Clinical Practice Guideline Diabetes in Pregnancy ... · mother such as retinopathy3 and...
Transcript of Clinical Practice Guideline Diabetes in Pregnancy ... · mother such as retinopathy3 and...
Clinical Practice Guideline Diabetes in Pregnancy Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology
PROMPT doc no: 28849721 Version: 2.0
First created: 09/07/2015 Page 1 of 14 Last reviewed:
Version changed: 15/05/2017 UNCONTROLLED WHEN DOWNLOADED
Next review: 01/03/2018
Purpose Pregnancy is associated with changes to insulin sensitivity which can lead to elevated maternal blood glucose levels (BGLs). When elevated BGLs are first diagnosed during pregnancy the mother has gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Also, if the mother has pre-existing diabetes (Type 1 or Type 2) the increase in maternal insulin resistance during pregnancy further increases BGLs and requires major increases in diabetes treatment. Elevated blood glucose levels in the mother cause foetal blood glucose levels to increase due to transplacental glucose transport. The resultant increase in foetal BGLs causes the foetus to overproduce insulin. The fetal hyperglycaemia and the resulting hyperinsulinaemia is thought to increase the risk of pre-eclampsia, foetal macrosomia, neonatal hypoglycaemia, hyperbilirubinaemia and respiratory distress syndrome. The incidence of these complications in the foetus can be decreased by treating the mother to ensure maternal BGLs are maintained in the near-normal range throughout pregnancy and labour. Pre-existing diabetes (Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes) in pregnancy is also associated with other risks to the mother and developing foetus. Foetal risks include stillbirth, congenital malformations, macrosomia and birth injury, perinatal mortality, and postnatal adaptation problems such as hypoglycaemia3. Miscarriage, pre-eclampsia, and pre-term labour are more common with pre-existing diabetes. Pre-existing complications of diabetes in the mother such as retinopathy3 and nephropathy can worsen during pregnancy. Maternal and fetal outcomes in patients with pre-existing diabetes depend heavily on pre-pregnancy counseling and strict glycaemic control during pregnancy. Poor glycaemic control during labour is associated with neonatal hypoglycaemia due to the stimulation of fetal insulin release by maternal hyperglycemia 3,4. Maintenance of maternal BGLs in the normal range during labour decreases the risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia. Scope To provide information and guidance for staff on the antenatal, labour and postnatal management of patients with diabetes in pregnancy. This includes Gestational Diabetes and pre-existing Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes in pregnancy. Responsibilities Employer Peninsula Health acts to minimize risk by supporting adherence to Guidelines, occupational health and safety obligations and duty of care to staff and consumers through a comprehensive clinical governance system which includes the provision of and education in relation to evidence based Guidelines. Departmental The Executive supports Department Heads in the monitoring and evaluation of Guidelines. Providing the necessary infrastructure and resource to facilitate compliance with Guidelines and assisting the Department Heads to facilitate education and enforce compliance with Guidelines.
Clinical Practice Guideline Diabetes in Pregnancy Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology
PROMPT doc no: 28849721 Version: 2.0
First created: 09/07/2015 Page 2 of 14 Last reviewed:
Version changed: 15/05/2017 UNCONTROLLED WHEN DOWNLOADED
Next review: 01/03/2018
Department Head/Manager Department Heads/ Managers monitor compliance with Guideline via agreed evaluation methods and associated KPIs. Ensure all staff have easy access to relevant Guidelines and are kept informed of any updates or changes to Guidelines related to their employment and scope of practice. Facilitate education as appropriate in relation to the Guideline. Employee All employees must be familiar with and comply with Guidelines relevant to their employment and scope of practice. Guideline AIM To maintain BGL between 4 - 7mmol/L to help achieve optimal maternal and neonatal outcomes. On admission all histories should be reviewed for the plan of diabetes management. This policy will be divided into the following sections for easier practitioner reference.
GDM – DIET CONTROLLED
GDM – INSULIN REQUIRING
TYPE 2 DIABETES - INSULIN REQUIRING
TYPE 1 DIABETES ANTENATAL CARE FOR DIABETES IN PREGNANCY ANTENATAL CARE – GESTATIONAL DIABETES The incidence rate for GDM in Australia is approximately 5% of all pregnancies, however there is an increased prevalence among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, Pacific Islanders, and women from the Indian subcontinent, East Asia and the Middle East 10 Risk of GDM is also elevated with BMI>30kg/m2, family history of diabetes, previous GDM or macrosomia 3. GESTATIONAL DIABETES DIAGNOSIS Routine Screening: All pregnant women should be offered an OGTT at 26 -28 weeks gestation. Earlier testing of those at higher risk of GDM is advised. Table 1. Criteria for Diagnosis of GDM and Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy with a 2 hours Pregnancy Oral GTT (from 1st January 2015)
Diagnosis Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l)
1 hour glucose (mmol/l following 75g oral glucose load
2 hours glucose (mmol/l) following 75g oral glucose load
Normal < 5.1 <10.0 <8.5
GDM 5.1 – 6.9 ≥ 10.0 8.5 – 11.0
Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy
≥ 7.0 * ≥ 11.1
*There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes based on the 1 hour post load value.10
Clinical Practice Guideline Diabetes in Pregnancy Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology
PROMPT doc no: 28849721 Version: 2.0
First created: 09/07/2015 Page 3 of 14 Last reviewed:
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Next review: 01/03/2018
Higher risk for GDM Women with higher risk factors for GDM should be tested with a 75gm Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) at first visit or around 12-14 weeks gestation.5 Higher risk factors include; foetal macrosomia, polycystic ovarian syndrome, strong family history, glycosuria, obesity and previous GDM.6 If result is normal the OGTT should be repeated 26-28 weeks gestation.1
ANTENATAL CARE GESTATIONAL DIABETES GDM Clinic
All women diagnosed with GDM referred to GDM clinic as soon as possible.
GDM Clinic consist of a team of heath care professionals (Endocrinologist, Endocrinology registrar, Diabetes Educators, Dietitian, )
Women are encouraged to take responsibility for making contact with the diabetes educators if they have 2 or more elevated BGL readings in a week.
Insulin therapy should be considered if BGL’s exceed target on two occasions in one week 5 It is not the usual practice in Australia to use oral hypoglycaemic agents in the treatment of GDM5 1
All women should have a plan of management discussed and documented from 36/40 regarding timing of birth and management of medication in labour
FREQUENCY OF VISITS - GDM
Frequency of visits to GDM clinic. Routinely fortnightly reviews – may be increased or decreased as required
Frequency of visits to MWC/OBS CLINIC / SMCP: o If not receiving insulin then routine antenatal care is assumed. The
following is the suggested regime: o 4/52 until 28 weeks, then 3/52 until 34 weeks, then 2 weekly until 38
weeks, then weekly until term
Once insulin is administered the following is the suggested regime O As above, then weekly from 34/40 gestation
TABLE OUTLINING ANTENATAL VISITS WITH GESTATIONAL DIABETES
GESTATION VISIT WITH LABORATORY TESTS FETAL ASSESSMENT
OTHER
0-12 weeks
GP
Obstetrician
confirm pregnancy
routine antenatal bloods
As per routine pregnancy
12-14 weeks Booking at hospital with midwife
OGTT for high risk of GDM
If normal repeat at 26/40
Ultrasound /blood test genetic abnormality screen
Referral to GDM Clinic if positive OGTT
Clinical Practice Guideline Diabetes in Pregnancy Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology
PROMPT doc no: 28849721 Version: 2.0
First created: 09/07/2015 Page 4 of 14 Last reviewed:
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18-20 weeks
Midwife / SMCP /OBS Review if requiring insulin
Anatomy U/S
24
Midwife / SMCP /OBS review
GTT 26-28 weeks for all routine women
routine care
28
OBS review
GDM Clinic as soon as diagnosed
FBE
antibody screen ± anti D
Iron Study
30
Midwife / SMCP /OBS +/-GDM Clinic
Review blood glucose control
32 OBS review
Growth Scan if needed
34
OBS review
+/-GDM Clinic
Discuss mode and timing of birth with obstetrician Review blood glucose control
36
OBS review
FBE
± anti D
GBS swab
offer U/S for fetal growth/ AFI if clinically indicated or baby > 80th percentile at 30/40 U/Sound
Review blood glucose control
37
OBS review
+/-GDM Clinic
If complicating factors present
Consider delivery @38-39/40
If for planned Elective LUSCS -38/40
Review blood glucose control
38
OBS review
+/-GDM Clinic
If for Planned C/S and good glycaemic control, book for
Clinical Practice Guideline Diabetes in Pregnancy Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology
PROMPT doc no: 28849721 Version: 2.0
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39/40 Review blood glucose control
39
OBS review
+/-GDM Clinic
CTG If good glycaemic control, on diet without Insulin, and no abnormal features, induce between 40-41 weeks.
TYPE 2 DIABETES
PRE NATAL CARE- TYPE 2 DIABETES9 Pre pregnancy counseling- review with endocrinologist, diabetes educator and dietitian. Recommend contraception until optimal glycaemic control (aim HbA1C 6-7%). Commence 5mg Folic Acid supplement one month prior to pregnancy and continue throughout first trimester. General Health Assessment including Rubella and Varicella test. Diabetes complications assessment (eyes, kidneys, nerves). Review of medications including diabetes tablets/insulin BP and lipid medication. Provide education regarding hypoglycaemia and sick days. ANTENATAL CARE- TYPE 2 DIABETES
All women should have a plan of management discussed and documented from 36/40 regarding timing of birth and management of medication in labour
FREQUENCY OF VISITS –TYPE 2 DIABETES
Frequency of visits to GDM clinic o As soon as pregnancy confirmed and then as needed o Routinely fortnightly reviews – may be increased or decreased as required
Frequency of visits to mid/obs as per table TYPE 1 DIABETES PRE NATAL CARE -TYPE 1 DIABETES9 Pre pregnancy counseling- review with Endocrinologist, diabetes educator and dietitian. Recommend contraception until optimal glycaemic control (aim HbA1C 6-7%) Commence 5mg Folic Acid supplement one month prior to pregnancy and continue throughout first trimester General Health Assessment including Rubella and Varicella test. Diabetes complications assessment (eyes, kidneys, nerves).Review of medications including diabetes tablets/insulin BP and lipid medication. Provide GlucaGen Script and education regarding hypoglycaemia, sick days and ketone testing
Clinical Practice Guideline Diabetes in Pregnancy Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology
PROMPT doc no: 28849721 Version: 2.0
First created: 09/07/2015 Page 6 of 14 Last reviewed:
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ANTENATAL CARE- TYPE 1 DIABETES
If Ketoacidosis is suspected during pregnancy -Immediate admission to level 2 critical care - ICU under combined obstetric and medical care as ketoacidosis is associated with foetal distress3, 11
All women should have a plan of management discussed and documented from 36/40 regarding timing of birth and management of medication in labour
Retinal assessment FREQUENCY OF VISITS –TYPE 1 DIABETES
Frequency of visits to GDM clinic- as soon as pregnancy confirmed and then as needed o Routinely fortnightly reviews – may be increased or decreased as required
Frequency of visits to mid/obs as per table TABLE OUTLINING SUBSEQUENT ANTENATAL VISTIS FOR TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DIABETES
GESTATION VISIT WITH LABORATORY TESTS FETAL ASSESSMENT
OTHER
0-12 weeks
GP
Obstetrician
Referral to GDM clinic for endocrinologist, dietitian and diabetes educator review
confirm pregnancy
routine antenatal bloods
HbA1c
U/S to confirm dates
12-20 weeks
Booking at hospital with midwife
U/S offering 4 chamber view of heart and outflow tracts
24
Midwife / SMCP routine care
28
OBS review FBE
antibody screen ± anti D
offer U/S for fetal growth/ AFI
31
Midwife SMCP
offer U/S for fetal growth/ AFI ( if on insulin or have poor control)
34
OBS review
HbA1c Weekly CTG commences
Discuss mode and timing of birth with obstetrician
35 OBS review
CTG
Clinical Practice Guideline Diabetes in Pregnancy Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology
PROMPT doc no: 28849721 Version: 2.0
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36
OBS review
FBE
± anti D
GBS swab
offer U/S for fetal growth/ AFI
CTG x 2 per week
Discuss mode and timing of birth with obstetrician
37
OBS review
CTG x 2 per week
38
OBS review
CTG x 2 per week if awaiting spontaneous labour
Offer IOL or LUSCS if indicated Commence expression of colostrum to assist in prevention of neonatal hypoglycaema
39
OBS review
CTG x 2 per week if awaiting spontaneous labour
40
OBS review
CTG x 2 week if awaiting spontaneous labour
GDM – DIET CONTROLLED
DEFINITION GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS (GDM) GDM is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance recognized, with the onset of or during pregnancy. The definition applies whether managed by diet or insulin and whether or not the condition persists after pregnancy. AIM To maintain BGL within targets below for optimal maternal and fetal outcomes:
Antenatal :Self blood glucose monitoring 4 times/day(fasting and 2hour post meals)
Minimum goals for self BGL - fasting <5.2 - 2hr post meal <7.0
During Labour: To maintain BGL between 4 – 7mmol/L. ANTENATAL CARE See attached chart – ANTENATAL CARE FOR DIABETES IN PREGNANCY If no abnormal features, induce between 40-41 weeks LABOUR – GDM - DIET CONTROLLED
Check BGLs 1 hourly
Clinical Practice Guideline Diabetes in Pregnancy Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology
PROMPT doc no: 28849721 Version: 2.0
First created: 09/07/2015 Page 8 of 14 Last reviewed:
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Aim to keep BGLs between 4 - 7mmol/L whilst in labour. This will decrease the risk of neonatal hypoglycemia
If BGL > 7.0 contact the endocrinology unit. An insulin infusion may be required
If insulin is required follow insulin infusion protocol and call endocrine unit to inform and obtain further orders.
CTG required if poorly controlled GDM or fetal macrasomia.
Cease insulin infusion after delivery of placenta NO insulin will be required after delivery. IV fluids should be used with caution when using oxytocin or presence of pre-eclampsia due to risk of fluid overload.8 A patient requiring an induction of labour should continue usual meals. CAESAREAN SECTION - GDM DIET CONTROLLED Wherever possible, caesarian section should be booked as the 1st case on the morning theatre list. Check BGLs in the early morning prior to theatre and 2hrly until theatre. If BGL greater than 7mmol/L contact endocrinology unit as insulin therapy may be required POSTNATAL AND FOLLOW UP CARE – GDM - DIET CONTROLLED Most women with GDM revert to normoglycaemia at the time of birth
Monitor BGLs post-delivery for 24hrs (Pre-breakfast and 2hrs post-meals)
Diabetes educator review where they will be advised of subsequent risk of GDM and Type 2 diabetes
75gm GTT 6 weeks post partum
Review appointment booked for GDM clinic 8 weeks postpartum
1-2 yearly GTT if not pregnant
Early GTT next pregnancy – at first visit or 12-14 weeks gestation 5
NEONATAL CARE – GDM – DIET CONTROLLED
Infants of mothers with GDM managed with diet, born > 37 weeks and >2500 grams with out other complications may be cared for in Maternity Services
Follow Pathway for Neonates of GDM on Diet
GDM – INSULIN REQUIRING DEFINITION GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS (GDM) managed with insulin. See definition for GDM AIM To maintain BGL within targets below for optimal maternal and fetal outcomes:
Antenatal :Self blood glucose monitoring 4 times/day(fasting and 2hour post meals
Minimum goals for self BGL - fasting <5.2 - 2hr post meal <7.0
During Labour: To maintain BGL between 4 – 7mmol/L. ANTENATAL CARE - GDM INSULIN REQUIRING See attached chart – ANTENATAL CARE FOR DIABETES IN PREGNANCY
Clinical Practice Guideline Diabetes in Pregnancy Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology
PROMPT doc no: 28849721 Version: 2.0
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LABOUR- GDM INSULIN REQUIRING ON ADMISSION
Check Outpatient History for instructions from GDM Clinic See MR ……
If patient has taken insulin and presents in spontaneous labour shortly after, monitor BGL’s for hypoglycaemia.
If patient is admitted the evening prior to induction or caesarean section, they should receive their normal insulin dose in the evening and withhold the morning dose of insulin.
IOL: PROSTGLANDIN
Continue current Antenatal management until in established labour SPONTANEOUS LABOUR / IOL - SYNTOCINON / ARM
Withhold insulin in labour
Monitor BGLs 1hrly during induction/labour
Aim to keep BGL’s between 4 - 7mmol/L whilst in labour. This will decrease the risk of neonatal hypoglycemia
If BGL >or 7.0, contact the endocrinology unit. An insulin infusion may be required
If insulin is required follow insulin infusion protocol and call endocrine unit to inform and obtain further orders.
Continuous CTG monitoring in labour.
Cease insulin infusion after delivery of placenta
NO insulin will be required after delivery. IV fluids should be used with caution when using oxytocin or presence of pre-eclampsia due to risk of fluid overload.8 CAESARIAN SECTION- GDM INSULIN REQUIRING
Wherever possible caesarian section should be booked for the 1st case on the morning theatre list.
Usual BGL times unless an insulin infusion is in-situ
If patient is admitted the evening prior to caesarean section, they should receive their normal insulin dose in the evening and withhold the morning dose of insulin.
Measure BGL o Early morning pre-operatively, 2hrly until theatre and in theatre, prior to
anaesthetic o If BGL’s are > 7.0 mmol/l, notify endocrinologist and anaesthetist for ongoing
management - insulin infusion may be required POSTNATAL AND FOLLOW UP CARE- GDM INSULIN REQUIRING Insulin requirements fall dramatically post partum. To avoid profound and prolonged hypoglycaemia, monitoring of blood glucose levels is required.
If insulin infusion was required, this should be ceased at delivery of placenta.
NO insulin will be required after delivery
BGLs should be monitored QID (pre breakfast and 2hrs post meals) for 48hours.
Contact endocrinology or if BGL over 10mmol
Diabetes educator review – where they will be advised of subsequent risk of GDM and type 2 diabetes
75gm GTT 6 weeks post partum and then yearly
Review appointment GDM clinic or GP 8 weeks postpartum
GTT at 12-14 weeks in next pregnancy.
Clinical Practice Guideline Diabetes in Pregnancy Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology
PROMPT doc no: 28849721 Version: 2.0
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NEONATAL CARE- GDM INSULIN REQUIRING Neonates born to mothers with gestational diabetes or diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of becoming hypoglycaemic. It is current practice at Peninsula Health that all infants born to mothers who have required insulin in their pregnancy should be admitted to SCN. Assessment on admission is required for incubator care or supplemental oxygen TYPE 2 DIABETES– INSULIN REQUIRING DEFINITION- TYPE 2 DIABETES. Characteristics of type 2 diabetes:
Less common than GDM in the pregnant population.
Diabetes diagnosed at any time prior to pregnancy.
Management of diabetes prior to pregnancy with diet or oral hypoglycaemic agents.
Some may have been insulin requiring prior to pregnancy but it is important to distinguish these women from those with Type 1 diabetes. See definition for Type 1 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by an insensitivity of target tissues to insulin, combined with an inadequate insulin response to hyperglycaemia. The pancreas still produces insulin, however it is not effectively utilized. Oral hypoglycaemic agents are not currently recommended for use in pregnancy. Insulin will be required to manage Type 2 diabetes in pregnancy. AIM To maintain BGL within targets below for optimal maternal and foetal outcomes:
Antenatal: Self BGL monitoring 4 times per day (fasting and 2hr (or1hr) post meals)1
Minimum goals for self BGL monitoring2: fasting 5.2, 1hr post meal <8.0, 2hr post-meal <7.0.
During Labour: To maintain BGL between 4 - 7mmol/L ANTENATAL CARE- TYPE 2 DIABETES See attached chart – ANTENATAL CARE FOR DIABETES IN PREGNANCY LABOUR- TYPE 2 DIABETES Poor glycaemic control during labour is associated neonatal hypoglycaemia3 Stimulation of fetal insulin release by maternal hyperglycemia during labor significantly increases the risk of early hypoglycemia in these infants4 PRE TERM LABOUR Use of corticosteroids for foetal lung maturity and ß-agonists in pre-term labour has been associated with hyperglycaemia11 ON ADMISSION
All women should have a plan of management discussed and documented from 36/40 regarding timing of birth and management of medication in labour See MR…..
Contact urgently and inform endocrine unit of admission (after hours notify on call endocrine consultant)
If patient is admitted the evening prior to induction or, they should receive their normal insulin dose in the evening and withhold the morning dose of insulin
IOL: PROSTGLANDIN
Continue current Antenatal management until in established labour SPONTANEOUS LABOUR / IOL : SYNTOCINON / ARM
Withhold insulin in labour
Clinical Practice Guideline Diabetes in Pregnancy Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology
PROMPT doc no: 28849721 Version: 2.0
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Monitor BGLs 1hrly during induction
If BGL >or 7.0, contact the endocrinology unit. An insulin infusion may be required
Aim to keep BGL’s between 4 - 7mmol/L whilst in labour. This will decrease the risk of neonatal hypoglycemia
If BGL >or 7.0, contact the endocrinology unit. An insulin infusion may be required
If insulin is required follow insulin infusion protocol and call endocrine unit to inform and obtain further orders.
Fetal monitoring continuously in labour.
Cease insulin infusion after delivery of placenta
NO insulin will be required after delivery. IV fluids should be used with caution when using oxytocin or presence of pre-eclampsia due to risk of fluid overload.8 CAESARIAN SECTION - TYPE 2 DIABETES
Wherever possible caesarian section should be booked for the 1st case on the morning theatre list.
If patient is admitted the evening prior to caesarean section, they should receive their normal insulin dose in the evening and withhold the morning dose of insulin.
Usual BGL times unless an insulin infusion is in-situ
Measure BGL o Early morning pre operatively, and if theatre is delayed 1hrly until in theatre
and prior to anaesthetic o If BGLs are >7.0mmol/l, notify endocrinologist and anesthetist for ongoing
management- insulin infusion may be required. POSTNATAL AND FOLLOW UP CARE- TYPE 2 DIABETES Insulin requirements fall dramatically postpartum. To avoid profound and prolonged hypoglycaemia, monitoring of blood glucose levels is required.
If insulin infusion used cease insulin infusion after birth of placenta
No insulin after delivery.
QID BGL (pre breakfast and 2hrs post meals) notify endocrinology unit if BGL >10mmol
Endocrinology review to assess insulin or oral hypoglycaemic agent requirements
Diabetes Educator review – advise risk of hypoglycaemia post delivery and after breastfeeding
GDM clinic review 2-4 weeks
Ongoing follow-up at Diabetes clinic or private endocrinologist NEONATAL CARE- TYPE 2 DIABETES Neonates born to mothers with gestational diabetes or diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of becoming hypoglycaemic. It is current practice at Peninsula Health that all infants born to mothers who have required insulin in their pregnancy should be admitted to SCN. Assessment on admission is required for incubator care or supplemental oxygen. TYPE 1 DIABETES DEFINITION - TYPE 1 DIABETES Characteristics of type 1 diabetes:
Diabetes diagnosed at any time prior to pregnancy.
Clinical Practice Guideline Diabetes in Pregnancy Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology
PROMPT doc no: 28849721 Version: 2.0
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Patient required insulin soon after diagnosis of diabetes
May have had previous episodes of ketoacidosis. Type 1 diabetes is characterized by a cessation of the production and secretion of insulin in the pancreatic beta cells which is usually the result of an autoimmune disease. People with Type 1 diabetes require insulin to be administered everyday, even prior to pregnancy. Without sufficient insulin hyperglycaemia and ketoacidosis may occur. AIM To maintain BGL within targets below for optimal maternal and foetal outcomes: To avoid Ketoacidosis and minimize hypoglycaemia
Antenatal: Self BGL monitoring 4-8 times per day Minimum goals for self BGL monitoring: 2 Fasting 5.2, 1hr post meal <8.0, 2hr post meal < 7.0
During Labour: To maintain BGL between 4 - 7mmol/L ANTENATAL CARE- TYPE 1 DIABETES See attached chart – ANTENATAL CARE FOR DIABETES IN PREGNANCY LABOUR- TYPE 1 DIABETES Poor glycaemic control during labour is associated neonatal hypoglycaemia3 Stimulation of fetal insulin release by maternal hyperglycemia during labor significantly increases the risk of early hypoglycemia in these infants4
Patients who are on insulin pumps o Urgently contact Endocrine Unit o Patient may require cessation of insulin pump and need to commence
dextrose and insulin infusions PRE TERM LABOUR Use of corticosteroids for foetal lung maturity and ß-agonists in pre-term labour has been associated with hyperglycaemia and increased risk of ketoacidosis11 ON ADMISSION
All women should have a plan of management discussed and documented from 36/40 regarding timing of birth and management of medication in labour
Check Outpatient History for instructions from GDM Clinic
Contact urgently and inform Endocrine unit of admission (after hours notify on call endocrine consultant)
IOL / PROSTGLANDIN / SYNTOCINON / ARM
If patient is admitted the evening prior to induction or caesarean section, they should receive their normal insulin dose in the evening and commence an insulin infusion in the morning- contact endocrinology unit.
IN LABOUR
Insulin must not be withheld
Type 1 diabetes patients require glucose and insulin at all times
Hourly BGLs in labour
Patient will always require an insulin infusion (see attached guidelines)
Continuous fetal monitoring whilst in labour IV fluids should be used with caution when using oxytocin or presence of pre-eclampsia due to risk of fluid overload.8
Clinical Practice Guideline Diabetes in Pregnancy Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology
PROMPT doc no: 28849721 Version: 2.0
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CAESARIAN SECTION
Caesarian Section should be booked for the 1st case on the morning theatre list.
Administer usual insulin and meals the night before C/S until fasting commences
Usual BGL monitoring times unless an insulin infusion is in-situ
Morning of C/S – withhold usual insulin and commence infusions of dextrose and insulin
Measure BGLs o pre operatively and in theatre prior to anesthetic o If BGL s are >7.0 mmol/l, notify endocrinologist and anesthetist for ongoing
management
POSTNATAL AND FOLLOW UP CARE
Reduce insulin infusion to 20% at delivery. (e.g. if rate at 5 units/hr, reduce to 1 unit/hr)
All doses of insulin post delivery to be reduced to 20% of pregnancy dose. (e.g. if all insulin doses total up to 100 units per day, reduce to total of 20 units per day)
If restarting insulin pump- rates and ratios to be reduced to 20% (contact Endocrinology unit)
Endocrinology review to assess insulin requirements
Ongoing insulin doses will NEED TO BE REDUCED to 20% of previous dose
DO NOT withhold insulin or glucose even if not eating
QID BGLs pre-meals – notify endocrinology if BGL>10 mmol/l
Diabetes Educator review to advise risk of hypoglycaemia post delivery and after breastfeeding
GDM clinic review in 2-4 weeks
Ongoing follow up at diabetes clinic or private endocrinologist NEONATAL CARE Neonates born to mothers with gestational diabetes or diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of becoming hypoglycaemic. It is current practice at Peninsula Health that all infants born to mothers who have required insulin in their pregnancy should be admitted to SCN. Assessment on admission is required for incubator care or supplemental oxygen ADDITIONAL INFORMATION FOR INSULIN INFUSION PREPARATION Prepare as per Insulin Infusion Order MR/013 (18b)
Prepare Dextrose infusion first o 10% dextrose should be commenced at a 12 hourly rate when BGL’s are
less that 15 mmol/l
INSULIN is a sticky protein and will adhere to plastic coating until it is fully coated, so it is essential to make up an initial solution of 10 units of (Actrapid insulin) in 10mls of normal saline and to prime the infusion line with all of this solution, prior to the commencement of the actual insulin infusion of 50units/50mls
To prepare insulin infusion draw up 50 mls of normal saline solution and add 50 units of Actrapid insulin to this. This will create a solution of 1unit/ml of insulin per solution
Connect both the insulin infusion and the dextrose infusion to the same cannulae via a Y-lumen connector. This ensure the patient receives both of the infusions and not one alone, in cases of extravasation of intravenous sites
Clinical Practice Guideline Diabetes in Pregnancy Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology
PROMPT doc no: 28849721 Version: 2.0
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The insulin infusion rate will be determined by the endocrinologist dependent on the patients BGLs
Follow hypoglycaemic treatment regime designated by endocrinologist for patient. Key Aligned Documents
Peninsula Health Policy – Hand Hygiene & Aseptic Technique
Nursing Clinical Practice Guideline - Blood Glucose Monitoring
Nursing Clinical Practice Guideline - Insulin Infusion
Paediatrics Clinical Practice Guideline - Blood glucose monitoring - Neonate References [1] IDF Clinical Guidelines Task Force 2009, Global Guideline on Pregnancy and Diabetes Brussells International Diabetes Federation. [2] Potter, C and Kicklighter S (2009) Infant of Diabetic Mother, Retrieved from emedicine.medscape.com [3] Nankervis A (2007) Gestational Diabetes. Diabetes Management Vol 19 June 2007 [4] Royal Women’s Hospital (2008) Clinical Practice Guideline- Diabetes Mellitus: Management of gestational diabetes [5] Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne. Clinical Practice Guidelines. December 4, 2008 retrieved from http://www.thewomens.org.au/diabetesMellitusManagmentofgestationalDiabetes. [6] Royal Womens Hospital, Melbourne. Clinical Practice Guideline Diabetes in pregnancy-management in labour. 22 April, 2008 [7] Diabetes Australia Vic, ADIPS Type 1 Diabetes Network(2002), Can I have a Healthy Baby?- Diabetes and Pregnancy, NDSS. [8] Barrett, H and McElduff A, How to Treat Gestational Diabetes, Australian Doctor, March 2010 p31-38 [9] kamalakannan,D et al (2002) Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Pregnancy, Postgrad Med Journal 79:454-457 [10] RANZCOG, diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus, 2014 http://www.ranzcog.edu.au/publications/statement/C-obs7.pdf [11] Royal West Sussex NHS Trust. England. 2009 Diabetic Pregnancy Guidelines
Document management Position
Document Coordinator: Clinical Director Women’s Health
Executive Sponsor: Chief Operating Officer Frankston Hospital
Approved by: Women’s Health Executive
Date created/revised in archived system: 03/2015