'#7*3-0C'2#&1'#"B'%,#%3B#&1'#-1*??"3K#7'3&2'#B'&%71'B#;2*C#S%2B";; #%-#%#^?,%7'[G

d!


'F+A.8#@"KG!a#S%-&,'#<27%B'.#S%2B";; #6*027'8#<0&1*2-#*(3

dW


'F+A.8#@"KG!e#6DW.#S%2B";;G#6*027'8#<0&1*2-#*(3

dd

D+=9!"#$%8#@"KG!\#I*,,"-&'2#6&*2'.#6DW.#S%2B";;G#6*027'8#

<0&1*2-#*(3


<.*%7.9!"#$%8#@"KGWX#<??,'.#%271"&'7&#B'-"K3'B#

-&*2'G#6*027'8#<0&1*2-#*(35+%%+09!"#$%8#@"KGW!#$",,)#I"79-#-&*2'.#6DW.#S%2B";;G#

6*027'8#<0&1*2-#*(3

dg


HOLLISTERCALIFORNIA

AppleCalifornia

G I L L Y HICKSSYDNEY


!"#$%8#@"KGWW#H1'#I%)-'.#S%2B";; #6*027'8#<0&1*2-#Q(3

d]


+1",-&#S%2B";; #C%)#2'C%"3#7*3;0-'B#*; #"&[-#2'&%",# "B'3&"&).#"&#/'7*C'-#1%2B#&*#%2K0'#&1%&#70,&02%,#"B'3&"&)#

7%?"&%,_#"&#B2%(-#0?*3#"B'3&"&)#;2*C#&1'#2'-&#*; #+%,'-G#H1"-#'3%/,'-#"&#&*#C%9'#&1'#-&2"B'-#"3#02/%3#B'-"K3#&1%&#1%>'#,'B#&*#&1'#7*3-&207&"*3#*; #6&#D%>"B-#H(*G#J&-#>'2)#"B'3&"&)#1%-.#%3B#?2*/%/,)#(",,#3'>'2#7*C'#

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b@"KGWWc.# -"K3";)"3K# &*# %,,#(1*#>"-"&#*; # "&[-# "3&'3&"*3-#*; #/'7*C"3K# %# 2'&%",#?*('21*0-'#(1",-&# -&",,# 2'L&%"3"3K#"&[-#-'3-'#*; # "B'3&"&)G#H1'#?2*K2%CC%&"7#C"4"3K#1'2'#"-#%&#S%2B";; [-#%B>%3&%K'.#%3B#&1'#-?%7'#1%-#/'7*C'# %# 7'3&'2# ?*"3&# ;*2# &1'# "3;*2C%,#C''&"3K-# %3B# ?0/,"7# %7&">"&"'-# &1%&# *;&'3# *7702# "3# &1'-'# %2'%-G

da


S.,=+7%\9ML-6(.9:/.*%"%QN95+77+,./]

J&[-#%77'?&%/,'#&*#-%)#&1%&#3'(?*2&[-#-&2"B'#&*(%2B-#2'&%",#,'B#02/%3#2'K'3'2%&"*3#1%-#/''3#70C/'2-*C'#&*#-%)#&1'#,'%-&G#R'(?*2&#&12">'B#"3#"3"&"%,,)#&*(%2B-#&1'#C"BB,'#*; #&1'#3"3'&''3#3"3'&)[-#(1'3#7*3-0C'2#-?'3B"3K#(%-#%&#%#1"K1#%;&'2#%#&2*0/,'-*C'#?2'>"*0-#B'7%B'G#J&#'3F*)'B#%#?'2"*B#*; #2',%&">'.#-&%/,'#K2*(&1#(1",-&#&1'#?2*C"-'#*; #%#3'(#nWXXC#2'&%",#,'B#02/%3#2'K'3'2%&"*3#-71'C'#-''C'B#&*#?2*>"B'#R'(?*2&#("&1#&1'#1*?'#*; #/'&&'2G#R'(?*2&#2'C%"3-#%#7*C?,"7%&'B#7%-'#*; #7">"7#02/%3#2'3'(%,G#E'K"33"3K#("&1#%#^/"3K*#1%,,[#/'-"B'#&1'#2">'2#&1'#"3&'3&"*3-#*; #%3#'C?*('2"3K.#%3B#"3-?"2%&"*3%,#02/%3#2'>">%,#B"B#3*&#-&%2&#*0&#(',,G#H1'#7*3L-&207&"*3#*; #&1'#a.dXX-YOC#2">'2;2*3&#%-#B"-70--'B#"3#71%?&'2#&(*#B*C"3%&'-#%3#%2'%#*; #'C?&)#?0/,"7#2'%,C#/'-"B'#&1'#2">'2G#<,&1*0K1#7,*-'2#&*#&1'#7"&)#7'3&'2#&1%3#&1'#/"3K*#1%,,#"&#&*#1%-#-&20KK,'B#&*#C%9'#%3)#-'2"L*0-#"C?%7&#*2#%7&#%-#%#7%&%,)-&#;*2#02/%3#2'3'(%,G#J&[-#9%2%*9'#3%&02'#,'%B-#*3'#&*#/',"'>'#&1%&#&1'#%271"&'7&-#b<0-&"3#6C"&1#M*2Bc#%3B#?,%33'2-#(1*#7*37'">'B#"&.#C"-2'%B#&1'#%--'&-#&1')#?*--'--'B.#3%C',)#%#(%&'2;2*3&#&1%&#3''B'B#%3"C%&"*3G#H1'#"3"&"%,#/2"'; #(%-#-"C?,'8#ij-'&#&1'#&*3'.#9"79#-&%2&#2'K'3'2%&"*3#%,,#%,*3K#&1'#2">'2;2*3&#%2'%.#"3-?"2'#?'*?,'#%3B#'32"71#&1'#7"&)#("&1#%3#%B>'3&02*0-#70,&02%,#7'3&'2?"'7'k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d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

(*29#:*B0-.#&1'#B'>',*?'2.#71*-'3#;*2#&1'#"3"&"%,#-71'C'.#;',,#"3&*#/%3920?&7)#%3B#&1'#?2*F'7&#-,*('B#&*#%#1%,&G##H1'#?2*F'7&#(%-#,%&'2#2'>">'B#"3#WX!X#("&1#M'-,"'#P*3'-.#&1'#%271"&'7&#*; #&1'#?2'>"*0-#-71'C'.#2'>%,0%&L

@2"%2-#+%,9.#R'(?*2&#"-#-&",,#%&#&1'#?2'L7*C?,'&"*3#-&%K'#%3B#%,&1*0K1#)'&#&*#/'#7*C?,'&'B.#;2*C#-?'%9"3K#&*# ,'%B#%271"&'7&-#%3B#?,%33'2-# &1'#71%,,'3K'-#%3B# ,"C"&%&"*3-# "3>*,>'B# "3#B',">'2"3K# &1"-#?2*F'7&#/'7%C'#7,'%2#&*#C'#"3#C)#"3&'2>"'(-G#H1'#RN@#bR'(#N7*3*C"7-#@*03B%&"*3c#?,%7'B#R'(?*2&#%&#-'>'3&1#?*-&"*3#"3#&'2C-#*; #"&-#'4?*-02'#&*#&1'#?1'3*C'3*3#*; #^S,*3'#H*(3#E2"&%"3[#b3'(#'7*3*C"7-#;*03B%&"*3#WXXgcG#J&# 2'C%"3-# 3*# 7*"37"B'37'# &1%&#R'(?*2&# %,-*# /*%-&-# -*C'# *; # &1'# 1"K1'-&# ,'>',-# *; # 2'&%",# 03"&# 7,*-02'-#"3# &1'#=3"&'B#`"3KB*CG#J&[-#'4?*-02'# &*# &1'#'7*3*C"7#B*(3&023#%3B# &1'# "C?,"7%&"*3-#*; #%#B"-"3&'K2%&L

%# 2%&1'2# B'3-'# 02/%3# B"-&2"7&.# &1"-# ?2*>"B'B# &1'# B'-"K3'2-# *; # /*&1# -71'C'-#("&1# %B>%3&%K'-# %3B# ?2*/L,'C-G#H1'#"3;2%-&207&02'#&1%&#-0??*2&-#&1'# "33'2#7"&)#7*2'#*; #R'(?*2&# "-#%BL1*7#%3B#B"-20?&">'#&*#*>'2L

-*0&1.#%,*3K#&1'#2">'2.#&1"-#,'B#M'-,"'#P*3'-#&*#7*37'">'#%3#%2K0%/,)#"3(%2B#,**9"3K#-71'C'G#:)#Y0'-&"*3L"3K#1'2'#"-#,'--#*; #&1'#%271"&'7&#%3B#C*2'#*; #&1'#?2*7'--#&1%&#,'B#?,%33'2-#&*#&2)#%3B#'-&%/,"-1#%#&12">"3K#Z">'2;2*3&# &1%&#(%-# "3# '--'37'#70&#*;; # ;2*C# &1'# 2'-&#*; # &1'# 7"&).# %3B# &1"-#?%2&"70,%2# 2'&%",#B'>',*?C'3&G#

;033',"3K#(*0,B#/'#-1*??'2-#&*#&1'#?2*?*-'B#-71'C'#?'2;*2C"3K#%3#"C?*2&%3&#2*,'.#7*33'7&"3K#&1'#B'L>',*?C'3&# &*# &1'#Cg#C*&*2(%)#%,*3K# &1'#3*2&1#*; # &1'#7"&)# -*# 2'B"2'7&"3K# "&#1%-#3'>'2#/''3#%3#*?&"*3G

J3"&"%,,)#Y0'-&"*3-#('2'#2%"-'B#%-#&*#&1'#3'--'-"&)#*; #%#,%2K'#*>'21%0,#*; #R'(?*2&#S"&)#7'3&2'.#C%3)#-1*??'2-#?*-"3K#&1'#Y0'-&"*38#i(1)#3*&#0-'#&1'#'4"-&"3K#>"7&*2"%3#/0",B"3K-Gk#H1'#*/F'7&"*3#;2*C#C%3)#2'-"B'3&-#%3B#

de


&1'#;**&?2"3&#*; #C%3)#*; #&1'-'#/0",B"3K-#B*'-#3*&#,'3B#"&-',; #(',,#&*#&1'#-&*79#103K2)#(%)#"3#(1"71#2'&%",'2-#

7*3&'4&0%,#2'0-'G#H1'#2',%&"*3-1"?#/'&(''3#&1'#%271"&'7&-.#M'-,"'#P*3'-#%3B#&1'#C%"3#2'&%",'2-#%-#C'3&"*3'B#L

7'--#%&#(*29#"3#R'(?*2&#%-#"3#S%2B";;.#&1'#2'&%",'2#B"7&%&"3K#"&[-#?*-"&"*3#*3#&1'#-"&'.#'GKG#<371*2#-&*2'#*3'#-"&-#%/*>'#%#/0-#"3&'271%3K'.#-*C'&1"3K#<3B2'(#QKK#"3;*2C'B#C'#(%-#-''3#%-#%3#%B>%3&%K'#'%2,)#*3#/)#&1'#

7*C?'&"&">'#2%&'-#*>'22"B'-#&1'#B'-"K3G#Z'K"*3%,#7*C?'&"&">'3'--#1%-#;*27'B#R'(?*2&#"3&*#C%9"3K#%#-'2"'-#*; #B'7"-"*3-#&1%&#*37'#%K%"3#-1*(#-)C?&*C-#*; #?%2%B"KC#?%2%,)-"-G#H1'#3''B#;*2#%#,%2K'#2'&%",'2#&*#?2*>"B'#

2'K'3'2%&"*3#-71'C'-#&1%&#,"&&,'2#&1'#=3"&'B#`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

'4&'23%,-#*; #@2"%2-#+%,9#B*'-#*;;'2#-*C'#K,"CC'2#*; #1*?'#(1'3#7*C?%2'B#&*#&1'#?,%3.#%3B#&1'#/*,B#C*>'-#

('#-''#&1'#&2'%&C'3&#*; #@2"%2-#+%,9#<2%7B'#"&-',;.#&1'#7'3&'2?"'7'#*; #&1'#B'>',*?C'3&G##+1",'#"&#"-#*;&'3#'%-)#&*#/'#?'--"C"-&"7#*; #^7*?)7%&[#-71'C'-#-071#%-#&1"-#"&#"-#3*&#("&1*0&#K**B#2'%-*3G#H1'#*/F'7&">'#1'2'#"-#*/>"L*0-,)#%#,'--#*; #%#7">"7#"3&'2K%&'B#-1*??"3K#'4?'2"'37'.#<3B2'(#QKK#B'-72"/'-#&1'#B'-"K3#2'>*,>"3K#%2*03B8

5Q-&)7-8 7%7/$-00(2.7%&'%<)7%/7-00-/)<7#-7'&)%#(2.7%7'-2#(2*(#37-8 7/#&))#"A

<3B2'(# QKK.# <271"&'7&# *3# R'(?*2&# @2"%2-# +%,9.# Z'&%",# 6?'7"%,"-&.# M'-,"'#P*3'-#<271"&'7&-

Q3'#7%33*&#1',?#/0&#3*&"7'#&1'#-"C",%2"&"'-#"3#*/F'7&">'-#1'2'#/'&(''3#S%2B";; #%3B#R'(?*2&.#/0&#&1'#2*0&'#"3#(1"71#/*&1#B'7"B'B#&*#?2*K2'--#"-#%,C*-&#"B'3&"7%,G#E'"3K#7*C?'&"&">'#"&#-''C-#1%-#&2%3-,%&'B#"3&*#/'"3K#

%271"&'7&#,'%B-#&1'#B'-"K3#&'%C#&*#3%C'#&1'#B'>',*?C'3&#%3#^%27%B'[#(1'3#"&#'4"-&-#*3#%#;%2#K2'%&'2#-7%,'#L

;%/2"7G#+1'3#&1"-#-7%,'#"-#"372'%-'B#"&#/'7*C'-#&"2'-*C'#&*#3%>"K%&'#)*02#(%)#*0&#*; #&1'-'#-?%7'-.#"3&'3L&"*3%,#C%)/'#/0&#%,,#&1'#C*2'#"3#%33*)%37'#*; #&1'#-1*??'2G#H1"-#%--%0,&#*3#71%2%7&'2#1%-#/''3#B'-72"/'B#/)#Z'C#`**,1%%-#%-# ^J3'>"&%/,'[# "3#%#K,*/%,"V'B#(*2,B#b`**,1%%-.#J3%/%.#'&#%,G#WXX!c#b@"KGWdc#/0&# "&#B*'-#

C*B',-G#<271"&'7&02'#72"&"7.#P*3%&1%3#$,%37').#-0CC%2"V'B#&1'#?1'3*C'3*3G#J3#WXXW#1'#,%C'3&'B#&1'#"CL

K%&'B#-1*??"3K#?2'7"37&-#%3B#/,%3B#71%"3#-&*2'-#&1%&#/',*3K#&*#7*037",-#%3B#7*2?*2%&"*3-#/0&#3*&#&*#&1'#?'*?,'.k#(2*&'#$,%37')G#i<&#&1'#-%C'#&"C'#('#1%>'#&'3B'B#&*#-&2"?#*02#&*(3#%3B#7"&)#7'3&'2-#*; #*,B#-&2''&#C%29'&-#%3B#;%C",)L203#/0-"3'--'-#%3B#&*#?'B'-&2"%3"V'#(1%&#('2'#*37'# ,">',)#-1*??"3K#-&2''&-.#72'%&"3K#02/%3#B'-'2&-.#'-?'7"%,,)#%;&'2#B%29Gk#H1'#;%,,%7)#1'2'#"-#-"C?,'.#(1",-&#2'K"*3%,#3'"K1/*2-.#R'(?*2&#B*'-#

d\


"3#&1'#M*3B*3#N>'3"3K#6&%3B%2B.#iH1'#1*C*K'3"V%&"*3#*; #*02#1"K1#-&2''&-#"-#%#72"C'#%K%"3-&#*02#70,&02'G#H1'# -C%2&#*3'-# K'&# &1'# "3&'23%&"*3%,# 7,*3'-#m#Z%,?1#M%02'3.# #I0K*#E*--.#D`RA.#6&%2/079-# %3B#$%?#

E,*79/0-&'2#%3B#M%B/2*9'-Gk#+1",-&#%-?"2%&"*3#%3B#1*?'#*; #%#1"K1'2#-&%3B%2B#*; #'%23"3K#"-#%BC"2%/,'#&1'#B'>',*?C'3&#"3#R'(?*2&#B*'-#3*&#7%&'2#;*2#71%3K'#*>'2#&"C'G#+1%&#('#(",,#-''#"3#R'(?*2&#"-#%#C"K2%&"*3.#*3#%#K2'%&'2#-7%,'#&1%3#&1%&#*; #S%2B";; #*; #2'&%",'2-#;2*C#*&1'2#?%2&-#*; #&1'#7"&)#&*#&1"-#B'>',*?C'3&.#';;'7L&">',)#72"??,"3K#%3#%,2'%B)#-&20KK,"3K#2'&%",#'3>"2*3C'3&#%3B#%#;02&1'2#03B'2C"3"3K#*; #&1'#3*&"*3#*; #^?,%7'[G

gX


D+=9@.;%8#@"KGWg#6DW.#H1'#I%)'-.#S%2LB";;G#6*027'8#<0&1*2-#*(3

5+%%+09@.;% L?*2&#6*027'8#M'-,"'#P*3'-#<271"&'7&-

5.-+,8# @"KGWd# 6DW.# J3&'23%,# <27%B'.#S%2B";;G#6*027'8#<0&1*2-#*(3

g!

-0&1$/%*2M

-+.'@6#)+.

R*&"*3-#*; #^?,%7'[#%3B#^/',*3K"3K[#%2'#',0-">'#7*37'?&-#"3#%#(*2,B#?*?0,%&'B#/)#'7*3*C"'-#%3B#-*7"'&"'-#&1%&#,'3B#&1'C-',>'-#&*#%#03";*2C#C*B',G#H1'#-&%&'#*; #2'&%",#%3B#C*2'#B"-&"37&">',)#&1'#-&%&'#*; #2'&%",#%2L

;*2&1#-*C'#B)-&*?"%3# "B'%,#*; #1*(#-1*??"3K# ^0-'B# &*#/'[#(1'3# "3# ;%7&#-1*??"3K#1%-#3'>'2# "3>*,>'B#-*#C071#71*"7'G#I*('>'2#&1"-#"-#"2*3"7.#%-#7%3#"372'%-'#"3#71*"7'#"3#&1'#2'&%",#C%29'&#1%-#,'B#%2K0%/,)#,'B#&*#%#,%79#&1'2'#*; #"&#bR'(#N7*3*C"7-#@*03B%&"*3#WXXgcG#H1'#C"K2%&"*3#*; #&1'#?*('2;0,#71%"3-#&*#&1'#^*0&L*;L&*(3[#-1*??"3K#7'3&2'-#"3#&1'#3"3'&''3#'"K1&"'-#%3B#3"3'&"'-#B"-?,%7'B#&1'#C%3)#"3B'?'3B'3&#-&*2'-#&1%&#

L?'2G#E2%3B#%3B#1"K1#-&2''&#('2'#-''3#%-#*3'.#(1%&#('#%2'#("&3'--"3K#"-#%#?*?0,%&"*3#&1%&#1%>'#/''3#2%"-'B#*3#%#-%&02%&'B#70,&02'#*; #Hl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bB"-70--'B# "3# 71%?&'2# &12''c#('2'# '4?,*2'B# "3#B'?&1#/)#&1'#'C"3'3&#72"&"7#P%3'#P%7*/-#"3#H1'#R%&02'#*; #N7*3*C"'-G#J3#H1'#R%&02'#*; #N7*3*C"'-#P%7*/-#(2"&'-.#

5=27 %27 )'-/3/#)4;7 #$)7 )//)2#(%,7 '-2#&(+*#(-2/7 4%<)7 !(#$(27 #$)7 \2%#*&%,]7 '-2@<*(#7 %&)7 '&)%#)<7 +37 <(9)&/)7 +(-,-.('%,7 %'#(9(#()/;7 #$)7 )//)2#(%,7 '-2#&(+*#(-2/74%<)7 !(#$(27 #$)7 \)'-2-4(']7 '-2<*(#7 %&)7 '&)%#)<7 +37 <(9)&/)7 )'-2-4('7 %'#(9(#()/"A

P%3'#P%7*/-#

2%"3;%,,.#*2#(1'3#C*3')#K'&-#-?'3&#"3#&1'#,*7%,#'7*3*C)8#56$)70&%'#('%,7 ,(217+)#!))27)'-2-4('7<)9),-04)2#7%2<7)'-2-4('7)?0%2/(-27(/7)'-2-4('7<(9)&/(#3"A#H1'#^,*7%,#C0,&"?,"'2#';;'7&[#&1%&#7*3-0C'2#-?'3B"3K#1%-#"3#&1'#,*7%,#'7*3*C)#1%-#/''3#C'%-02'B#%3B#*/-'2>'B#/)#&1'#RN@#bR'(#N7*3*C"7-#@*03B%&"*3#WXXgcG#J; #&1"-#"-#&20'.#

gW


B*'-#%#3'(#&1"39"3K#*; #%271"&'7&02%,#B">'2-"&)#1*,B#%#?*-"&"*3#"3#&1"-#72"&"Y0'.#7%3#"&#"3B07'#71%3K'5#Q2#"-#"&#?02',)#%3#0&*?"%3#"B'%,.#&*#'4?'7&#&1'#;*27'-#*; #'7*3*C"7-#%3B#B*KK'B#7*3-0C?&"*3#/"%-#b7022'3&#C*B',-#*; #&1"39"3Kc#&*#/'#*>'21%0,'B##"3#*2B'2#&*#72'%&'#%#?,%33"3K#-)-&'C#&1%&#*?'2%&'-#1*(#"&#*0K1&#&*#*?'2%&'5#J&#"-#%&#&1"-#?*"3&#&1%&#%271"&'7&02'#72*--'-#%#,"3'_#%271"&'7&02'#%-#/*&1#`**,1%%-#%3B#:%3;2'B*#H%2;02"#%2K0'#"-#*3,)#%271"&'7&02'#0?#&*#%#7'2&%"3#?*"3&G#E')*3B#&1'#2'%,C-#*; #^/"K3'--[#%271"&'7&02'#2',"3Y0"-1'-#"&-#1*,B#

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

>%2)"3K#,'>',-#%3B#("&1#%#>%2)"3K#B'K2''#*; #-&'2","&)#%3B#-0??*2&#;2*C#&1'#',"&'G#H12*0K1#C)#7*3>'2-%&"*3-#("&1#&1*-'# "3#71%2K'#*; #?,%33"3K.#B'-"K3#%3B#?*,"7)# "&#(*0,B#-''C#&1%&# ,%4#'4'70&"*3#*; #&1'*2'&"7%,#%3B#K*>'23C'3&#?*,"7)#1%-#,'B#0-#&*#&1"-#?*-"&"*3G#H1'#"C?,'C'3&%&"*3#*; #&1'-'#?*,"7"'-#%3B#B'-"K3#K0"B%37'#

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

J&#"-#%??%2'3&#&1%&#('#%2'#3*(#%&#%#?*"3&#(1'2'#%#2'&023#&*#-*C'#B">'2-'#"B'%,#"-#03*/&%"3%/,'.#%271"&'7&02%,#

';;'7&-#"&#1%-#1%B#(1",-&#*2"'3&%&"3K#%#3'(#?*-"&"*3#%-#%271"&'7&-.#2'-"-&"3K#&1'#?2'--02'-#K,*/%,"V%&"*3#"-#1%>"3K#0?*3#*02#?2*;'--"*3#"-#;0&",'G##<271"&'7&02'#1%-#3*#71*"7'#/0&#&*#"3-'2&#"&-',; #"3&*#&1'#1"K1,)#7*3&'3&"*0-#,"%"L-*3#B%3K'2'0-'#/'&(''3#"&[-#*(3#70,&02%,#%C/"&"*3-#%3B#&1'#'4"K'37"'-#*; #&1'#C%29'&#%,&'2"3K#"&#;2*C#("&1"3G#

L("&&"3K,)#B2">'3#"3&*#%#2*,'#*; #B">'2-'#B'7%B'37'#/)#'4&2'C'#7*CC'27"%,"-CG#A'&#;*2#%271"&'7&02'#&*#?,%)#%3#

%3B#"3-&"&0&"*3-G#I*C*K'3"V%&"*3#7%33*&#/'#B"-C"--'B#%-#%#;*27'#&1%&#1%-#('%9'3'B#%271"&'7&02'.#/0&#C0-&#/'#%77'?&'B#%-#%#?'2"*B#;2*C#(1"71#C071#7%3#/'#,'%23'BG#Z'&%",#%271"&'7&02'#-&",,#*;;'2-#30C'2*0-#'47"&"3K#7*C/"3%&"*3-#%3B#%271"&'7&-#C0-&#-''#&1'-'#%3#"B'%,#*??*2&03"&)#&*#&'-&#%3B#71%,,'3K'#&1'#-&%3B%2B#C*B',G

gd

Notes - Bibliography

+'3&.#Z*/'2&G#H1'#N3"KC%#*; #$,*/%,"V%&"*38#<#P*023')#&*#%#R'(#6&%K'#*; #S%?"&%,"-CG#T-)71*,*K)#T2'--.#WXXWG

<0B"&#S*CC"--"*3G#=2/%3#Z'K'3'2%&"*3#%3B#N7*3*C"7#D'>',*?C'3&8#&1'#,*7%,#K*>'23C'3&#B"C'3-"*3G#M*3B*38#I:6Q.#!\e\G

T,%33"3K#Z'>"'(.#!\\gG

<&9"3-*3.#I0K1.#%3B#6&0%2&#+",9-LI''KG#M*7%,#K*>'23C'3&#;2*C#H1%&71'2#&*#E,%"2#8#&1'#?*,"&"7-#*; #72'%&">'#%0&*3*C)G#S%C/2"BK'.#=`#_#:%,B'3.#:<8#T*,"&)#T2'--#"3#%--*7"%&"*3#("&1#E,%79(',,.#WXXXG

S*,,"'2-#J3&'23%&"*3%,G#Z'&%",#6&0B)#%3B#S%?%7"&)#<--'--C'3&G#T,%33"3K.#R'(?*2&#S"&)#S*037",OR'(?*2&#=3,"C"&'B.#R'(?*2&8#S*,,"'2-#J3&'23%&"*3.#WX!XG

N>%3-.#P%C'-.#%3B#T1",#P*3'-G#=2/%3#Z'K'3'2%&"*3#"3#&1'#=`G#M*-#<3K','-#_#M*3B*38#6<$N.#WXXeG

D'%9"3.#R"71*,%-.#%3B#P*13#NB(%2B-#G#H1'#'3&'2?2"-'#70,&02'#%3B#&1'#"33'2#7"&)G#M*3B*38#H%),*2#f#@2%37"-.#!\\dG

$"BB'3-.#<3&1*3)G#N02*?'#"3#&1'#$,*/%,#<K'G#T*,"&).#WXXaG

$2'%&#E2"&%"3G#D'?&G#*; # &1'#N3>"2*3C'3&.#H2%3-?*2&#%3B#&1'#Z'K"*3-G#T2*?*-'B#02/%3#(1"&'#?%?'28# &1'#$*>'23C'3&[-#2'-?*3-'#&*#&1'#','>'3&1#2'?*2&#*; #&1'#6','7&#S*CC"&&''#*3#N3>"2*3C'3&.#H2%3-?*2&#%3B#

J3%/%.#P';;2').#Z'C#`**,1%%-.#6V'#H-03K#M'*3K.#S10"10%#P0B)#S103K.#%3B#H%'L(**9#S1%G#I%2>%2B#D'-"K3#671**,#K0"B'#&*#-1*??"3KG#`o,38#H%-71'3.#WXX!G

I%33"K%3.#P*13G#i6)C?*-"0C#*3#E2%3B"3K.#&1'#N3&'2&%"3C'3&#N7*3*C)#%3B#=2/%3#T,%7'#E0",B"3KGk#J3&'2L3%&"*3%,#P*023%,#*; #=2/%3#%3B#Z'K"*3%,#Z'-'%271#bE,%79(',,#T0/,"-1"3K#M&Bc#Wa.#3*G#W#bWXXdcG

I%&1'2,').#Q('3G#<#$0"B'#&*#&1'#R'(#Z0"3-#*; #$2'%&#E2"&%"3G#M*3B*3.#R'(#A*298#l'2-*.#WX!XG

N3>"2*3C'3&G#S%2B";;8#=3">'2-"&)#*; #+%,'-#T2'--.#WXXaG

P%7*/-.#P%3'G#H1'#B'%&1#%3B#,";'#*; #K2'%&#<C'2"7%3#7"&"'-G#:*B'23#M"/2%2).#!\]!G

P*3'-.#Q('3G#S1%>-8#H1'#D'C*3"V%&"*3#*; #&1'#+*29"3K#S,%--G#M*3B*38#l'2-*#E**9-.#WX!!G

`,"3KC%33.#<33%G#E2%3B-7%?'-.#<271"&'7&02'#"3#&1'#N4?'2"'37'#N7*3*C)G#M*3B*38#:JH#T2'--.#WX!XG

`**,1%%-.#Z'C.#E207'#:%0.#P'33";'2#6"K,'2.#%3B#I%3-#+'2,'C%33#G#6C%,,.#C'B"0C.#,%2K'.#'4&2%L,%2K'#8#Q;L

gg


`**,1%%-.#Z'C.#P';;2')#J3%/%.#6V'#H-03K#M'*3K.#S10"10%#P0B)#S103K.#%3B#H%'L(**9#S1%G#I%2>%2B#D'-"K3#671**,#K0"B'#&*#-1*??"3KG#`o,38#H%-71'3.#WXX!G

R'(#N7*3*C"7-#@*03B%&"*3G#S,*3'#&*(3#E2"&%"3G#H1"39#H%39#Z'?*2&.#R%&"*3%,#N7*3*C"7#@*03B%&"*3.#M*3B*38#RN@.#WXXgG

:%2>"3.# 6"C*3.# %3B# 6&'?1'3#$2%1%CG# 6?,"3&'2"3K#=2/%3"-C8#R'&(*29'B# J3;2%-&207&02'-.# H'713*,*K"7%,#:*/","&"'-#%3B#&1'#=2/%3#S*3B"&"*3G#R'(#A*298#Z*0&,'BK'.#WXX!G

T%>"&&.#P*13#IG#i=2/%3#Z'3'(%,#"3#+%,'-Gk#HST66#bH*(3#%3B#S*03&2)#T,%33"3K#60CC'2#671**,#T2*7''BL"3K-c#!\\XG#M*3B*38#H1'#T,%33'2.#!\\XG#aXLagG

T%BB"-*3.#<B'#`'%23-#%3B#Z*3%3G#iR'(#S1%,,'3K'-#;*2#=2/%3#$*>'23%37'Gk#H1'#NB"&*2-#*; #=2/%3#6&0BL

T%29"3-*3.#:"71%',G#iH1'#=2/%3#+1"&'#T%?'2#I%,; #+%)#&*#T%2%B"-'5k#R'(#N7*3*C)#e.#3*G#!#b:%271#WXX!cG

T*2&',,%.#NB0%2B*G#=RN6SQ#S*02"'2G#NB"&'B#/)#S'3K%K'#M'%23"3K#$%,'G#=RN6SQ#S*02"'2G#WXX!G#1&&?8OO

Z*K'2-.#Z"71%2B#$'*2K'G#H*(%2B-#%3#02/%3#2'3%"--%37'G#M*3B*38#H%),*2#f#@2%37"-.#!\\\G

H%,,*3.#<3B2'(G#=2/%3#2'K'3'2%&"*3#"3#&1'#=`G#M*3B*38#H%),*2#f#@2%37"-.#WXX\G

Notes - Appendix

:06#.1

@"KG!1&&?8OO(((GC7%2&102K,'3G7*CO@"KGWS%2B";; #S*037",#T1*&*K2%?1"7#<271">'@"KGdD"%K2%C#2'?2*B07'B#/)#%0&1*2#/0&#2';'2'37'#&*#*2"K"3%,#;*03B#"3#b<,B'3#%3B#6%C#Z*C%)%#!\\gc@"KGg

L3%,G#M"39#%3B#pZ#7*B'#*3#"3-"B'#*; #/%79#7*>'2

L3%,G#M"39#%3B#pZ#7*B'#*3#"3-"B'#*; #/%79#7*>'2@"KG]S*,,"'2-#J3&'23%&"*3%,#Z'?*2&#*3#Z'&%",#6&0B)#%3B#S%?%7"&)#<--'--C'3&@"KGa+',-1#<2&-#S*CC"--"*3#T1*&*K2%?1"7#<271">'1&&?8OO(((G%2&-(%,'-G*2KG09O@"KGe

L3%,G#M"39#%3B#pZ#7*B'#*3#"3-"B'#*; #/%79#7*>'2@"KG\

L3%,G#M"39#%3B#pZ#7*B'#*3#"3-"B'#*; #/%79#7*>'2@"KG!X

L3%,G#M"39#%3B#pZ#7*B'#*3#"3-"B'#*; #/%79#7*>'2@"KG!!

L3%,G#M"39#%3B#pZ#7*B'#*3#"3-"B'#*; #/%79#7*>'2@"KG!W

L3%,G#M"39#%3B#pZ#7*B'#*3#"3-"B'#*; #/%79#7*>'2@"KG!dM'-,"'#P*3'-#<271"&'7&-.#*2"K"3%,#C%B'#%>%",%/,'#&*#<0&1*2#*3,)G#R*&#;*2#2'?0/,"7%&"*3@"KG!gM%3B#6'702"&"'-#$2*0?#?,71&&?8OO(((G-&B%>"B-7%2B";;G7*CO61*??"3KO6&*2'L:%?

M'-,"'#P*3'-#<271"&'7&-.#*2"K"3%,#C%B'#%>%",%/,'#&*#<0&1*2#*3,)G#R*&#;*2#2'?0/,"7%&"*3@"KG!]

L3%,G#M"39#%3B#pZ#7*B'#*3#"3-"B'#*; #/%79#7*>'2@"KG!a

L3%,G#M"39#%3B#pZ#7*B'#*3#"3-"B'#*; #/%79#7*>'2@"KG!e

L

3%,G#M"39#%3B#pZ#7*B'#*3#"3-"B'#*; #/%79#7*>'2@"KG!\

L3%,G#M"39#%3B#pZ#7*B'#*3#"3-"B'#*; #/%79#7*>'2@"KGWX

L3%,G#M"39#%3B#pZ#7*B'#*3#"3-"B'#*; #/%79#7*>'2@"KGW!

L3%,G#M"39#%3B#pZ#7*B'#*3#"3-"B'#*; #/%79#7*>'2@"KGWW

L3%,G#M"39#%3B#pZ#7*B'#*3#"3-"B'#*; #/%79#7*>'2@"KGWd

L3%,G#M"39#%3B#pZ#7*B'#*3#"3-"B'#*; #/%79#7*>'2@"KGWg

L3%,G#M"39#%3B#pZ#7*B'#*3#"3-"B'#*; #/%79#7*>'2

M'-,"'#P*3'-#<271"&'7&-.#*2"K"3%,#C%B'#%>%",%/,'#&*#<0&1*2#*3,)G#R*&#;*2#2'?0/,"7%&"*3

p0'-&"*3-#%3B#J3&'2>"'(#Z'7*2B"3K-#%2'#%>%",%/,'#*3#&1'#%&&%71'B#SD#%-(',,#%-#%&8

!!!"#$%#%&'$(#)'#*&)+,-."+,-./0-#"'-"*1

g]


ga

NOP*(F!Q4NRS*-4?T

CLONE-CITY

Documents

Transcript of CLONE-CITY