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1 CLINICAL CLINICAL CLINICAL CLINICAL TRIAL TRIAL TRIAL TRIAL OF OF OF OF PROPOELIX PROPOELIX PROPOELIX PROPOELIX ON ON ON ON DENGUE DENGUE DENGUE DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC HEMORRHAGIC HEMORRHAGIC HEMORRHAGIC FEVER FEVER FEVER FEVER PATIENTS PATIENTS PATIENTS PATIENTS Rochsismandoko, Eppy, Diana P., Syafiq A.*Utami S**, Aznan Lelo, Bagus SB*** Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Since 1994, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) has spread to every province in Indonesia. Nowadays, DHF is endemic in a number of big cities. Since 1975 the disease has spread in the rural areas. Considering the absence of medicine and vaccine for DHF until presently, efforts to eradicate the disease is emphasized on intensive vector control and supportive therapy. A number of researches on natural substances in Indonesia have been carried out as supportive therapy, but the results are not satisfactory. There is no intervention efforts made on the reactions that occurred in the DHF patients’ bodies and the contributing factors, therefore, new efforts for an effective therapy or management to obstruct pathogenesis and progressivity of DHF are required (11) . Propolis, a substance obtained from bee activities, is known for years to contain antioxidant effect, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-mitogenic, anti-carcinogen and immunomodulatory effect, therefore it is assumed that propolis can be used in supportive therapy for DHF (2,11) . Up to the present time, in Indonesia no research has been published on the effect of propolis administration as supportive therapy for DHF. This research is expected to contribute knowledge and better treatment of dengue fever patients by utilizing existing potential sources in Indonesia. The objective of the study is to examine if propolis extract can be used as adjuvant therapy on DHF patients. The other objective is to prove if there is a significant difference on the increase in the number of platelets, leukocytes, and hematocrits between DHF patients administered by propolis extract compared to those who only receive standard therapy for DHF. This study is expected to help DHF patients in reducing clinical symptoms and decreasing length of stay for DHF patients at the Hospital. Also to help establish SOP of therapy toward management of DHF patients at Persahabatan Hospital. Dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are caused by dengue virus of the genus flavivirus, family flaviviridae. Flavivirus is a virus with 30 nm diameter, consisting of ribonucleic acid, single stranded with the total molecule weight of 4x10 6 . There are 4 serotypes, namely DEN-1, 2, 3, and 4, all of which may cause dengue fever and DHF. The four serotypes are found in Indonesia, with DEN-3 as the most commonly found. Dengue fever shows mild clinical manifestation, while DHF may cause severe symptoms and Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS). A number of hematologic disorders accompany DHF so that they can be used to support diagnosis and the parameter of clinical improvement. The pathogenesis of DHF is still debatable; there is strong evidence that immunopathologic mechanism plays an important role.

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CLINICALCLINICALCLINICALCLINICAL TRIALTRIALTRIALTRIAL OFOFOFOF PROPOELIXPROPOELIXPROPOELIXPROPOELIX ONONONONDENGUEDENGUEDENGUEDENGUE HEMORRHAGICHEMORRHAGICHEMORRHAGICHEMORRHAGIC FEVERFEVERFEVERFEVER PATIENTSPATIENTSPATIENTSPATIENTS

Rochsismandoko, Eppy, Diana P., Syafiq A.*Utami S**, Aznan Lelo, Bagus SB***

IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroductionSince 1994, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) has spread to every province in Indonesia.

Nowadays, DHF is endemic in a number of big cities. Since 1975 the disease has spread in therural areas. Considering the absence of medicine and vaccine for DHF until presently, efforts toeradicate the disease is emphasized on intensive vector control and supportive therapy. Anumber of researches on natural substances in Indonesia have been carried out as supportivetherapy, but the results are not satisfactory. There is no intervention efforts made on thereactions that occurred in the DHF patients’ bodies and the contributing factors, therefore,new efforts for an effective therapy or management to obstruct pathogenesis and progressivityof DHF are required (11).

Propolis, a substance obtained from bee activities, is known for years to containantioxidant effect, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-mitogenic, anti-carcinogen andimmunomodulatory effect, therefore it is assumed that propolis can be used in supportivetherapy for DHF (2,11).

Up to the present time, in Indonesia no research has been published on the effect ofpropolis administration as supportive therapy for DHF. This research is expected to contributeknowledge and better treatment of dengue fever patients by utilizing existing potential sourcesin Indonesia.

The objective of the study is to examine if propolis extract can be used as adjuvant therapyon DHF patients. The other objective is to prove if there is a significant difference on the increase in thenumber of platelets, leukocytes, and hematocrits between DHF patients administered by propolisextract compared to those who only receive standard therapy for DHF.

This study is expected to help DHF patients in reducing clinical symptoms anddecreasing length of stay for DHF patients at the Hospital. Also to help establish SOP of therapytoward management of DHF patients at Persahabatan Hospital.

Dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are caused by dengue virus of thegenus flavivirus, family flaviviridae. Flavivirus is a virus with 30 nm diameter, consisting ofribonucleic acid, single stranded with the total molecule weight of 4x106. There are 4 serotypes,namely DEN-1, 2, 3, and 4, all of which may cause dengue fever and DHF. The four serotypesare found in Indonesia, with DEN-3 as the most commonly found. Dengue fever shows mildclinical manifestation, while DHF may cause severe symptoms and Dengue Shock Syndrome(DSS). A number of hematologic disorders accompany DHF so that they can be used to supportdiagnosis and the parameter of clinical improvement. The pathogenesis of DHF is stilldebatable; there is strong evidence that immunopathologic mechanism plays an important role.

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Dengue virus infection activates macrophage which causes phagositosis on virus-antibodycomplex. On DHF there is a decrease in complementary level, the more severe the symptomsare, the higher the decrease of complementary level such as C proactivator. Radioactively, itwas proved that the decrease is not caused by lower production or extravasations (6,10).

Propolis or bee glue, propolis balsam, propolis resin, propolis wax, hive dross, is theproduct of honey bees (Apis melifera) which collected from tree buds or sap and chewed, thenmixed with certain enzyme from their body, and stored in the pollen basket located in theirhind legs. The propolis are used to seal and sterilize the beehive. It is well known as amedication for centuries. The name propolis originated from Greek (pro = before, polis = city).In constructing their hive, in the beginning honey bees will build a wall with the entrance whichis antimicrobial to prevent antigens which may pollute their hive. The natural disinfectantcontained in propolis is very effective as a bactericidal agent.

The chemical composition of propolis is still not fully revealed. It is a resin-like materialwhich normally is green or brown in color, with poplar buds, honey, wax, or vanilla taste, but itmay also taste bitter. The chemical composition, color, and taste of propolis depend on thegeographic location. It is hard and brittle at low temperature, and very sticky when it is warm.Kaczmarek, et al (1983) found B-Amylase in propolis, Bankova, et al (1982, 1983 & 1988) foundthat the main composition of propolis are polyphenols, flavones, flavonones, phenolic acid andester. Polyakof, et al (1998) found fatty acid in propolis. Hegazi and Abd el Hady (1997)analyzed Egyptian propolis with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and found phenolicacid esters (72.7%); phenolic acids (1.1%); aliphatic acids (2.4%); dihydrochalcones (6.5%);Chalcones (1.7%); flavonones (1.9%); flavones (4.6%) and tetrahydrofuran derivatives (0.7 %).Nikolaev (1978) found minerals such as Mg, Ca, I, K, Na, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, and vitamin B1, B2, B6,C, E, fatty acid (1,3,4,5,7).

The general composition of propolis varies, depending on the type of vegetations found by thebees; some of the identified compositions are (1,3,8,9): 50-55% resin & balsam, 30% bee wax, 10-15% essential oil, and 5% bee pollen.

Propolis contains substances required to build a strong immune system and to activatethymus gland. It can be concluded from various researches: propolis contains every Vitaminexcept vitamin K; it contains every Mineral required by our body except Sulfur; propoliscontains 16 essential amino acid chains required for cell regeneration; it contains bioflavonoid,an antioxidant which functions as cell supplement. Based on a research, bioflavonoid in a dropof propolis equals to bioflavonoid produced from 500 oranges.

Propolis has been used since 300 BC for cosmetic. Then it is used as an anti-inflammatory,, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, local anesthesia, antiulcer, immunostimulant,hipotensive, and cytostatic agent. Propolis is also known to have effect of antimicrobial,antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, nutrient absorption, and immunity.

A number of researches have been carried out to evaluate the benefit of propolisadministration as anti-inflammatory. The effect of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) on chronicinflammation is proved on a research using rats with arthritis. In that research, arthritis indexcould be decreased by administering EEP 50-100 mg/kg body weight/day. The analgesic effect

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of propolis equals to prednisolone (2.5 mg/kg/day, P.O.) and acetylsalicylic acid (100mg/kg/day). It is also proved that propolis contains acute and chronic anti-inflammatory effect(Park and Kahng, 1999), especially due to the activity of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) inpropolis (4,9).

Propolis with various benefits can increase the activation of macrophages (Sforcin, 2007)where propolis may stimulate the production of cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α in mice(Moriyasu et al., 1994). One content of propolis extract is CAPE (Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester). Ithas anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the release of arachidonic acid from cellmembranes, suppress the activity of the enzyme COX-1 and COX-2. (Borelli, 2002). CAPE (1.5and 10 μM) also has the effect of inhibiting transcription from NF-kB factor and NFAT of T cellin the inflammatory process (4,9).

An unique Propolis extract (Propoelix) was tested by BrunswickLaboratories, USA on 13 January 2012 was found to contain an Oxygen Radical AbsorbanceCapacity (ORAC), a measurement of Antioxidant Activity to be 21,921 compared to orangewhich has an ORAC value of 24.

Treatment of dengue fever today was limited to supportive therapy, and thereforepropolis is expected to be one option in supportive treatment for patients with dengue feverdiagnosis. Properties of propolis that can suppress inflammation and enhance the activity ofmacrophages are considered theoretically capable of improving immunity and capillarypermeability.

Figure 1 illustrates the schematic relationship of inflammatory process on DHF and therole of CAPE in obstructing the process (4,9).

SchemeSchemeSchemeScheme 1.1.1.1. TheTheTheThe mechanismmechanismmechanismmechanism ofofofof actionactionactionaction ofofofof propolispropolispropolispropolis inininin thethethethe pathophysiologypathophysiologypathophysiologypathophysiology ofofofof DSSDSSDSSDSS

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MaterialMaterialMaterialMaterial andandandand MethodMethodMethodMethodThis research is a clinical trial with design of randomized control trial that was carried

out by the Functional Medical Staff of Internal Medicine at Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta forfour months from December 2009 up to March 2010. Materials of the study are HDI Propoelix100 mg capsules.

Criteria of Inclusion: above 15 years of age, dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Patient, thefever lasts for 72 hours or less, able to eat and drink (compos mentis), platelets below100,000/µL, willing to participate in the study. Criteria of Exclusion: suffer from seriousdiseases or other chronic diseases, The DHF patient is mentally ill, allergic to propolis, pregnantand breastfeeding woman, receives blood transfusion / platelet concentrates, takingmedications other than symptomatic drugs (analgesic, decongestant, etc.)

Clinical trial in this study is to determine the effectiveness of propoelix, a propolisextract as adjuvant therapy to handling DHF in addition to applicable standard therapy in thehospital. The effectiveness is assessed from the differences on the changes in clinical,laboratory parameters and length of stay between the two groups of study. In other words thedifference in changes between the two groups caused by the influence of propoelix.

Independent variable: provision of additional therapeutic propoelix. Dependentvariable: laboratory, temperature and length of hospitalization. Laboratory parametersincluded hemoglobin, hematocrit, leucocytes and platelets. Clinical condition is a measurementof the patient's body temperature. Length of stay is the number of day patients undergoingtreatment in hospital.

Trial was started by studying the status for every subject. After that, patients who met thecriteria were randomly categorized into two groups: group I as control, received placebo; groupII received propoelix capsules (100 mg). Patients were followed for 4 days, conducted serialroutine examination of hematology, serology for DHF and clinical observations. Length of studyis four months, with number of subjects for each group is 30-50. Data and statisticalcalculations are processed by unpaired t test or Mann Whitney test to compare treatmenteffects on various clinical and laboratory parameters with numerical data. Repeat Anova test orFriedman test to compare changes in parameters of each group every day, followed by posthoc analysis. Chi Square test for comparing categorical data of the two groups. A limit ofsignificance is based on the value of p <0.05

ResultResultResultResultThere were 114 patients, who met criteria of inclusion and exclusion. 13 other patients wereexcluded from the study for consuming non-standard medicines/herbal medicines without thedoctor’s consent of the 114. 5 were excluded for co-morbid infection, and 3 other patientswere unwilling to continue the study. The basic data of the two groups is elaborated in table 1.

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TableTableTableTable 1111 :::: BasicBasicBasicBasic CharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristics ofofofof thethethethe ThreeThreeThreeThree MedicationMedicationMedicationMedication GroupsGroupsGroupsGroups

No.No.No.No. VariableVariableVariableVariablePlaceboPlaceboPlaceboPlacebo n=46n=46n=46n=46 PropoelixPropoelixPropoelixPropoelix 100100100100 mgmgmgmg n=47n=47n=47n=47

PPPPMeanMeanMeanMean SDSDSDSD MeanMeanMeanMean SDSDSDSD

1.1.1.1. GenderGenderGenderGender M/FM/FM/FM/F †††† 31/15 25/22 0,205

2.2.2.2. AgeAgeAgeAge (year)(year)(year)(year) ¥¥¥¥ 23,78 8,27 25,15 8,14 0,817

3.3.3.3. WeightWeightWeightWeight (((( KgKgKgKg )))) 53,09 7,61 56,68 8,20 0,024

4.4.4.4. HeightHeightHeightHeight (((( cmcmcmcm )))) 161,35 5,49 159,98 4,69 0,199

5.5.5.5. SystolicSystolicSystolicSystolic BPBPBPBP (mmHg)(mmHg)(mmHg)(mmHg) ¥¥¥¥ 111,30 8,06 110,21 6,75 0,628

6.6.6.6. DiastolicDiastolicDiastolicDiastolic BPBPBPBP (mmHg)(mmHg)(mmHg)(mmHg) ¥¥¥¥ 72,17 6,64 72,77 5,40 0,671

†††† ChisChisChisChis SquareSquareSquareSquare Test.Test.Test.Test. UnpairedUnpairedUnpairedUnpaired t-Test,t-Test,t-Test,t-Test, ¥¥¥¥MannMannMannMann WhitneyWhitneyWhitneyWhitney TestTestTestTest

Comparison of demographic characteristics showed there was no significant differencebetween two groups before medication was administered on proportion characteristic ofgender by using chi square test (p=0,205). By unpaired t test or Mann Whitney test on numericvariable there was no significant difference between two groups before medication wasadministered, including characteristic of age (p=0,817), height (p=0,199), systolic bloodpressure (p=0,628), diastolic blood pressure (p=671). There was significant difference onweight (p=0,024).

From Table 1 illustrates the demographic characteristics between the placebo group (n= 46) and propoelix group (n = 47) are equal or from demographic variable there was nosignificant difference. Randomization process dividing the two groups by demographic workedout well.

TableTableTableTable 2.2.2.2. ComparisonComparisonComparisonComparison ofofofof clinicalclinicalclinicalclinical variablevariablevariablevariable inininin 4444 daysdaysdaysdays monitoringmonitoringmonitoringmonitoring onononon Placebo/ControlPlacebo/ControlPlacebo/ControlPlacebo/Control GroupGroupGroupGroup

NoNoNoNo VariableVariableVariableVariableDayDayDayDay 1111 DayDayDayDay 2222 DayDayDayDay 3333 DayDayDayDay 4444

ppppMeanMeanMeanMean SDSDSDSD MeanMeanMeanMean SDSDSDSD MeanMeanMeanMean SDSDSDSD MeanMeanMeanMean SDSDSDSD

1.1.1.1.

2.2.2.2.

3.3.3.3.

4.4.4.4.

5.5.5.5.

HemoglobinHemoglobinHemoglobinHemoglobin ††††

HematocritHematocritHematocritHematocrit ††††

LeukocyteLeukocyteLeukocyteLeukocyte ††††

PlateletPlateletPlateletPlatelet ††††

TemperatureTemperatureTemperatureTemperature((((ooooC)C)C)C) ††††

14,31

41,61

4559,56

73573,91

37,43

1,57

4,13

2658,92

33266,11

0,92

13,91

40,50

4776,52

69521,74

37,24

1,51

3,58

2614,82

32620,20

1,05

14,00

40,72

5488,48

77108,70

36,91

1,46

3,83

2337,98

46471,61

0,80

13,91

40,30

5771,09

81304,35

36,78

1,30

3,64

1868,64

59094,98

0,77

0,069

0,150

0,000

0,505

0,000

RepeatRepeatRepeatRepeat AnovaAnovaAnovaAnova Test,Test,Test,Test, †††† FriedmanFriedmanFriedmanFriedman Test,Test,Test,Test, p<0,05p<0,05p<0,05p<0,05

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Table 2 illustrates the use of repeat Anova test or Friedman test to compare variablesduring the observation. At least there are two different levels of leukocyte and temperature inthe control group (placebo) on measurement day 1, 2, 3 and 4, then performed post hoc test todetermine which of two different measurements follow: For level of leucocytes there weredifferences between day 1 and day 3 (p = 0,002), day 1 to day 4 (p = 0,001), day 2 with day 3 (p= 0,005) and day 2 and day 4 (p = 0,004). For the temperature of the patient there was adifference between day 1 and day 3 (p = 0,000), day 1 to day 4 (p = 0,000), day 2 with day 3 (p =0,004) and day 2 and day 4 (p = 0,000).

While the observations for levels of hemoglobin (p = 0,069), hematocrit (p = 0,150) andplatelets (p = 0,505) over four days showed no statistically significant differences in the placebogroup.

TableTableTableTable 3.3.3.3. ComparisonComparisonComparisonComparison ofofofof clinicalclinicalclinicalclinical andandandand laboratorylaboratorylaboratorylaboratory variablesvariablesvariablesvariables inininin 4444 daysdaysdaysdays observationobservationobservationobservation towardtowardtowardtowardExperimentExperimentExperimentExperiment //// PropoelixPropoelixPropoelixPropoelix GroupGroupGroupGroup

NNNNoooo VariableVariableVariableVariable

DayDayDayDay 1111 DayDayDayDay 2222 DayDayDayDay 3333 DayDayDayDay 4444pppp

MeanMeanMeanMean SDSDSDSD MeanMeanMeanMean SDSDSDSD MeanMeanMeanMean SDSDSDSD MeanMeanMeanMean SDSDSDSD

1.1.1.1.

2.2.2.2.

3.3.3.3.

4.4.4.4.

5.5.5.5.

HemoglobinHemoglobinHemoglobinHemoglobin

HematocritHematocritHematocritHematocrit

LeukocyteLeukocyteLeukocyteLeukocyte

PlateletPlateletPlateletPlatelet ††††

TemperaturTemperaturTemperaturTemperatureeee ((((ooooC)C)C)C)

14,24

41,57

4787,02

69531,91

37,22

1,22

2,65

2656,86

64363,05

0,67

13,95

40,05

5368,72

58553,19

36,88

1,42

3,65

2119,20

27978,88

0,43

13,57

39,74

5760,64

73893,62

36,38

1,43

3,45

1673,52

32834,39

0,38

13,41

38,64

5565,74

96808,51

36,44

1,49

3,61

1403,86

40878,21

0,39

0,000

0,000

0,001

0,000

0,000

RepeatRepeatRepeatRepeat AnovaAnovaAnovaAnova Test,Test,Test,Test, †††† FriedmanFriedmanFriedmanFriedman Test,Test,Test,Test, p<0,05p<0,05p<0,05p<0,05

Table 3 shows there are at least two statistically significant differences in levels ofhemoglobin, hematocrit, leucocytes, platelets and Temperature in the experimental group (100mg propoelix) measured on day 1, 2, 3 and 4, then performed post hoc test to determine whichmeasurement differs as follows:

• For Hb level there was a difference between day 1 and day 2 (p = 0,003); day 1 to day 3 (p =0,000); day 1 to day 4 (p = 0,000); and day 2 to day 4 (p = 0,000).

• Ht level there was a difference between day 1 and day 2 (p = 0,011); days 1 to 3 (p = 0,008);day 1 to day 4 (p = 0,000); and day 2 to day 4 (p = 0,000).

• For level of leucocytes there was a difference between day 1 and day 3 (p = 0,003); day 1 today 4 (p = 0,016).

• For level of Platelet there was a difference between day 1 and day 3 (p = 0,000); day 1 today 4 (p = 0,000); day 2 with day 3 (p = 0,000); day 2 with day 4 (p = 0,000).

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• For the temperature of the patient there was a difference between day 1 and day 2 (p =0,000); day 1 to day 3 (p = 0,000); day 1 to day 4 (p = 0,000); day 2 with day 3 (= 0,000); day2 by day 4 (p = 0,000); and day 3 with day 4 (p = 0,002).

All laboratory and clinical variables that were measured during four days in thepropoelix group showed statistically significant changes in all observed variables and inleucocytes and temperature variables, compared to the control group.

GraphGraphGraphGraph 1.1.1.1. ComparisonComparisonComparisonComparison ofofofof MeasurementMeasurementMeasurementMeasurement onononon levelslevelslevelslevels ofofofof leucocytesleucocytesleucocytesleucocytes duringduringduringduring thethethethe fourfourfourfour daysdaysdaysdays ofofofof observationobservationobservationobservation ininininbothbothbothboth studystudystudystudy groupsgroupsgroupsgroups....

01000200030004000500060007000

Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4

Day of ObservationDay of ObservationDay of ObservationDay of Observation

Lev

el o

f Leu

kocy

tes

Lev

el o

f Leu

kocy

tes

Lev

el o

f Leu

kocy

tes

Lev

el o

f Leu

kocy

tes

Placebo

Propoelix

Graph 1 illustrates the observation of leukocyte levels in both groups beginning withlevels of leucocytes lower than normal (5000-10000) or easy leukopenia. It began to increaseon the second day and approached normal levels. No significant differences between the twogroups at each measurement. Level of leucocytes in experimental group likely to remain afterthe leucocytes were within normal limits.

GraphGraphGraphGraph 2.2.2.2. ComparisonComparisonComparisonComparison ofofofof MeasurementMeasurementMeasurementMeasurement onononon plateletplateletplateletplatelet levelslevelslevelslevels duringduringduringduring thethethethe fourfourfourfour daysdaysdaysdays ofofofof observationobservationobservationobservation inininin bothbothbothbothstudystudystudystudy groupsgroupsgroupsgroups

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4

Day of ObservationDay of ObservationDay of ObservationDay of Observation

Leve

l of P

late

lets

(tho

usan

ds)

Leve

l of P

late

lets

(tho

usan

ds)

Leve

l of P

late

lets

(tho

usan

ds)

Leve

l of P

late

lets

(tho

usan

ds)

Placebo

Propoelix

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Graph 2 illustrates Comparison of platelet levels on the first day of both groups showedmean scores were equal. Until the measurement of day 2 and 3, there was no significantdifferences. While the observation of the next day showed there was no significant differencein the measurement of day 2, 3 and 4. But the change of platelet levels from second baseline ofthe two groups differed on measurement of the fourth day, in which the platelet levels ingroup of propoelix increased faster than the placebo group.

GraphGraphGraphGraph 3.3.3.3. ComparisonComparisonComparisonComparison ofofofof BodyBodyBodyBody TemperatureTemperatureTemperatureTemperature MeasurementMeasurementMeasurementMeasurement duringduringduringduring fourfourfourfour daysdaysdaysdays ofofofof observationobservationobservationobservation ininininbothbothbothboth studystudystudystudy groups.groups.groups.groups.

37.4337.24

36.9136.78

37.22

36.88

36.5836.44

35.836

36.236.436.636.8

3737.237.437.6

Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4

Day of ObservationDay of ObservationDay of ObservationDay of Observation

Body

Tem

pera

ture

(Bo

dy T

empe

ratu

re (

Body

Tem

pera

ture

(Bo

dy T

empe

ratu

re (

oo o o C)C) C) C)

Placebo

Propoel ix

Graph 3 shows the comparison of body temperature on the first day of two groups. Itshowed no significant difference in mean score. The observation showed there were significantdifferences in measurements on day 2, 3 and 4. On the fourth day, the body temperature stillshowed a tendency to go down. Propoelix group showed a faster decrease in temperature.

TableTableTableTable 4:4:4:4: TheTheTheThe differencesdifferencesdifferencesdifferences ofofofof clinicalclinicalclinicalclinical variablesvariablesvariablesvariables ofofofof bothbothbothboth studystudystudystudy groupsgroupsgroupsgroups onononon thethethethe firstfirstfirstfirst daydaydayday ofofofoftreatmenttreatmenttreatmenttreatment

No.No.No.No. VariableVariableVariableVariablePlaceboPlaceboPlaceboPlacebo PropoelixPropoelixPropoelixPropoelix 100100100100 mgmgmgmg

PPPPMeanMeanMeanMean SDSDSDSD MeanMeanMeanMean SDSDSDSD

1.1.1.1.

2.2.2.2.

3.3.3.3.

4.4.4.4.

5.5.5.5.

HemoglobinHemoglobinHemoglobinHemoglobin

HematocritHematocritHematocritHematocrit

LeukocyteLeukocyteLeukocyteLeukocyte

PlateletPlateletPlateletPlatelet †

TemperatureTemperatureTemperatureTemperature ((((ooooC)C)C)C)

14,31

41,61

4559,56

73573,91

37,43

1,57

4,13

2658,92

33266,11

0,92

14,24

41,57

4787,02

69531,91

37,22

1,22

2,65

2656,86

64363,05

0,67

0,481

0,871

0,776

0,705

0,211

Unpaired t Test; †Mann Whitney Test; p < 0,05

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Table 4 shows no clinical and laboratories difference in terms of levels of hemoglobin,hematocrit, leukocytes, temperature on the first day of treatment in the control group and thegroup that received propoelix capsules. This showed the initial conditions of two groups wereequal from the variables to be measured.

TableTableTableTable 5.5.5.5. TheTheTheThe differencesdifferencesdifferencesdifferences ofofofof clinicalclinicalclinicalclinical variablesvariablesvariablesvariables ofofofof bothbothbothboth studystudystudystudy groupsgroupsgroupsgroups onononon thethethethe secondsecondsecondsecond daydaydayday ofofofoftreatmenttreatmenttreatmenttreatment

No.No.No.No. VariableVariableVariableVariablePlaceboPlaceboPlaceboPlacebo PropoelixPropoelixPropoelixPropoelix 100100100100 mgmgmgmg

PPPPMeanMeanMeanMean SDSDSDSD MeanMeanMeanMean SDSDSDSD

1.1.1.1.

2.2.2.2.

3.3.3.3.

4.4.4.4.

5.5.5.5.

HemoglobinHemoglobinHemoglobinHemoglobin

HematocritHematocritHematocritHematocrit

LeukocyteLeukocyteLeukocyteLeukocyte

PlateletPlateletPlateletPlatelet †

TemperatureTemperatureTemperatureTemperature ((((ooooC)C)C)C)

13,91

40,50

4776,52

69521,74

37,24

1,51

3,58

2614,82

32620,20

1,05

13,95

40,05

5368,72

58553,19

36,88

1,42

3,65

2119,20

27978,88

0,43

0,817

0,822

0,097

0,073

0,036

Unpaired t Test; †Mann Whitney Test; p < 0,05

Table 5 shows no difference in levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, leukocytes andplatelets on the second day in both study groups. There was a significant difference in bodytemperature on the second day between the two groups. Experimental group was lower thanplacebo on measurement of the second day (p=0,036). Where this indicates the mean score ofbody temperature measurement on the second day, propoelix group had a faster decreasethan the placebo group.

TableTableTableTable 6.6.6.6. TheTheTheThe differencesdifferencesdifferencesdifferences ofofofof clinicalclinicalclinicalclinical variablesvariablesvariablesvariables ofofofof bothbothbothboth studystudystudystudy groupsgroupsgroupsgroups onononon thethethethe thirdthirdthirdthird daydaydayday ofofofoftreatmenttreatmenttreatmenttreatment

No.No.No.No. VariableVariableVariableVariablePlaceboPlaceboPlaceboPlacebo PropoelixPropoelixPropoelixPropoelix 100100100100 mgmgmgmg

PPPPMeanMeanMeanMean SDSDSDSD MeanMeanMeanMean SDSDSDSD

1.1.1.1.

2.2.2.2.

3.3.3.3.

4.4.4.4.

5.5.5.5.

HemoglobinHemoglobinHemoglobinHemoglobin

HematocritHematocritHematocritHematocrit

LeukocyteLeukocyteLeukocyteLeukocyte

PlateletPlateletPlateletPlatelet †

TemperatureTemperatureTemperatureTemperature ((((ooooC)C)C)C)

14,00

40,72

5488,48

77108,70

36,91

1,46

3,83

2337,98

46471,61

0,80

13,57

39,74

5760,64

73893,62

36,38

1,43

3,45

1673,52

32834,39

0,38

0,147

0,204

0,289

0,914

0,018

Unpaired t Test; †Mann Whitney Test; p < 0,05

Table 6 shows no differences in levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, leukocytes andplatelets on the third day in both study groups. There was a significant difference in body

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temperature on the third day between the two groups. Mean score of temperature forexperimental group was lower than the placebo group. Where this indicates the mean score ofbody temperature measurement on the third day (p = 0,018) propoelix group experienced afaster decrease than the placebo group.

TableTableTableTable 7.7.7.7. TheTheTheThe differencesdifferencesdifferencesdifferences ofofofof clinicalclinicalclinicalclinical variablesvariablesvariablesvariables ofofofof bothbothbothboth studystudystudystudy groupsgroupsgroupsgroups onononon thethethethe fourthfourthfourthfourth daydaydayday ofofofoftreatmenttreatmenttreatmenttreatment

No.No.No.No. VariableVariableVariableVariablePlaceboPlaceboPlaceboPlacebo PropoelixPropoelixPropoelixPropoelix 100100100100 mgmgmgmg

ppppMeanMeanMeanMean SDSDSDSD MeanMeanMeanMean SDSDSDSD

1.1.1.1.

2.2.2.2.

3.3.3.3.

4.4.4.4.

5.5.5.5.

HemoglobinHemoglobinHemoglobinHemoglobin

HematocritHematocritHematocritHematocrit

LeukocyteLeukocyteLeukocyteLeukocyte

PlateletPlateletPlateletPlatelet †

TemperatureTemperatureTemperatureTemperature ((((ooooC)C)C)C)

13,91

40,30

5771,09

81304,35

36,78

1,30

3,64

1868,64

59094,98

0,77

13,41

39,64

5565,74

96808,51

36,44

1,49

3,61

1403,86

40878,21

0,39

0,127

0,463

0,727

0,030

0,009

Unpaired t Test; †Mann Whitney Test; p < 0,05

Table 7 illustrates there was no difference in levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit andleukocytes on the fourth day in both study groups. There was a significant difference in level ofplatelets and body temperature on the fourth day between the two groups. Level of plateletsin experimental group were increased more compared to control group (p=0,030).Temperature on fourth day remained lower compared to placebo (p=0,009).

TableTableTableTable 8.8.8.8. TheTheTheThe differencesdifferencesdifferencesdifferences ofofofof lengthlengthlengthlength ofofofof staystaystaystay ofofofof bothbothbothboth studystudystudystudy groups.groups.groups.groups.

VariableVariableVariableVariablePlaceboPlaceboPlaceboPlacebo PropoelixPropoelixPropoelixPropoelix 100100100100 mgmgmgmg

ppppMeanMeanMeanMean SDSDSDSD MinMinMinMin MaxMaxMaxMax MeanMeanMeanMean SDSDSDSD MinMinMinMin MaxMaxMaxMax

Day of Treatment† 5,48 1,26 4 9 4,79 0,78 4 6 0,002

Unpaired t Test; †Mann Whitney Test; p < 0,05

Table 8 shows there were significant differences in length of stay between placebogroup and propoelix group (p=0,002). From the minimum and maximum number of days oftreatment if also showed that placebo group had longer days of treatment. Clinicallydemonstrated propoelix effectively reduce hospital length of stay. In other words, with theaddition of propoelix as an adjuvant therapy, it can shorten hospital length of stay.

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GraphGraphGraphGraph 4.4.4.4. ComparisonComparisonComparisonComparison ofofofof ((((ΔΔΔΔ)))) hemoglobinhemoglobinhemoglobinhemoglobin levelslevelslevelslevels changeschangeschangeschanges onononon daydaydayday 1,1,1,1, 2222 andandandand 3333 fromfromfromfrom baselinebaselinebaselinebaseline inininin thethethethePlaceboPlaceboPlaceboPlacebo andandandand PropoelixPropoelixPropoelixPropoelix group.group.group.group.

-0.9

-0.8-0.7

-0.6

-0.5-0.4

-0.3

-0.2-0.1

0

PlaceboPlaceboPlaceboPlacebo PropoelixPropoelixPropoelixPropoelix

Group of StudyGroup of StudyGroup of StudyGroup of Study

Chan

ge o

f Hem

oglo

bin

Leve

l Ch

ange

of H

emog

lobi

n Le

vel

Chan

ge o

f Hem

oglo

bin

Leve

l Ch

ange

of H

emog

lobi

n Le

vel

Δ Hb-1 (p=0,832)

Δ Hb-2 (p=0,101)

Δ Hb-3 (p=0,097)

In graph 4 illustrates there was a difference but statistically not significant. There weredifferences in Hb levels from day 1 (baseline) and on the changes in day 1, 2 and 3 between thecontrol and experimental group. This means that Hb levels of both treatment groups are equaland the possibility is that Hb level is not affected by propoelix.

GraphGraphGraphGraph 5.5.5.5. DifferenceDifferenceDifferenceDifference ofofofof ((((ΔΔΔΔ)))) hematocrithematocrithematocrithematocrit levelslevelslevelslevels changeschangeschangeschanges onononon daydaydayday 1,1,1,1, 2222 andandandand 3333 fromfromfromfrom baselinebaselinebaselinebaseline inininin thethethethePlaceboPlaceboPlaceboPlacebo andandandand PropoelixPropoelixPropoelixPropoelix group.group.group.group.

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

PlaceboPlaceboPlaceboPlacebo PropoelixPropoelixPropoelixPropoelix

Group of StudyGroup of StudyGroup of StudyGroup of Study

Chan

ge o

f Hem

atoc

rit L

evel

Chan

ge o

f Hem

atoc

rit L

evel

Chan

ge o

f Hem

atoc

rit L

evel

Chan

ge o

f Hem

atoc

rit L

evel

Δ Ht-1 (p=0,947)

Δ Ht-2 (p=0,026)

Δ Ht-3 (p=0,188)

In graph 5, it illustrates there was no difference in changes in hematocrit levels fromday 1 (baseline) and on the changes in day 1 and 3 between the control and experimentalgroup. However, the changes in hematocrit statistically showed significant difference on thechanges in day 2 where propoelix group had higher decrease of hematocrit.

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GraphGraphGraphGraph 6.6.6.6. DifferenceDifferenceDifferenceDifference ofofofof ((((ΔΔΔΔ)))) LeukocyteLeukocyteLeukocyteLeukocyte levelslevelslevelslevels changeschangeschangeschanges onononon daydaydayday 1,1,1,1, 2222 andandandand 3333 fromfromfromfrom baselinebaselinebaselinebaseline inininin thethethethePlaceboPlaceboPlaceboPlacebo andandandand PropoelixPropoelixPropoelixPropoelix group.group.group.group.

0200400600800

100012001400

PlaceboPlaceboPlaceboPlacebo PropoelixPropoelixPropoelixPropoelix

Group of StudyGroup of StudyGroup of StudyGroup of Study

Chan

ge o

f Leu

kocy

te L

evel

Chan

ge o

f Leu

kocy

te L

evel

Chan

ge o

f Leu

kocy

te L

evel

Chan

ge o

f Leu

kocy

te L

evel

Δ Leukocyte-1 (P=0,272)

Δ Leukocyte-2 (P=0,919)

Δ Leukocyte-3 (P=0,370)

Graph 6 illustrates there was no statistically significant difference in changes inleucocytes levels from day 1 (baseline) and on the changes in day 1, 2 and 3 between thecontrol and experimental group.

GraphGraphGraphGraph 7777.... DifferenceDifferenceDifferenceDifference ofofofof ((((ΔΔΔΔ)))) PlateletPlateletPlateletPlatelet levelslevelslevelslevels changeschangeschangeschanges onononon daydaydayday 1,1,1,1, 2222 andandandand 3333 fromfromfromfrom baselinebaselinebaselinebaseline inininin thethethethePlaceboPlaceboPlaceboPlacebo andandandand PropoelixPropoelixPropoelixPropoelix group.group.group.group.

-15000-10000

-50000

50001000015000200002500030000

PlaceboPlaceboPlaceboPlacebo PropoelixPropoelixPropoelixPropoelix

Group of StudyGroup of StudyGroup of StudyGroup of Study

Chan

ge o

f Pla

tele

t Lev

elCh

ange

of P

late

let L

evel

Chan

ge o

f Pla

tele

t Lev

elCh

ange

of P

late

let L

evel

Δ Platelet-1 (p=0,097)

Δ Platelet-2 (p=0,013)

Δ Platelet-3 (p=0,000)

Graph 7 illustrates there was no significant difference in changes in platelets levels from thefirst day (baseline) on the changes in day 1. While there was a significant difference changes in plateletslevels on day 2 (p=0,013) and day 3 (p=0,000) between the placebo and propoelix group. Propoelixgroup showed more rapid changes in platelets levels increment start from day 3 and 4 (measurement ofplatelet changes on day 2 and 3).

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GraphGraphGraphGraph 8888.... DifferenceDifferenceDifferenceDifference ofofofof ((((ΔΔΔΔ)))) temperaturetemperaturetemperaturetemperature changeschangeschangeschanges onononon daydaydayday 1,1,1,1, 2222 andandandand 3333 fromfromfromfrom baselinebaselinebaselinebaseline inininin thethethethePlaceboPlaceboPlaceboPlacebo andandandand PropoelixPropoelixPropoelixPropoelix group.group.group.group.

-0.9

-0.8-0.7

-0.6

-0.5-0.4

-0.3

-0.2-0.1

0

PlaceboPlaceboPlaceboPlacebo PropoelixPropoelixPropoelixPropoelix

Group of StudyGroup of StudyGroup of StudyGroup of Study

Chan

ge o

f Bod

y Te

mpe

ratu

reCh

ange

of B

ody

Tem

pera

ture

Chan

ge o

f Bod

y Te

mpe

ratu

reCh

ange

of B

ody

Tem

pera

ture

Δ Temperature-1(p=0,053)Δ Temperature-2(p=0,398)Δ Temperature-3(p=0,573)

Graph 8 illustrates there were differences in decrease in temperature. Propoelix groupis better than placebo, but statistically there was no significant difference in temperaturechanges from baseline on day 1, 2 and 3 between the two study groups p <0.05.

DiscussionDiscussionDiscussionDiscussion

Hemoglobin of both groups showed no significant difference from the first day until the fourthday observation. This means there was no difference in both placebo and experimental groups. This islikely that Hb level is not directly affected by propoelix.

There was a decrease in hematocrit levels starting from the second day of treatment inthe group received propoelix which leads to the normal level. In both groups there weredifferences in changes on the 2nd day of measurement, where in propoelix group there wassignificant decreases compared to control group. Concluded that the group that receivedpropoelix decreased hemoconcentration more rapid than control group. Increase in level ofhematocrit is a manifestation of hemoconcentration caused by plasma leakage into the extravascular space through the damaged capillaries.

In DHF patients usually leukopenia (reduction in the number of leucocytes) occurs.Normal leucocytes is between 5-10 thousands. In this study there were improvement in theconditions of leukopenia that occurred in experimental group, it was increasing and maintainedafter reaching normal level, though changes in leucocytes in both study groups showed nostatistically significant difference.

There was no significantly increase in platelets level in the control group until the fourthday of treatment. In the group that received propoelix, significant increase of platelets beganon the third day of treatment and continued until the fourth day. There was a significant

Control Propolis kapsul Propolis tablet

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14

difference on fourth day of observation, where level of platelets in propoelix groupexperienced better increase than control group. Significant difference in changes in plateletsalready occurred on day 2 and 3. Changes in platelets in experimental group increase moresignificantly than placebo group.

One indication of DHF patient treatment is platelet level less than 100 thousand / µL(normal level between 150-400 thousand platelets / µL). After third and fourth day ofmeasurement, levels of platelets in propoelix group still showed a significant tendency toincrease compared with placebo.

The decrease in body temperature occurred more rapidly in the group that receivedpropoelix, which was evident since the second day of treatment and continued until close tonormal on the fourth day. Until the fourth day the temperature was still trending downwards.Much longer observation is required to see when the temperature becomes stable.

There was a significant difference in the length of stay between the two groups thatreceived propoelix compared to the control group, where the experimental group has shorterdays of treatment in hospital. It means the administration of propoelix significantly shorten thehospital length of stay.

During the study there were no unwanted side effects in everybody in the two groups.No patients experienced clinical deterioration leading to shock or Dengue Shock Syndrome(DSS).

It can be concluded that administration of propoelix as an adjuvant therapy or supportin dengue cases significantly improve clinical conditions that are showed by decrease inhematocrit (prevention of hemoconcentration), improvement of leukopeni condition, increasethe number of platelets, more rapid decrease of body temperature, and reduce hospital lengthof stay.

Propolis as one of the few natural healers, in many studies that has been proven tohave anti-inflammatory effects, anti-bacterial, anti fungal, immunomodulatory activity, anti-cancer. In this study, propoelix, a propolis extract has been proven to improve all theparameters of clinical, laboratory and hospital length of stay.

LimitationLimitationLimitationLimitation ofofofof thethethethe StudyStudyStudyStudy

Observation of the study was made only during four days. Mean score of plateletmeasurement showed there was still a tendency to increase higher than 100,000. Likewise, theobservation in body temperature, there was a decrease and lasted until the fourth day but stillhas not reached a stable condition.

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ConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusion

Propoelix, a propolis extract is effective as an adjuvant therapy in patients with DengueHemorrhagic Fever, as it can improve the clinical conditions (lowering the temperature faster),improve laboratory parameters (accelerating the increase of platelets, decrease hematocrit)and shorten hospital length of stay.

SuggestionSuggestionSuggestionSuggestion

To conduct further study on the effectiveness of propoelix, as an adjuvant therapy witha longer study time for DHF and also for other diseases. Require much longer observation toget an overview of clinical and laboratory until the condition is stable and normal. Requireobservation with wider subject and population in other places as a comparison so that theresults can be generalized.

LitteratureLitteratureLitteratureLitterature1. Abd El-Hady, F. K.(1994), Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC/MS) study of

the Egyptian propolis-2 - Flavonoid constituents. Egypt. l Appl. Sci. 9 (8) : 91-109.

2. Abd El Hady FK, Hegazi AG. Egyptian propolis: 2. Chemical composition, antiviral andantimicrobial activities of East Nile Delta propolis. Z Naturforsch [C] . 2002;57:386-394.

3. Alyane M, Roibah H, Lahouel M. Cardioprotective effects and mechanism of action ofpolyphenols extracted from propolis against doxorubicin toxicity. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci.,Vol.21, No.3, July 2008, pp.201-209.

4. Burdock GA. Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee propolis (propolis).Food Chem Toxicol. 1998; 36:347-363.

5. Elaine C.E. Gebara, Luiz A. Lima, Marcia P.A, Mayer. Propolis antimicrobial activityagainst periodontopathic bacteria. Braz. J. Microbiol. vol. 33 no. 4 São Paulo Oct /Dec. 2002.

6. Gatot D. Perubahan Hematologi pada infeksi dengue. Dewmam Berdarah Dengue. BalaiPenerbit FKUI, 1999.44-54.

7. Hegazi, A.G. (1997-a): Propolis an overview. International Symposium OnApitherapy,Cairo 8-9th, March, 1997.

8. Hegazi AG, Abd El Hady FK. Egyptian propolis: 3. Antioxidant, antimicrobial activitiesand chemical composition of propolis from reclaimed lands. Z Naturforsch [C] .2002;57:395-402.

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9. Machmoud L.Biological Activity of Bee Propolis in Health and Disease , Asian Pac JCancer Prev, 7777, 22-31

10. Suharyono W. Diagnosis Laboratorium Infeksi Virus Dengue. Balai Penerbit FKUI,1999.55-64.

11. Sumarmo PS. Masalah Demam Berdarah Dengue di Indonesia. Balai Penerbit FKUI,1999.1-12.

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NO. 2 TAHUN KE XXXIX, FEBRUARI 2013 103

ROCHSISMANDOKO,EPPY, DIANA P., SYAFIQA.* UTAMI S** H.AZNANLELO., BAGUS SB***

*SMF Penyakit Dalam RSUPPersahabatan Jakarta**Unit Epidemiologi KlinikDepartemen Ilmu Penyakit DalamFKUI/RSCM, ***Advisor

ARTIKEL PENELITIAN

Uji Klinis Propoelix (Propolis Ekstrak) pada Pasien

Demam Berdarah Dengue

AbstractPropolis, a substance obtained from bee activities, is known for years to contain antioxidant effect,

anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimitogenic, anticarcinogen and immunomodulatory effect, therefore itis assumed that propolis can be used in supportive therapy for DHF. There is no research on the effectof propolis administration as supportive therapy for DHF patients.The objective of this research is to examine the effectiveness of propoelix, an extract of propolis asadjuvant therapy to improve laboratory parameters, clinical states and decreasing length of stay ofDengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) patients.This research is a clinical trial with randomized control trial design. Materials of the study are propoelix100 mg capsules toward two groups of study i.e. Placebo and Propoelix 100 mg Group. The number ofsubjects who met criteria of inclusion and exclusion was 106. Carried out in the Functional Medical Staffof Internal Medicine at Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta from December 2009 up to March 2010. 4 daysserial examination of routine hematological, and clinical observations are conducted. Bivariat statisticalanalysis with unpaired t-Test was used to examine differences between variables or other tests that areappropriate with this study.The results, both of the groups showed clinically improvement but statistically there were significantdifferences of platelet changes from baseline after second day (p=0,013), third day (p=0,000) betweencontrol group and experimental group. In experimental group, there were significant differences onobservations of all research variables. There was significance difference of length of stay between contr-ol group and experimental group (p=0,002). The day of treatment of experimental group was shorter.The conclusion is Propoelix, an extract of Propolis as adjuvant therapy is effective in improving labora-tory parameters, clinical states and decreasing length of stay of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever patients.

Keywords : Clinical Trial, Propolis, Propoelix, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

AbstrakPropolis, suatu senyawa yang diperoleh dari aktivitas lebah telah lama diketahui mempunyai efek

antioksidan, antiinflamasi, antiviral, antimitogenik, antikarsinogen, dan efek imunomodulator, sehing-ga diduga dapat berperan dalam terapi suportif Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD). Belum ada penelitianyang membuktikan keefektifan propolis sebagai terapi tambahan pada pasien DBD.Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efektivitas propoelix yang merupakan ekstrak dari propolis seba-gai terapi tambahan untuk memperbaiki parameter laboratorium, kondisi klinis, dan menurunkan lamaperawatan pasien demam berdarah dengue (DBD).Penelitian ini merupakan uji klinis dengan desain randomized control trial . Sebagai materi penelitianadalah propoelix kapsul 100 mg terhadap dua kelompok penelitian, yaitu kelompok plasebo danpropoelix 100 mg. Jumlah subjek penelitian 106 pasien yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi.Penelitian dilakukan di SMF Penyakit Dalam RS Persahabatan, Jakarta, selama empat bulan, dariDesember 2009 sampai Maret 2010. Pemeriksaan serial hematologi rutin dan pengamatan klinis dilaku-kan selama 4 hari. Analisis statistik bivariat dengan uji t tidak berpasangan dilakukan untuk mengujiperbedaan antarvariabel dan uji lain yang sesuai untuk penelitian ini.Hasilnya, kedua kelompok menunjukkan perbaikan secara klinis, tetapi secara statistik didapatkanperbedaan bermakna perubahan trombosit dari baseline setelah hari kedua (p=0,013) dan hari ketiga(p=0,000) antara kelompok kontrol dengan kelompok eksperimen. Pada kelompok eksperimen terdapatperubahan yang bermakna pada semua pengamatan variabel penelitian. Terdapat perbedaan bermak-na lama perawatan antara kelompok kontrol dan kelompok eksperimen (p=0,002). Kelompokeksperimen lebih singkat hari perawatannya. Kesimpulannya, terapi tambahan propoelix yang merupakan ekstrak dari propolis efektif memperbaikiparameter laboratorium, kondisi klinis, dan menurunkan lama perawatan pasien demam berdarahdengue.

K ata kunci: uji klinis, propolis, propoelix, demam berdarah dengue

(Rochsismandoko dkk., Medika 2013, Tahun ke XXXIX, No. 2, p. 103—111)

www.dinkespayakumbuh.com

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Uji Klinis Propoelix (Propolis Ekstrak) pada Pasien Demam Berdarah Dengue . 103—111

104 NO. 2 TAHUN KE XXXIX, FEBRUARI 2013

Pendahuluan

S ejak 1994, Demam Berdarah Dengue(DBD) telah menyebar ke seluruhprovinsi yang ada di Indonesia. Saat ini,

DBD sudah endemis di banyak kota besar.Sejak 1975, penyakit ini telah berjangkit didaerah pedesaan. Mengingat obat dan vaksinuntuk DBD sampai saat ini belum tersediamaka upaya pemberantasan penyakit dititik-beratkan pada pemberantasan vektor secaraintensif dan terapi suportif. Berbagai pene-litian dari bahan-bahan alami di Indonesia te-lah dilakukan sebagai terapi suportif, denganhasil yang belum begitu memuaskan. Belumada upaya intervensi terhadap reaksi yangterjadi pada tubuh pasien infeksi dengue danfaktor yang berperan, sehingga diperlukanupaya baru dalam terapi atau penatalak-sanaan yang efektif untuk menghambatpatogenesis dan progresivitas DBD. 11

Propolis, suatu senyawa yang diperolehdari aktivitas lebah telah lama diketahuimempunyai efek antioksidan, antiinflamasi,antiviral, antimitogenik, antikarsinogen, danefek imunomodulator, sehingga diduga da-pat berperan dalam terapi suportif DBD. 2,11

Sampai saat ini, di Indonesia belum adapenelitian mengenai efek pemberian propolissebagai terapi suportif DBD yang sudahdipublikasikan. Dengan penelitian ini diharap-kan mampu memberikan sumbanganpengetahuan dan penanganan terhadappasien demam berdarah dengan lebih baikdengan memanfaatkan sumber potensi yangada di Indonesia.

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahuiapakah propolis ekstrak dapat digunakan se-bagai terapi tambahan pada penderita DBD.Penelitian ini juga bertujuan mengetahuiapakah terdapat perbedaan dalam perbaikannilai trombosit, leukosit, dan hematokrit an-

tara penderita DBD yang mendapat propolisekstrak dibandingkan mereka yang hanyamendapat terapi standar untuk DBD.

Penelitian diharapkan dapat bermanfaatdalam membantu pasien penderita DBDmengurangi gejala klinis dan menurunkanlama perawatan bagi pasien DBD di rumahsakit. Juga untuk membantu menetapkanSOP terapi terhadap penatalaksanaan pasienDBD di Rumah Sakit Persahabatan.

Demam dengue dan demam berdarahdengue (DBD) disebabkan oleh virus dengue,yang termasuk dalam genus flavavirus ,keluarga flaviviridae. Flavivirus merupakanvirus dengan diameter 30 nm, terdiri dariasam ribonukleat rantai tunggal denganberat molekul 4x10 6. Terdapat 4 serotipe,yaitu DEN-1, 2, 3, dan 4, yang semuanya da-pat menyebabkan demam dengue maupunDBD. Keempat serotipe ditemukan diIndonesia dengan DEN-3 yang terbanyak.Demam dengue menimbulkan manifestasiklinis yang ringan, sedang DBD dapat menye-babkan gejala yang berat sampai DengueShock Syndrome (DSS). Berbagai kelainanhematologis menyertai perjalanan penyakitDBD sehingga keadaan ini dipakai untuk pe-nunjang diagnosis dan parameter perbaikanklinis. Patogenesis terjadinya DBD hingga saatini masih diperdebatkan, terdapat bukti yangkuat bahwa mekanisme imunopatologisberperan kuat. Infeksi virus dengue menye-babkan aktivasi makrofag yang memfagosi-tosis kompleks virus-antibodi. Pada DBD ter-jadi penurunan kadar komplemen, semakinberat gejala, semakin besar pula penurunankadar komplemen seperti C proaktivator.Secara radioaktif dibuktikan bahwa penu-runan bukan karena produksi yang menurunatau ekstravasasi. 6,10

Propolis adalah nama lain dari lem lebah,propolis balsam, propolis resin, propolis wax,bee glue, atau hive dross. Propolis merupakanproduk dari lebah madu ( Apis melifera ) yangdikumpulkan dari pucuk daun-daun yangmuda atau bersumber dari getah berbaumanis dari pepohonan yang dikumpulkanlebah lalu dikunyah, kemudian dicampurdengan enzim tertentu dari dalam tubuhnyadan disimpan dalam keranjang serbuk yangada pada kaki belakang. Propolis digunakanuntuk menambal dan mensteril kan sarangdan sudah dikenal sebagai pengobatan se-jak berabad-abad yang lalu. Nama propolisberasal dari bahasa Yunani (pro=sebelum, po-lis=kota). Hal ini menggambarkan bahwalebah madu sebelum membuat sarangnya

www.waliangers.blogspot.com

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NO. 2 TAHUN KE XXXIX, FEBRUARI 2013 105

pertama kali akan membangun dinding se-bagai pintu masuk pertama yang juga an-timikrobial yang dapat mencemari koloninya.Sifat desinfektan alami yang terkandung didalamnya sangat ampuh dalam membunuhkuman, terbukti dengan ditemukannyaseekor tikus dalam sarang lebah yang telahmati selama kurang lebih 5 tahun dalamkeadaan tidak membusuk. 1,3

Komposisi kimia dari propolis sampai saatini masih belum sepenuhnya diketahui.Berupa resin yang biasanya berwarna kehi-jauan atau coklat, dengan rasa poplar buds,madu, lilin, atau vanilla, dapat juga pahit.Komposisi kimia, warna, dan rasa tergan-tung kondisi geografis setempat. Bentuknyapadat dan brittle jika dalam keadaan dingin,sangat sticky jika hangat. Kaczmarek, dkk.,(1983) menemukan kandungan B- Amylasedalam propolis, sedangkan Bankova dkk.,(1982, 1983 & 1988) menemukan bahwakandungan utama propolis adalah kompo-nen polyphenolic, flavones, flavonones, phe-nolic acid, dan golongan ester. Polyakof dkk.,(1998) meneliti adanya fatty acid dalampropolis. Hegazi dan Abd el Hady (1997)menganalisis Egyptian propolis dengan gaschromatography mass spectrometry danmendapatkan kandungan phenolic acidesters (72,7%); phenolic acids (1,1%);aliphatic acids (2,4%); dihydrochalcones(6,5%); Chalcones (1,7%); flavanones(1,9%); flavones (4,6%); dan tetrahydrofuranderivat (0,7%). Nikolaev (1978) menemukanmineral seperti Mg, Ca, I, K, Na, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe,serta vitamin B1, B2, B6, C, E, fatty acid. 1,3,4,5,7

Komposisi propolis sangat bervariasi, ber-gantung dari jenis tanaman yang didatangilebah. Kandungan yang sudah diidentifikasiantara lain: 50-55% getah dan balsam, 30%getah lebah, 10-15% minyak alami, 5% ser-buk lebah, dan bioflavonoid. 1,3,8,9

Propolis mengandung zat-zat yang dibu-tuhkan untuk membangun kekebalan tubuhdan mengaktifkan kelenjar thymus. Dapatdisimpulkan dari berbagai penelitian bahwazat-zat tersebut adalah: propolis mengan-dung semua vitamin kecuali vitamin K;propolis mengandung semua mineral yangdibutuhkan tubuh kecuali sulfur; propolismengandung 16 rantai asam amino esensialyang dibutuhkan untuk regenerasi sel;propolis mengandung bioflavanoid, yaitu zatantioksidan sebagai suplemen sel. Menurutpenelitian, kandungan bioflavonoid padasatu tetes propolis setara dengan biofla-vonoid yang dihasilkan dari 500 buah jeruk.

Propolis telah digunakan sejak 300 SMuntuk kosmetik. Kemudian digunakan seba-gai antiinflamasi, pengobatan luka, antibak-teri, antiviral, fungisidal, anestesi lokal, anti-ulser, immunostimulan, dan kemampuan se-bagai agen sitostatik. Propolis juga diketahuimempunyai efek antimikroba, antijamur,antiviral, antiinflamasi, antioksidan, absorpsinutrisi, penyembuhan luka, dan meningkat-kan daya tahan tubuh. Berbagai penelitiantelah dilakukan untuk menilai manfaatpemberian propolis sebagai antiinflamasi.Efek ethanolic ekstrak propolis (EEP) terhadapinflamasi kronis telah dibuktikan padapenelitian tikus yang menderita arthritis.Dalam penelitian tersebut, arthritis indeksdapat ditekan dengan pemberian EEP50—100 mg/kgBB/hari. Efek analgesik propo-lis sebanding dengan prednisolone (2,5mg/kg/hari P.O.) dan acetylsalicylic acid (100mg/kg/hari). Juga dibuktikan bahwa propolismempunyai efek antiinflamasi akut maupunkronik (Park and Kahng, 1999), terutamaperan dari aktivitas Caffeic Acid PhenethylEster (CAPE) yang dikandung propolis. 4,9

Propolis dengan berbagai manfaat dapatmeningkatkan aktivasi dari makrofag(Sforcin, 2007), di mana propolis dapat men-stimulasi produksi sitokinin seperti IL-1 β danTNF —α pada mencit (Moriyasu et al., 1994).Kandungan dari ekstrak propolis yaitu CAPE(Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester ) memilikiaktivitas antiinflamasi dengan menghambatpelepasan asam arakidonat dari membransel, menekan aktivitas enzim COX-1 danCOX-2 (Borelli, 2002). Kemudian CAPE (1,5dan 10 μM) memiliki efek menghambattranskripsi dari faktor NF-kB dan NFAT dari selT pada proses inflamasi. 4,9

Skema 1: Mekanisme kerja propolis dalampatofisiologi terjadinya DSS

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106 NO. 2 TAHUN KE XXXIX, FEBRUARI 2013

Propolis ekstrak (Propoelix) yang di-patenkan telah diuji oleh LaboratoriumBrunswick, Amerika Serikat, pada 13 Januari2012, mengandung Oxygen Radical Absor-bance Capacity (ORAC), dengan pengukuranaktivitas antioksidan sebesar 21.921 diban-dingkan dengan buah jeruk yang hanyamemiliki nilai ORAC sebesar 24.

Pengobatan demam dengue dewasa inihanya sebatas terapi suportif. Oleh sebab itu,propolis diharapkan dapat menjadi salah satubentuk pilihan terapi suportif pada pasien de-ngan diagnosis demam dengue. Mekanismekerja propolis yang dapat menekan inflamasidan meningkatkan aktivitas makrofag diang-gap mampu meningkatkan imunitas danmemperbaiki permeabilitas kapiler akibatpenyakit demam dengue.

Pada Skema 1 ditunjukkan hubungan ske-matik proses inflamsi yang terjadi pada DBDdan peran CAPE dalam menghambat prosestersebut.4,9

M ateri dan M etode Penelitian ini merupakan uji klinis dengan

desain randomized controlled trial yangdikerjakan di SMF Penyakit Dalam RSPersahabatan, Jakarta, selama empat bulan,mulai Desember 2009 sampai Maret 2010.Materi penelitian adalah HDI propoelix kapsul100 mg.

Kriteria inklusi: usia di atas 15 tahun,penderita Demam Berdarah Dengue, demamkurang dari atau sama dengan 72 jam, dapat

makan dan minum (compos mentis), trom-bosit kurang dari 100.000/ μL, dan bersediaikut dalam penelitian. Sedangkan kriteriaeksklusi: menderita penyakit serius ataupunpenyakit kronik lainnya, penderita DBDmemiliki penyakit kelainan jiwa, alergi ter-hadap propolis, sedang hamil dan menyusui,subyek penelitian mendapatkan transfusidarah/trombosit konsentrat, mengonsumsiobat-obatan selain rekomendasi dokter.

Uji klinis dalam penelitian ini bertujuanmengetahui keefektifan propoelix, propolisekstrak yang digunakan sebagai terapi tam-bahan penanganan DBD di samping terapistandar yang berlaku di rumah sakit .Keefektifan dinilai dari adanya perbedaanperubahan parameter klinis, laboratorium,dan lama perawatan antara kedua kelompokpenelitian. Dengan kata lain, ada perbedaanperubahan antara kedua kelompok dise-babkan oleh pengaruh propoelix.

Variabel bebas: pemberian terapi tam-bahan propoelix. Variabel terikat: laborato-rium (hemoglobin, hematokrit, lekosit dantrombosit), suhu dan lama perawatan dirumah sakit. Parameter laboratorium meliputipemeriksaan hemoglobin, hematokrit,lekosit, dan trombosit. Kondisi klinis adalahpengukuran terhadap suhu tubuh pasien.Lama perawatan adalah jumlah hari pasienmenjalani perawatan di rumah sakit.

Langkah penelitian dimulai denganmembuat status setiap subjek penelitian.Kemudian, pasien yang memenuhi kriteriadibagi menjadi dua kelompok secara rando-misasi: kelompok I sebagai kontrol mendapatplasebo; kelompok II mendapat propoelixkapsul (100 mg). Pasien diikuti selama 4 hari,dilakukan pemeriksaan serial hematologirutin, serologis untuk DBD dan pengamatanklinis. Lama penelitian empat bulan, denganjumlah subjek penelitian setiap kelompok se-banyak 30-50 pasien. Data dan perhitunganstatistik diolah dengan uji t tidak berpasang-an atau uji Mann Whitney untuk memban-

1. Jenis Kelamin L/P 31/15 25/22 0,205

2. Umur (tahun) · 23,78 8,27 25,15 8,14 0,817

3. Berat Badan (Kg) 53,09 7,61 56,68 8,20 0,024

4. Tinggi Badan (cm) 161,35 5,49 159,98 4,69 0,199

5. TD Sistolik (mmHg) · 111,30 8,06 110,21 6,75 0,628

6. TD Diastolik (mmHg) · 72,17 6,64 72,77 5,40 0,671

Uji Chi Kuadrat. Uji t tidak berpasangan, · Uji Mann Whitney

No. Variabel Plasebo n=46 Propoelix 100 mg n=47 P

Mean SD Mean SD

1. Hemoglobin 14,31 1,57 13,91 1,51 14,00 1,46 13,91 1,30 0,069

2. Hematokrit 41,61 4,13 40,50 3,58 40,72 3,83 40,30 3,64 0,150

3. Leukosit 4559,56 2658,92 4776,52 2614,82 5488,48 2337,98 5771,09 1868,64 0,000

4. Trombosit 73573,91 33266,11 69521,74 32620,20 77108,70 46471,61 81304,35 59094,98 0,505

5. Suhu ( oC) 37,43 0,92 37,24 1,05 36,91 0,80 36,78 0,77 0,000

Uji Repeat Anova, Uji Friedman, p<0,05

No Variabel Hari 1 Hari 2 Hari 3 Hari 4 p

Rerata SD Rerata SD Rerata SD Rerata SD

Tabel 1: Karakteristik dasar kedua

kelompok pengobatan

Tabel 2: Perbandingan variabel klinis dan laboratoris dalam 4 hari pengamatan kelompok plasebo/kontrol

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NO. 2 TAHUN KE XXXIX, FEBRUARI 2013 107

dingkan efek pengobatan terhadap berbagaiparameter klinis dan laboratoris dengan datanumerik. Uji repeat Anova atau uji Friedmanuntuk membandingkan perubahan parame-ter tiap kelompok setiap harinya, dilanjutkananalisis post hoc . Uji Chi Square untukmembandingkan data kategorik keduakelompok. Sebagai batas kemaknaan diambilnilai p < 0,05.

Hasil Didapatkan 114 subjek yang memenuhi

kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi, 13 subjek di-keluarkan (dieksklusi) dari penelitian karenamengonsumsi obat di luar standar/herbaltanpa sepengetahuan dokter, 5 dieksklusikarena terdapat infeksi komorbid, dan 3orang lagi karena tidak mau melanjutkan pe-nelitian. Data dasar kedua kelompok disaji-kan dapat dilihat pada tabel 1.

Perbandingan karakteristik demografimenunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaanbermakna antara kedua kelompok sebelumdiberikan pengobatan untuk karakteristikproporsi jenis kelamin, dengan mengguna-

kan uji chi kuadrat (p=0,205). Dengan uji ttidak berpasangan atau Mann Whitney padavariabel numerik tidak terdapat perbedaanbermakna antara kedua kelompok sebelumdiberikan pengobatan, meliputi karakteristikumur (p=0,817), tinggi badan (p=0,199),tekanan darah sistolik (p=0,628), dantekanan darah diastolik (p=671). Berat badanterdapat perbedaan bermakna (p=0,024).

Tabel 1 menggambarkan bahwa karak-teristik demografi antara kelompok plasebo(n=46) dan kelompok propoelix (n=47) relatifsetara atau dari variabel demogafi tidak adaperbedaan yang bermakna. Proses rando-misasi membagi kedua kelompok secarademografi berjalan dengan baik.

Tabel 2 menggambarkan hasil uji meng-gunakan repeat Anova atau uji Friedmanuntuk membandingkan variabel selamapengamatan. Sedikitnya terdapat dua per-bedaan kadar lekosit dan suhu pada kelom-pok kontrol (plasebo) pada pengukuran hari

ke-1, 2, 3, dan 4. Selanjutnya dilakukan ujipost hoc untuk mengetahui dua pengukuranmana yang berbeda sebagai berikut: kadarlekosit terdapat perbedaan antara hari ke-1dengan ke-3 (p=0,002); hari ke-1 denganke-4 (p=0,001); hari ke-2 dengan ke-3(p=0,005); dan hari ke-2 dengan ke-4(p=0,004). Suhu pasien terdapat perbedaanantara hari ke-1 dengan ke-3 (p=0,000); harike-1 dengan ke-4 (p=0,000); hari ke-2dengan ke-3 (p=0,004); dan hari ke-2 de-ngan ke-4 (p=0,000).

Sedangkan pengamatan untuk kadar he-moglobin (p=0,069); hematokrit (p=0,150);dan trombosit (p=0,505) selama empat harimenunjukkan tidak adanya perbedaan yangbermakna secara statistik pada kelompokplasebo.

Tabel 3 menunjukkan sedikitnya terdapatdua perbedaan yang bermakna secara statis-tik pada kadar hemoglobin, hematokrit,lekosit, trombosit, dan suhu pada kelompokeksperimen (propoelix 100 mg) pengukuranhari ke-1, 2, 3, dan 4. Selanjutnya dilakukanuji pos hoc untuk mengetahui pengukuran

1. Hemoglobin 14,24 1,22 13,95 1,42 13,57 1,43 13,41 1,49 0,000

2. Hematokrit 41,57 2,65 40,05 3,65 39,74 3,45 38,64 3,61 0,000

3. Leukosit 4787,02 2656,86 5368,72 2119,20 5760,64 1673,52 5565,74 1403,86 0,001

4. Trombosit 69531,91 64363,05 58553,19 27978,88 73893,62 32834,39 96808,51 40878,21 0,000

5. Suhu ( oC) 37,22 0,67 36,88 0,43 36,38 0,38 36,44 0,39 0,000

Uji Repeat Anova, Uji Friedman, p<0,05

Tabel 3: Perbandingan variabel klinis dan laboratoris dalam 4 hari pengamatan kelompok eksperimen/propoelix

No Variabel Hari 1 Hari 2 Hari 3 Hari 4 p

Rerata SD Rerata SD Rerata SD Rerata SD

1. Hemoglobin 14,31 1,57 14,24 1,22 0,481

2. Hematokrit 41,61 4,13 41,57 2,65 0,871

3. Leukosit 4559,56 2658,92 4787,02 2656.86 0,776

4. Trombosit 73573,91 33266,11 69531,91 64363,05 0,705

5. Suhu ( oC) 37,43 0,92 37,22 0,67 0,211

Uji t tidak berpasangan; Uji Mann Whitney; p < 0,05

No. Variabel Plasebo Propoelix 100 mg P

Mean SD Mean SD

1. Hemoglobin 13,91 1,51 13,95 1,42 0,817

2. Hematokrit 40,50 3,58 40,05 3,65 0,822

3. Leukosit 4776,52 2614,82 5368,72 2119,20 0,097

4. Trombosit 69521,74 32620,20 58553,19 27978,88 0,073

5. Suhu ( oC) 37,24 1,05 36,88 0,43 0,036

Uji t tidak berpasangan; Uji Mann Whitney; p < 0,05

No. Variabel Plasebo Propoelix 100 mg P

Mean SD Mean SD

Tabel 4: Perbedaan variabel klinis kedua kelompok penelitian pada perawatan hari pertama

Tabel 5: Perbedaan variabel klinis kedua kelompok penelitian pada perawatan hari kedua

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108 NO. 2 TAHUN KE XXXIX, FEBRUARI 2013

mana yang berbeda sebagi berikut:• Untuk kadar Hb terdapat perbedaan an-

tara hari ke-1 dengan ke-2 (p=0,003); harike-1 dengan ke-3 (p=0,000); hari ke-1dengan ke-4 (p=0,000); dan hari ke-2

dengan ke-4 (p=0,000).• Kadar Ht terdapat perbedaan antara hari

ke-1 dengan ke-2 (p=0,011); hari ke-1dengan ke-3 (p=0,000); hari ke-1 denganke-4 (p=0,000); dan hari ke-2 dengan ke-4 (p=0,000).

• Kadar lekosit terdapat perbedaan antarahari ke-1 dengan ke-3 (p=0,003); hari ke-1 dengan hari ke-4 (p=0,016).

• Kadar trombosit terdapat perbedaan an-tara hari ke-1 dengan ke-3 (p=0,000); harike-1 dengan ke-4 (p=0,000); hari ke-2dengan ke-3 (p=0,000); hari ke-2 denganke-4 (p=0,000).

• Suhu pasien terdapat perbedaan antarahari ke-1 dengan ke-2 (p=0,000); harike-1 dengan ke-3 (p=0,000); hari ke-1dengan ke-4 (p=0,000); hari ke-2 denganke-3 (p=0,000); hari ke-2 dengan ke-4(p=0,000); dan hari ke-3 dengan ke-4(p=0,002).

Semua variabel laboratorium dan klinisyang dilakukan pengukuran selama empathari pada kelompok propoelix menunjukkanperubahan yang signifikan secara statistik pa-da semua variabel pengamatan dibandingkankelompok kontrol yang hanya variabel lekositdan suhu.

Grafik 1 menggambarkan pengamatanterhadap kadar leukosit pada kedua kelom-pok diawali dengan kadar lekosit yang lebihrendah dari normal (5000-10000) atau le-kopenia ringan yang sering terjadi pada DBD,mulai meningkat pada hari kedua sudahmendekati kadar normal. Tidak ada perbe-daan yang bermakna antara kedua kelompokpada tiap pengukurannya. Kelompok eksperi-men cenderung tetap setelah kadar lekositdalam batas normal.

Grafik 2 menggambarkan perbandingankadar trombosit kedua kelompok pada haripertama menunjukkan rerata setara, sampaipengukuran hari ke-2 dan ke-3 tidak terdapatperbedaan bermakna. Namun, perubahankadar trombosit dari baseline kedua kelom-pok berbeda pada pengukuran hari keempat,di mana kelompok propoelix kadar trombositlebih cepat terjadi peningkatan dibandingkelompok plasebo.

Grafik 3 menunjukkan perbandingansuhu tubuh kedua kelompok pada haripertama menunjukkan rerata yang tidakberbeda bermakna. Sedangkan pada penga-matan hari berikutnya terdapat perbedaanbermakna pada pengukuran hari ke-2, 3, dan4. Pengamatan hari keempat suhu tubuh

1. Hemoglobin 13,91 1,30 13,41 1,49 0,127

2. Hematokrit 40,30 3,64 39,64 3,61 0,463

3. Leukosit 5771,09 1868,64 5565,74 1403,86 0,727

4. Trombosit 81304,35 59094,98 96808,51 40878,21 0,030

5. Suhu ( oC) 36,78 0,77 36,44 0,39 0,009

Uji t tidak berpasangan; Uji Mann Whitney; p < 0,05

No. Variabel Plasebo Propoelix 100 mg p

Mean SD Mean SD

Tabel 6: Perbedaan variabel klinis kedua kelompok penelitian pada perawatan hari ketiga

1. Hemoglobin 14,00 1,46 13,57 1,43 0,147

2. Hematokrit 40,72 3,83 39,74 3,45 0,204

3. Leukosit 5488,48 2337,98 5760,64 1673,52 0,289

4. Trombosit 77108,70 46471,61 73893,62 32834,39 0,914

5. Suhu ( oC) 36,91 0,80 36,38 0,38 0,018

Uji t tidak berpasangan; Uji Mann Whitney; p < 0,05

No. Variabel Plasebo Propoelix 100 mg P

Mean SD Mean SD

Tabel 7: Perbedaan variabel klinis kedua kelompok penelitian pada perawatan hari keempat

Grafik 1: Perbandingan pengukuran

kadar lekosit selama empat haripengamatan pada kedua

kelompok penelitian

Grafik 2: Perbandingan pengukuran

kadar trombosit selama empathari pengamatan pada kedua

kelompok penelitian

Grafik 3: Perbandingan pengukuran suhu

tubuh selama empat haripengamatan pada kedua

kelompok penelitian

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NO. 2 TAHUN KE XXXIX, FEBRUARI 2013 109

masih menunjukkan kecenderungan untukturun. Kelompok propoelix menunjukanterjadi penurunan suhu yang lebih cepat sete-lah mendapatkan pengobatan tambahanpropoelix dibanding kelompok plasebo.

Tabel 4 menunjukkan tidak ada perbe-daan klinis dan laboratories dalam hal kadarHb, Ht, leukosit, trombosit, dan suhu padahari pertama perawatan pada kelompok kon-trol dan kelompok yang mendapat propoelix.Ini menunjukkan kondisi awal kedua kelom-pok adalah setara dari variabel yang akandiukur.

Tabel 5 menunjukkan tidak ada perbe-daan kadar Hb, Ht, leukosit, dan trombositpada hari kedua pada kedua kelompokpenelitian. Terdapat perbedaan yang bermak-na suhu badan pada hari kedua antara keduakelompok. Kelompok eksperimen lebih ren-dah dibandingkan plasebo pada pengukuranhari kedua (p=0,036). Hal ini menunjukkanrerata pengukuran suhu tubuh pada hari ke-dua, kelompok propoelix mengalami penu-runan yang lebih cepat dibandingkan kelom-pok plasebo.

Tabel 6 menunjukkan tidak ada perbe-daan kadar Hb, Ht, leukosit, dan trombositpada hari ketiga pada kedua kelompokpenelitian. Terdapat perbedaan yang bermak-na suhu badan pada hari kedua antara keduakelompok. Kelompok eksperimen reratasuhunya lebih rendah dibandingkan kelom-pok plasebo. Hal ini menunjukkan rerata pen-gukuran suhu tubuh hari ketiga (p=0,018)kelompok propoelix mengalami penurunanyang lebih cepat dibandingkan kelompokplasebo.

Tabel 7 menggambarkan tidak ada perbe-daan kadar hemoglobin, hematokrit danleukosit pada hari keempat pada keduakelompok penelitian. Terdapat perbedaanyang bermakna kadar trombosit dan suhubadan pada hari ke-4 antara kedua kelom-pok. Kadar trombosit kelompok eksperimenlebih meningkat dibandingkan kelompokkontrol (p=0,030). Suhu pada hari ke-4kelompok eksperimen tetap lebih rendahdibandingkan plasebo (p=0,009).

Tabel 8 menunjukkan terdapat perbedaanbermakna lama hari perawatan antarakelompok plasebo dan kelompok propoelix

(p=0,002). Dari nilai minimum dan maksi-mum hari perawatan juga menunjukkankelompok plasebo dirawat lebih lama hariperawatannya di rumah sakit. Secara klinismenunjukkan propoelix efektif menurunkanlama hari perawatan di rumah sakit. Dengankata lain, dengan penambahan propoelix se-bagai terapi tambahan mempersingkat lamaperawatan pasien DBD di rumah sakit.

Grafik 4 menggambarkan adanya perbe-daan, tetapi secara statistik tidak bermakna.Ada perbedaan perubahan dari hari 1 (base-line) kadar Hb pada perubahan hari ke-1, 2,dan 3 antara kelompok kontrol dan eksperi-men. Artinya, kadar Hb kedua kelompok per-lakuan setara dan kemungkinan kadar Hbtidak dipengaruhi oleh propoelix.

Grafik 5 menggambarkan tidak adaperbedaan perubahan dari hari ke-1 (base-line) kadar hematokrit pada perubahan harike-1 dan ke-3 antara kelompok kontrol daneksperimen. Sedangkan perubahan hema-tokrit secara statistik berbeda bermakan pada

Hari Perawatan 5,48 1,26 4 9 4,79 0,78 4 6 0,002

Uji t tidak berpasangan; Uji Mann Whitney; p < 0,05

Variabel Plasebo Propoelix 100 mg p

Mean SD Min Maks Mean SD Min MaksTabel 8: Perbedaan lama perawatan kedua kelompok penelitian

Grafik 4: Perbandingan perubahan (Δ)kadar haemoglobin pada harike-1, 2, dan 3 dari baseline pa-da kelompok plasebo danpropoelix

Grafik 5: Perbedaan perubahan (Δ) KadarHematokrit pada hari ke-1, 2,dan 3 dari baseline pada kelom-pok plasebo dan propoelix

Grafik 6: Perbedaan perubahan (Δ) kadarLekosit pada hari ke-1, 2, dan 3dari baseline pada kelompokplasebo dan propoelix

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Uji Klinis Propoelix (Propolis Ekstrak) pada Pasien Demam Berdarah Dengue . 103—111

110 NO. 2 TAHUN KE XXXIX, FEBRUARI 2013

perubahan hari ke-2 di mana kelompokpropoelix terjadi penurunan hematokrit yanglebih besar.

Grafik 6 menggambarkan tidak adaperbedaan yang bermakna secara statistik,perubahan dari hari ke-1 (baseline) kadarlekosit pada perubahan hari ke-1, 2, dan 3antara kelompok kontrol dan eksperimen.

Grafik 7 menggambarkan tidak adaperbedaan yang bermakna perubahan darihari pertama (baseline) kadar trombosit padaperubahan hari ke-1. Sedangkan perubahankadar trombosit terjadi pada hari ke-2(p=0,013) dan hari ke-3 (p=0,000) terdapatperbedaan bermakna perubahan kadar trom-bosit antara kelompok plasebo dan propoelix.Kelompok propoelix menunjukkan perubah-an yang lebih cepat kenaikan kadar trombo-sitnya mulai hari ke-3 dan ke-4 (perubahantrombosit hari ke-2 dan ke-3 pengukuran).

Grafik 8 menggambarkan adanya perbe-daan pada perubahan penurunan suhu.Kelompok propoelix lebih baik dari plasebo,namun secara statistik tidak terdapat perbe-daan yang bermakna perubahan suhu daribaseline pada hari ke-1, 2, dan 3 antara ke-dua kelompok penelitian p>0,05.

Diskusi Hemoglobin kedua kelompok menun-

jukkan tidak ada perbedaan yang bermaknasejak pengamatan hari pertama sampaikeempat. Artinya, baik plasebo maupuneksperimen tidak ada perbedaan. Hal ini ke-mungkinan kadar Hb tidak secara langsungdipengaruhi oleh propoelix.

Terdapat penurunan kadar hematokrit

yang dimulai sejak hari kedua perawatanpada kedua kelompok yang mengarah ke nilainormal. Pada kedua kelompok terdapatperubahan hematokrit yang bermakna padapengukuran hari ke-2, di mana kelompokpropoelix terjadi penurunan yang signifikandibanding kontrol. Disimpulkan bahwakelompok yang mendapat propoelix menu-runkan terjadinya hemokonsentrasi lebihcepat dari kelompok kontrol. Peningkatannilai hematokrit merupakan manifestasihemokonsentrasi yang terjadi akibat keboco-ran plasma ke ruang ekstravaskular melaluikapiler yang rusak

Pada penderita DBD biasanya terjadileukopenia (penurunan jumlah Lekosit)ringan, normal lekosit antara 5-10 ribu. Padapenelitian ini terdapat perbaikan keadaanleukopenia yang terjadi pada kelompokeksperimen terjadi kenaikan dan dipertahan-kan setelah dalam batas normal, meskipunperubahan lekosit pada kedua kelompokpenelitian tidak menunjukkan perbedaanyang bermakna secara statistik.

Tidak terjadi peningkatan jumlah trom-bosit yang bermakna pada kelompok kontrolsampai perawatan hari keempat. Pada ke-lompok yang mendapat propolis peningkatantrombosit secara bermakna dimulai padaperawatan hari ketiga dan berlanjut sampaihari keempat. Terdapat perbedaan bermaknapada pengamatan hari ke-4, di mana kadartrombosit pada kelompok propoelix terjadipeningkatan lebih baik dari kontrol. Diper-kuat dengan perubahan trombosit yangberbeda bermakna pada hari ke-2 dan ke-3.Perubahan trombosit pada kelompokeksperimen lebih meningkat secara signifikandibanding plasebo.

Salah satu indikasi perawatan pasien DBDadalah kadar trombosit kurang dari 100ribu/μL (nilai normal trombosit antara 150-400 ribu/μL). Setelah pengukuran hari ke-3dan ke-4, kadar trombosit kelompok pro-poelix masih menunjukkan kecenderunganmeningkat yang signifikan dibandingkanplasebo.

Penurunan suhu tubuh terjadi lebih cepatpada kelompok yang mendapat propoelix,yang sudah terjadi sejak hari kedua pera-watan dan terus berlangsung sampai men-dekati normal pada hari keempat. Sampaihari keempat, suhu masih menunjukkan ke-cenderungan untuk turun. Hal ini diperlukanpengamatan lebih lama lagi untuk melihatsampai suhu berapa menjadi stabil.

Terdapat perbedaan hari perawatan yang

Grafik 7: Perbedaan perubahan (Δ) kadar

trombosit pada hari ke-1, 2,dan ke-3 dari baseline pada

kelompok plasebo danpropoelix

Grafik 8: Perbedaan perubahan (Δ) suhu

(oC) pada hari ke-1, 2, dan 3dari baseline pada kelompok

plasebo dan propoelix

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ROCHSISMANDOKO, EPPY, DIANA P., SYAFIQ A., UTAMI S, H. AZNAN LELO, BAGUS SB. 103—111

NO. 2 TAHUN KE XXXIX, FEBRUARI 2013 111

bermakna antara kedua kelompok yangmendapat propoelix dibandingkan kelompokkontrol, di mana kelompok eksperimen lebihsingkat hari rawatnya di rumah sakit. Hal inibermakna bahwa pemberian propoelix mem-persingkat hari perawatan di rumah sakit.

Selama penelitian tidak dijumpai adanyaefek samping yang tidak diinginkan padaketiga kelompok. Tidak didapati pasien yangmengalami perburukan klinis yang mengarahke syok atau terjadi Dengue Syok Sindrome(DSS).

Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberianpropoelix sebagai terapi tambahan atau pen-dukung pada kasus DBD bermakna dalammemperbaiki kondisi klinis yang ditandaidengan, penurunan hematokrit (pencegahanhemo konsentrasi), perbaikan keadaanleukopeni, peningkatan jumlah trombosit,penurunan suhu tubuh yang lebih cepat, danberkurangnya lama perawatan di rumahsakit.

Propolis sebagai salah satu dari sedikitpenyembuh alami, dalam banyak penelitiantelah dibuktikan mempunyai efek antiinfla-masi, antibakteri, antifungi, aktivitas imuno-modulator, dan antikanker. Dalam penelitianini, propoelix yang merupakan propolisekstrak dibuktikan memperbaiki semuaparameter klinis, laboratorium, dan lama hariperawatan.

K eterbatasan PenelitianPengamatan penelitian hanya dilakukan

selama empat hari tampak pada rerata peng-ukuran trombosit masih ada kecenderunganmeningkat, tetapi belum mencapai 100.000.Demikian juga dengan pengamatan suhutubuh, terjadi penurunan dan masih berlang-sung sampai hari keempat belum sampaikondisi yang stabil.

K esimpulanPropoelix yang merupakan ekstrak dari

propolis efektif sebagai terapi tambahan pa-da pasien Demam Berdarah Dengue, karenadapat memperbaiki kondisi klinis (menurun-kan suhu lebih cepat), memperbaiki para-meter laboratorium (mempercepat kenaikantrombosit, menurunkan hematokrit), danmempersingkat lama perawatan di rumahsakit.

SaranPerlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut

mengenai keefektifan propoelix yangmerupakan propolis ekstrak sebagai terapi

tambahan dengan waktu yang lebih panjangpada DBD dan juga terhadap jenis penyakityang lain. Perlu pengamatan yang lebih lamalagi untuk mendapatkan gambaran klinis danlaboratorium sampai keadaan stabil dannormal. Perlu pengamatan dengan subjekdan populasi lebih luas di tempat lain sebagaipembanding sehingga hasil penelitian dapatdigeneralisasi. n

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