Clinical Infectious Disease -...
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Clinical Infectious Disease
This is a clinically oriented, user-friendly text on infectious disease. Written to ad-dress the needs of both general internists and infectious disease specialists, this book focuses on the diagnostic protocols and treatment strategies with which physicians must be familiar when managing infectious disease patients.
The orientation of the volume is multi-faceted: in addition to the traditional orga-nization of organ system and pathogen-related information, this text includes specifi c sections on the susceptible host (with individual chapters on the diabetic, the elderly, the injection drug user, and the neonate), travel-related infections, nosocomial infec-tions, infections related to surgery and trauma, and bioterrorism.
Informative algorithms, tables, and high-quality color photographs supplement many of the chapters. Moreover, the size of this book places it between the available encyclopedic tomes and the small pocket guides, making it a comprehensive but convenient and practical reference for the practicing clinician.
David Schlossberg, MD, FACP, is Professor of Medicine at Temple University School of Medicine in Philadelphia; Adjunct Professor of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; and Medical Director of the Tuberculosis Control Program for the Philadelphia Department of Public Health. He is a Fellow of the American College of Physicians and a Fellow of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. In addition to winning numerous teaching awards, he has been invited to lecture throughout the United States and East Asia. He is a reviewer for a number of medical journals, including the New England Journal of Medicine, Clinical Infectious Diseases, the Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of Infectious Disease, and the Journal of the American Medical Association.
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87112-9 - Clinical Infectious DiseaseEdited by David SchlossbergFrontmatterMore information
Clinical Infectious Disease
Edited by
David Schlossberg
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87112-9 - Clinical Infectious DiseaseEdited by David SchlossbergFrontmatterMore information
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSCambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi
Cambridge University Press32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473, USA
www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521871129
© David Schlossberg 2008
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2008
Printed in the United States of America.
A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Clinical infectious disease/edited by David Schlossberg. p. ; cmIncludes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-521-87112-9 (hardback)1. Communicable diseases. I. Schlossberg David. II. Title.[DNLM: 1. Communicable Diseases. WC 100 C6416 2008]
RC111.C562 2008616.9–dc22 2007050649
ISBN 978-0-521-87112-9 hardback
Every effort has been made in preparing this book to provide accurate and up-to-date information that is in accord with accepted standards and practice at the time of publication. Nevertheless, the authors, editors, and publisher can make no warranties that the information contained herein is totally free from error, not least because clinical standards are constantly changing through research and regulation. The authors, editors, and publisher therefore disclaim all liability for direct or consequential damages resulting from the use of material contained in this book. Readers are strongly advised to pay careful attention to information provided by the manufacturer of any drugs or equipment that they plan to use.
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy ofURLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate orappropriate.
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87112-9 - Clinical Infectious DiseaseEdited by David SchlossbergFrontmatterMore information
This book is dedicated to Dr. Bennett Lorber – physician, teacher, musician, artist, raconteur, colleague, and valued friend.
“and gladly wolde he lerne and gladly teche.”– Chaucer, Canterbury Tales
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Contents
Preface page xviiContributors xix
Part I. Clinical Syndromes – General
1. Fever of Unknown Origin 3 Burke A. Cunha 2. Sepsis and Septic Shock 9 Carmen E. DeMarco and Rodger D. MacArthur 3. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 21 N. Cary Engleberg
Part II. Clinical Syndromes – Head and Neck
4. Pharyngotonsillitis 31 Itzhak Brook 5. Infectious Thyroiditis 39 Jeanne Carey and Stephen G. Baum 6. Otitis Media and Externa 45 Stephen I. Pelton 7. Sinusitis 55 Charles D. Bluestone and Todd D. Otteson 8. Dental Infection and Its Consequences 59 Bridget Hathaway, Jennifer Rubin Grandis, and Jonas T. Johnson 9. Infection of the Salivary and Lacrimal Glands 65 Souad Youssef, Ray Y. Hachem, and Issam Raad 10. Deep Neck Infections 73 Anitra S. Birnbaum and Jeremy D. Gradon
Part III. Clinical Syndromes – Eye
11. Conjunctivitis 79 Elmer Y. Tu12. Keratitis 87 Francis S. Mah and Jules Baum13. Iritis 97 Sarah S. Zaher and Elizabeth Graham14. Retinitis 103 Daniel M. Albert and Amol D. Kulkarni 15. Endophthalmitis 109 Roy D. Brod and Harry W. Flynn, Jr.16. Periocular Infections 117 Marlene L. Durand
Part IV. Clinical Syndromes – Skin and Lymph Nodes
17. Fever and Rash 123 John W. Sensakovic and Leon G. Smith
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18. Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Toxic Shock and Kawasaki Syndromes 129 Aristides P. Assimacopoulos and Patrick M. Schlievert19. Classic Viral Exanthems 135 Henry M. Feder, Jr., and Jane M. Grant-Kels20. Skin Ulcer and Pyoderma 141 Joanne T. Maffei21. Cellulitis and Erysipelas 151 Mandi P. Sachdeva and Kenneth J. Tomecki22. Deep Soft-Tissue Infections: Necrotizing Fasciitis and Gas Gangrene 157 Stephen Ash23. Human and Animal Bites 161 Ellie J. C. Goldstein24. Lice, Scabies, and Myiasis 167 William L. Krinsky25. Superfi cial Fungal Diseases of the Hair, Skin, and Nails 173 Evelyn K. Koestenblatt and Jeffrey M. Weinberg26. Mycetoma (Madura Foot) 181 David M. Brett-Major and Kenneth F. Wagner 27. Fever and Lymphadenopathy 187 Gustine Liu-Young and Gerald Friedland
Part V. Clinical Syndromes – Respiratory Tract
28. Acute and Chronic Bronchitis 197 Sanford Chodosh29. Croup, Supraglottitis, and Laryngitis 205 Irmgard Behlau30. Atypical Pneumonia 211 Thomas M. File, Jr.31. Community-Acquired Pneumonia 221 Rebecca Edge Martin32. Nosocomial Pneumonia 229 Burke A. Cunha33. Aspiration Pneumonia 233 Arash Heidari and Matthew Bidwell Goetz34. Lung Abscess 241 Lisa L. Dever35. Empyema and Bronchopleural Fistula 245 Charlotte E. Bolton and Dennis J. Shale
Part VI. Clinical Syndromes – Heart and Blood Vessels
36. Endocarditis of Natural and Prosthetic Valves: Treatment and Prophylaxis 253 Mashiul H. Chowdhury and Paola R. Solari37. Acute Pericarditis 265 Richard A. Martinello and Michael Cappello38. Myocarditis 271 Catherine Diamond and Jeremiah G. Tilles39. Mediastinitis 279 Keith S. Kaye and Ravi Karra40. Vascular Infection 285 Susan E. Beekmann and David K. Henderson41. Pacemaker, Defi brillator, and VAD Infections 293 Stacey A. Rizza and James M. Steckelberg
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Part VII. Clinical Syndromes – Gastrointestinal Tract, Liver, and Abdomen
42. Acute Viral Hepatitis 299 Harmit Kalia and Paul Martin43. Chronic Hepatitis 309 Michelle E. Freshman and Lawrence S. Friedman 44. Biliary Infection: Cholecystitis and Cholangitis 321 Robert V. Rege45. Pyogenic Liver Abscess 327 H. Franklin Herlong46. Infectious Complications of Acute Pancreatitis 331 Daniel Wolfson and Jamie S. Barkin 47. Esophageal Infections 339 Joshua Forman and Jean-Pierre Raufman48. Gastroenteritis 349 Douglas R. Morgan and Robert L. Owen49. Food Poisoning 359 Andrew T. Pavia50. Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea 367 John G. Bartlett51. Sexually Transmitted Enteric Infections 371 Thomas C. Quinn52. Acute Appendicitis 377 S. Frank Redo †
53. Diverticulitis 381 Ronald Lee Nichols and James R. Korndorffer, Jr.54. Abdominal Abscess 387 Donald D. Trunkey55. Splenic Abscess 391 Naveed Saqib and Thomas R. Howdieshell56. Peritonitis 397 Linda A. Slavoski and Matthew E. Levison57. Whipple’s Disease and Sprue 403 Phillip B. Amidon
Part VIII. Clinical Syndromes – Genitourinary Tract
58. Urethritis and Dysuria 409 Georgios Pappas and Matthew E. Falagas 59. Vaginitis and Cervicitis 415 Sebastian Faro60. Epididymo-Orchitis 427 Brandon Palermo and Thomas Fekete61. Genital Ulcer Adenopathy Syndrome 433 Allan Ronald62. Prostatitis 441 Jonathan M. Zenilman63. Pelvic Infl ammatory Disease 445 William J. Ledger64. Urinary Tract Infection 449 Henry M. Wu, Judith A. O’Donnell, and Elias Abrutyn †
65. Candiduria 457 Jack D. Sobel66. Focal Renal Infections and Papillary Necrosis 461 Louise M. Dembry and Vincent T. Andriole
Contents ix
† Deceased
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Part IX. Clinical Syndromes – Musculoskeletal System
67. Infection of Native and Prosthetic Joints 469 Shahbaz Hasan and James W. Smith68. Bursitis 475 Richard H. Parker69. Acute and Chronic Osteomyelitis 479 Daniel P. Lew and Francis A. Waldvogel70. Polyarthritis and Fever 485 Robert S. Pinals71. Infectious Polymyositis 491 Upinder Singh72. Psoas Abscess 495 Pamela A. Lipsett
Part X. Clinical Syndromes – Neurologic System
73. Bacterial Meningitis 505 Allan R. Tunkel74. Aseptic Meningitis Syndrome 513 Burt R. Meyers and Mirella Salvatore75. Acute Viral Encephalitis 521 David N. Irani76. Intracranial Suppuration 531 Brian Wispelwey and Kristine M. Peterson77. Spinal Epidural Abscess: Diagnosis and Management 541 Mark J. DiNubile78. Myelitis and Peripheral Neuropathy 547 Rodrigo Hasbun and Newton E. Hyslop, Jr. 79. Reye’s Syndrome 563 Omar Massoud and Rajiv R. Varma80. Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy 569 Joseph R. Berger81. Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt Infections 575 Elisabeth E. Adderson and Patricia M. Flynn82. Prion Diseases 581 Richard T. Johnson
Part XI. The Susceptible Host
83. Evaluation of Suspected Immunodefi ciency 587 Thomas A. Fleisher84. Infections in the Neutropenic Patient 593 Rafi k Samuel85. Infections in Patients with Neoplastic Disease 601 Amar Safdar and Donald Armstrong 86. Corticosteroids, Cytotoxic Agents, and Infection 605 Babafemi O. Taiwo and Robert L. Murphy87. Infections in Transplant Patients 611 Raymund R. Razonable and Carlos V. Paya88. Diabetes and Infection 625 Stefan Bughi and Sylvia J. Shaw89. Infectious Complications in the Injection Drug User 631 John Schmittner and Carlo Contoreggi 90. Infections in the Alcoholic 637 Laurel C. Preheim and Ahmad R. Nusair
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Contents xi
91. Infections in the Elderly 643 Kent Crossley 92. Neonatal Infection 647 Patrick G. Gallagher and Robert S. Baltimore 93. Pregnancy and the Puerperium: Infectious Risks 655 Raul E. Isturiz and Jorge Murillo 94. Dialysis-Related Infection 663 Peter Mariuz and Roy T. Steigbigel 95. Overwhelming Postsplenectomy Infection 671 Larry I. Lutwick, Amy Wecker, and Monica Panwar
Part XII. HIV
96. HIV Infection: Initial Evaluation and Monitoring 681 Fouad Bou Harb and Aaron E. Glatt 97. HIV-1 Infection: Antiretroviral Therapy 689 Dionissios Neofytos and Kathleen E. Squires 98. Immune Reconstitution Infl ammatory Syndrome 699 Samuel A. Shelburne III 99. Differential Diagnosis and Management of Opportunistic Infections Complicating HIV Infection 707 Anthony Ogedegbe and Marshall J. Glesby100. Prophylaxis of Opportunistic Infections in HIV Infection 721 Judith A. Aberg
Part XIII. Nosocomial Infection
101. Prevention of Nosocomial Infection in Staff and Patients 733 Nimalie D. Stone and John E. McGowan, Jr.102. Percutaneous Injury: Risks and Management 739 Elise M. Beltrami and Denise M. Cardo103. Hospital-Acquired Fever 745 Susan K. Seo and Arthur E. Brown104. Transfusion-Related Infection 749 William R. Jarvis and Virginia R. Roth 105. Intravascular Catheter-Related Infections 755 Dany Ghannam and Issam Raad106. Infections Associated with Urinary Catheters 761 Lindsay E. Nicolle
Part XIV. Infections Related to Surgery and Trauma
107. Postoperative Wound Infections 769 E. Patchen Dellinger108. Trauma-Related Infection 775 Mark A. Malangoni109. Infected Implants 779 Isabella Rosa-Cunha and Gordon Dickinson110. Infection in the Burn-Injured Patient 783 Roger W. Yurt and Rafael Gerardo Magaña
Part XV. Prevention of Infection
111. Nonsurgical Antimicrobial Prophylaxis 791 James P. Steinberg and Nadine G. Rouphael
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xii Contents
112. Surgical Prophylaxis 797 Thomas L. Husted and Joseph S. Solomkin113. Immunizations 807 Elaine C. Jong
Part XVI. Travel and Recreation
114. Advice for Travelers 825 Phyllis E. Kozarsky and Jay S. Keystone115. Fever in the Returning Traveler 833 Martin S. Wolfe116. Systemic Infection from Animals 837 David J. Weber, George S. Ghneim, and William A. Rutala117. Tick-Borne Disease 845 Steven C. Buckingham118. Recreational Water Exposure 849 Andrea K. Boggild and Mary Elizabeth Wilson119. Travelers’ Diarrhea 859 Karen J. Vigil and Herbert L. DuPont
Part XVII. Bioterrorism
120. Bioterrorism 865 Eleni Patrozou and Andrew W. Artenstein
Part XVIII. Specific Organisms – Bacteria
121. Actinomycosis 881 Thomas A. Russo 122. Anaerobic Infections 887 Sydney M. Finegold123. Anthrax and Other Bacillus Species 897 Boris Velimirovic124. Bartonellosis (Carrión’s Disease) 903 Craig J. Hoesley125. Cat Scratch Disease and Other Bartonella Infections 905 William A. Schwartzman126. Bordetella 913 Sarah S. Long127. Moraxella (Branhamella) Catarrhalis 917 Lisa S. Hodges and Joseph A. Bocchini, Jr.128. Brucellosis 921 Carlos Carrillo and Eduardo Gotuzzo129. Campylobacter 925 David W. K. Acheson130. Clostridia 929 Richard Quintiliani, Jr., and Richard Quintiliani, Sr.131. Corynebacteria 937 Carlos H. Ramírez-Ronda and Carlos R. Ramírez-Ramírez132. Enterobacteriaceae 945 L. W. Preston Church133. Enterococcus 953 Ronald N. Jones134. Erysipelothrix 961 W. Lee Hand135. HACEK 965 Vivian H. Chu and Daniel J. Sexton
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Contents xiii
136. Helicobacter Pylori 969 Ping-I Hsu and David Y. Graham137. Gonococcus: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae 977 Michael F. Rein138. Haemophilus 983 Timothy F. Murphy139. Legionellosis 987 Thomas J. Marrie140. Leprosy 993 Fiona Larsen, Arlo Upton, J. B. Stricker, and Clay J. Cockerell141. Meningococcus and Miscellaneous Neisseriae 997 Edmund C. Tramont and Charles Davis142. Listeria 1005 Bennett Lorber143. Nocardia 1013 Lisa Haglund144. Pasteurella Multocida 1017 Naasha J. Talati and David S. Stephens145. Pneumococcus 1023 Maurice A. Mufson146. Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, and Burkholderia 1031 Titus L. Daniels and David W. Gregory147. Rat-Bite Fevers 1039 Neil S. Lipman148. Salmonella 1043 Bruce S. Ribner149. Staphylococcus 1049 Suzanne F. Bradley150. Streptococcus Groups A, B, C, D, and G 1055 Dennis L. Stevens, J. Anthony Mebane, and Karl Madaras-Kelly151. Viridans Streptococci 1061 Caroline C. Johnson152. Poststreptococcal Immunologic Complications 1065 Barbara W. Stechenberg153. Shigella 1069 David W. K. Acheson154. Tularemia 1073 Richard B. Hornick155. Tuberculosis 1077 Asim K. Dutt156. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria 1087 Timothy R. Aksamit and David E. Griffi th157. Vibrios 1095 Duc J. Vugia158. Yersinia 1099 Royce H. Johnson159. Miscellaneous Gram-Positive Organisms 1103 Sohail G. Haddad, Roberto Baun Corales, and Steven K. Schmitt160. Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Organisms 1111 Sampath Kumar and Kamaljit Singh
Part XIX. Specific Organisms – Spirochetes
161. Syphilis and Other Treponematoses 1121 Adaora A. Adimora 162. Lyme Disease 1127 Janine Evans and Stephen E. Malawista
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163. Relapsing Fever 1135 Joseph J. Burrascano164. Leptospirosis 1139 Christopher D. Huston
Part XX. Specific Organisms – Mycoplasma and Chlamydia
165. Mycoplasma 1145 Ken B. Waites 166. Chlamydia Pneumoniae 1157 Margaret R. Hammerschlag167. Chlamydia Psittaci (Psittacosis) 1161 Alfred E. Bacon III
Part XXI. Specific Organisms – Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, and Anaplasma
168. Rickettsial Infections 1167 Paul D. Holtom169. Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis 1173 Johan S. Bakken and J. Stephen Dumler
Part XXII. Specific Organisms – Fungi
170. Candidiasis 1179 Christopher F. Carpenter and Jorgelina de Sanctis171. Aspergillosis 1187 Sanjay Ram and Stuart M. Levitz 172. Zygomycosis (Mucormycosis) 1195 Scott F. Davies173. Sporotrichosis 1201 Ronald A. Greenfi eld174. Cryptococcus 1205 William G. Powderly 175. Histoplasmosis 1211 Alvaro Lapitz, Mitchell Goldman, and George A. Sarosi176. Blastomycosis 1215 Peter G. Pappas177. Coccidioidomycosis 1219 Laurence F. Mirels and Stanley C. Deresinski178. Pneumocystis Pneumonia 1229 Walter T. Hughes179. Miscellaneous Fungi and Algae 1233 George A. Pankey and Donald L. Greer
Part XXIII. Specific Organisms – Viruses
180. Cytomegalovirus 1239 Jeffery L. Meier181. Dengue and Dengue-Like Illness 1247 Niranjan Kanesa-thasan and Charles H. Hoke, Jr.182. Enteroviruses 1251 Michael N. Oxman 183. Epstein–Barr Virus and Other Causes of the Mononucleosis Syndrome 1263 Jeffery L. Meier184. Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome in the Americas 1271 Gregory Mertz and Michelle J. Iandiorio
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Contents xv
185. Herpes Simplex Viruses 1 and 2 1275 David W. Kimberlin and Richard J. Whitley186. Human Herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8 1281 Ruth M. Greenblatt187. Infl uenza 1289 Leanne Gasink, Neil Fishman, and Harvey M. Friedman188. Papillomavirus 1295 Lawrence J. Eron189. Acute and Chronic Parvovirus Infection 1301 Neal S. Young190. Rabies 1305 Anita Venkataramana, Nicoline Schiess, Anita Mahadevan, Susarla K. Shankar, and Avindra Nath191. Varicella-Zoster Virus 1311 John A. Zaia192. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers 1319 Daniel G. Bausch
Part XXIV. Specific Organisms – Parasites
193. Intestinal Roundworms 1335 Kathryn N. Suh and Jay S. Keystone194. Tissue Nematodes 1343 Thomas A. Moore195. Schistosomes and Other Trematodes 1353 James H. Maguire196. Tapeworms (Cestodes) 1359 Zbigniew S. Pawlowski197. Toxoplasma 1365 Roderick Go and Benjamin J. Luft198. Malaria: Treatment and Prophylaxis 1371 Phyllis E. Kozarsky, Deborah J. Nicolls, and Jay S. Keystone199. Human Babesiosis 1381 Tempe K. Chen and Peter J. Krause200. Trypanosomiases and Leishmaniases 1389 Anastácio de Queiroz Sousa, Selma M. B. Jeronimo, and Richard D. Pearson201. Intestinal Protozoa 1399 Paul Kelly and Michael J. G. Farthing202. Extraintestinal Amebic Infection 1405 Robert Huang and Sharon Reed
Part XXV. Antimicrobial Therapy – General Considerations
203. Principles of Antibiotic Therapy 1413 Richard A. Gleckman† and John S. Czachor204. Antifungal Therapy 1423 Nathan P. Wiederhold and Thomas F. Patterson205. Antiviral Therapy 1433 Frank L. Tomaka and Roger J. Pomerantz206. Hypersensitivity to Antibiotics 1445 Gulfem E. Celik and N. Franklin Adkinson, Jr. 207. Antimicrobial Agent Tables 1457 Divya Sareen, Michael Kessler, Rosalie Pepe, and David Schlossberg
Index 1499
† Deceased
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Preface
David Schlossberg, MD, FACP
Our goal with Clinical Infectious Disease is to provide to physicians a complete and user-friendly guide to both the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.
The book is divided into 10 sections. First, clinical presentation by organ system provides a traditional anatomic orientation, although within this section additional chapters are devoted to particularly challenging entities that are often diffi cult to research, such as infectious thyroiditis, deep neck infection, periocular infection, lymphadenopathy, mediastinitis, pacemaker infection, sexually transmitted enteric infection, bursitis, polyarthritis, psoas abscess, splenic abscess, spinal epidural abscess, cerebrospinal shunt infection, myelitis and peripheral neuropathy, and prion disease.
The second section, “The Susceptible Host,” includes individual chapters on a variety of immunocompromised states, including diabetes, transplantation, neutropenia, dialysis, pregnancy, and asplenia. Subsequent entire sections are devoted to HIV, nosocomial infection, surgery and trauma, prophylaxis, travel and recreation, and bioterrorism.
Organism-specific chapters follow, with separate chapters dedicated to individual bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and other pathogens, and then a major section on antimicrobial therapy comprises chapters on principles of antibiotic therapy, antifungal therapy, antiviral therapy, and hypersensitivity to antibiotics. A fi nal chapter lists antimicrobial agents in tabular form, providing a convenient reference for dosage, side effects, cost, preg-nancy class, effect of food, and dose adjustment for renal dysfunction. All chapters include suggested readings.
We hope this text provides a practical, clinically oriented, and convenient resource for the diagnosis and treatment of infectious disease.
I am enormously grateful for the vision, talent, and dedication of the staff at Cambridge University Press, particularly publishing director Marc Strauss and editorial assistant Carlos Aguirre. I also thank Jennifer Bossert and Barbara Walthall for their valuable contributions and guidance.
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Judith A. Aberg, MD, FIDSADepartment of Medicine (Infectious
Diseases and Immunology)New York University School of Medicine,
New York, New York100. Prophylaxis of Opportunistic
Infections in HIV Infection
Elias Abrutyn, MD†
Division of Infectious DiseasesDrexel University College of Medicine,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania64. Urinary Tract Infection
David W. K. Acheson, MDU.S. Food and Drug Administration.Rockville, Maryland129. Campylobacter, 153. Shigella
Elisabeth E. Adderson, MDDepartment of Infectious DiseasesSt. Jude Children’s Research Hospital,
Departments of Molecular Sciences and Pediatrics
University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee
81. Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt Infections
Adaora A. Adimora, MD, MPHDivision of Infectious Diseases,
Department of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina
School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
161. Syphilis and Other Treponematoses
N. Franklin Adkinson, Jr., MDProfessor of MedicineJohns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy CenterDivision of Allergy and Clinical
ImmunologyThe Johns Hopkins School of Medicine,
Baltimore, Maryland 206. Hypersensitivity to Antibiotics
Contributors
Contributors xix
† Deceased
Timothy R. Aksamit, MD, FCCPDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care
Medicine and Internal MedicineMayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota156. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
Daniel M. Albert, MD, MSDepartment of Ophthalmology and
Visual SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine
and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin14. Retinitis
Phillip B. Amidon, MD, FACPLiver and Digestive Disease SectionMaine General Medical Center,
Waterville, Maine57. Whipple’s Disease and Sprue
Vincent T. Andriole, MDEmeritus Professor of MedicineYale University School of Medicine,
New Haven, Connecticut66. Focal Renal Infections and Papillary
Necrosis
Donald Armstrong, MDMember EmeritusMemorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center,
New York, New York85. Infections in Patients with Neoplastic
Disease
Andrew W. Artenstein, MD, FACP, FIDSAPhysician in Chief, Department of MedicineDirector, Center for Biofeedback and
Emerging PathogensMemorial Hospital of Rhode IslandAssociate Professor of Medical and
Community HealthThe Warren Alpert School Medical School
of Brown University Providence, Rhode Island120. Bioterrorism
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Stephen Ash, MB, BS, FRCPInfection and Immunity UnitEaling Hospital, London, UK22. Deep Soft-Tissue Infections: Necrotizing
Fasciitis and Gas Gangrene
Aristides P. Assimacopoulos, MD, FIDSADepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of South Dakota, Sanford School
of Medicine, Vermillion, South Dakota18. Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Toxic
Shock and Kawasaki Syndromes
Alfred E. Bacon III, MD, FACPClinical Assistant Professor of MedicineJefferson Medical College, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania Section of Infectious DiseaseChristiana Care Health System,
Newark, Delaware167. Chlamydia Psittaci (Psittacosis)
Johan S. Bakken, MD, PhDSt. Luke's Infectious Disease Associates,
Duluth, Minnesota169. Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis
Robert S. Baltimore, MDProfessor, Departments of Pediatrics and
Epidemiology and Public HealthDivision of Infectious DiseasesYale University School of Medicine
New Haven, Connecticut92. Neonatal Infection
Jamie S. Barkin, MD, MACG, FACP, AGAF, FASGE
Professor of Medicine University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine
Chief, Division of GastroenterologyMt. Sinai Medical Center, Miami, Florida46. Infectious Complications of Acute
Pancreatitis
John G. Bartlett, MDDivision of Infectious Diseases,
Department of Medicine The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine,
Baltimore, Maryland50. Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea
xx Contributors
Jules Baum, MDDepartment of OphthalmologyTufts University School of Medicine, Boston,
Massachusetts12. Keratitis
Stephen G. Baum, MDSenior Associate Dean for StudentsAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronx, New York 5. Infectious Thyroiditis
Daniel G. Bausch, MD, MPH&TMDepartment of Tropical MedicineTulane School of Public Health and Tropical
Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana192. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
Susan E. Beekmann, RN, MPHCoordinator, Emerging Infections
Network ProgramDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa40. Vascular Infection
Irmgard Behlau, MDInstructor, Medicine and OphthalmologyHarvard Medical SchoolMassachusetts Eye and Ear Infi rmary,The Schepens Eye Research Institute,
Boston, MassachusettsInfectious Diseases Division, Mt. Auburn
Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts 29. Croup, Supraglottitis, and Laryngitis
Elise M. Beltrami, MD, MPHDivision of Healthcare Quality PromotionCenter for Infectious DiseasesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention,
Atlanta, Georgia102. Percutaneous Injury: Risks and
Management
Joseph R. Berger, MDInstructor, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, MassachusettsInfectious Disease Service/Opthalmology,
Massachusettes Eye and Ear Infi rmary (Harvard), Boston, Massachusetts
The Schepens Eye Reasearch Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
Infectious Diseases Division, Mount Auburn Hospital (Harvard), Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Tufts/Harvard, Newton, Massachusetts
Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky
80. Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
Anitra S. Birnbaum, MDDepartment of MedicineSinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore,
Maryland10. Deep Neck Infections
Charles D. Bluestone, MDDivision of Pediatric OtolaryngologyChildren's Hospital of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania7. Sinusitis
Joseph A. Bocchini, Jr., MDDepartment of PediatricsLouisiana State University Health Sciences
Center–Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana127. Moraxella (Branhamella) Catarrhalis
Andrea K. Boggild, MSc, MD, DTMHDivision of Infectious Diseases,
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
118. Recreational Water Exposure
Charlotte E. Bolton, MDDepartment of Respiratory MedicineWales College of Medicine, Cardiff
University, Wales, UK35. Empyema and Bronchopleural Fistula
Fouad Bou Harb, MDMember of Infectious Disease Society of
AmericaMember of American Academy of HIV
Medicine, Bellerose, New York96. HIV Infection: Initial Evaluation and
Monitoring
Contributors xxi
Suzanne F. Bradley, MDProfessor of Internal MedicineDivision of Infectious Diseases and
Geriatric MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical School,
GRECC, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System Ann Arbor, Michigan
149. Staphylococcus
David M. Brett-Major, MDDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division
of Infectious DiseasesNational Naval Medical Center, Bethesda,
Maryland26. Mycetoma (Madura Foot)
Roy D. Brod, MDDepartment of OpthalmologyHershey Medical CenterPennsylvania State School of Medicine,
Hershey, Pennsylvania15. Endophthalmitis
Itzhak Brook, MD, MScProfessor of PediatricsDepartment of PediatricsGeorgetown University School of Medicine,
Washington, D.C.4. Pharyngotonsillitis
Arthur E. Brown, MDInfectious Disease ServiceMemorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center,
New York, New York103. Hospital-Acquired Fever
Steven C. Buckingham, MDDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of Tennessee Health Science
Center, Memphis, Tennessee117. Tick-Borne Disease
Stefan Bughi, MDAssistant Professor of Clinical MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Keck School
of MedicineUniversity of Southern California, Los
Angeles, California88. Diabetes and Infection
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Joseph J. Burrascano, MDInternal MedicineSouthampton Hospital, Southampton,
New York163. Relapsing Fever
Michael Cappello, MDProfessor of Pediatrics, Microbial
Pathogenesis, and Epidemiology and Public Health
Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
37. Acute Pericarditis
Denise M. Cardo, MDDirector, Division of Healthcare Quality
PromotionNational Center for Infectious DiseasesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention,
Atlanta, Georgia102. Percutaneous Injury: Risks and
Management
Jeanne Carey, MDDepartment of Medicine, Division of
Infectious DiseasesBeth Israel Medical Center, New York,
New York5. Infectious Thyroiditis
Christopher F. Carpenter, MDDepartment of Medicine, Division of
Infections Diseases William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak,
Michigan170. Candidiasis
Carlos Carrillo, MD, MScInstituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander
von Humboldt Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
Departamento de Enfermedades Transmisibles, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
128. Brucellosis
Gulfem E. Celik, MDAssociate Professor, Department of AllergyAnkara University School of Medicine,
Ankara, Turkey206. Hypersensitivity to Antibiotics
xxii Contributors
Tempe K. Chen, MDDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of
Infectious DiseasesDavid Geffen School of Medicine at the
University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
199. Human Babesiosis
Sanford Chodosh, MD, FCCPBoston University School of Medicine
(retired), Boston, Massachusetts28. Acute and Chronic Bronchitis
Mashiul H. Chowdhury, MDDepartment of Medicine, Division of
Infectious DiseaseDrexel University College of Medicine,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania36. Endocarditis of Natural and Prosthetic
Valves: Treatment and Prophylaxis
Vivian H. Chu, MD, MHSDepartment of Medicine, Division of
Infectious Diseases and International Health
Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
135. HACEK
L. W. Preston Church, MDDepartment of Medicine, Division of
Infectious DiseasesMedical University of South CarolinaRalph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical
Center, Charleston, South Carolina132. Enterobacteriaceae
Clay J. Cockerell, MDDepartment of Dermatology, Division of
DermatopathologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical
Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas140. Leprosy
Carlo Contoreggi, MDClinical Director, National Institute on
Drug AbuseNational Institutes of Health Clinical Center,
Baltimore, Maryland89. Infectious Complications in the Injection
Drug User
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Roberto Baun Corales, DOCommunity Health Network, Rochester,
New York159. Miscellaneous Gram-Positive
Organisms
Kent Crossley, MDDivision of Infectious Diseases and
International MedicineUniversity of Minnesota Medical School,
Minneapolis, Minnesota91. Infections in the Elderly
Burke A. Cunha, MD, MACPInfectious Disease DivisionWinthrop-University Hospital, Mineola,
New YorkDepartment of MedicineSUNY School of Medicine, Stony Brook,
New York1. Fever of Unknown Origin, 32.
Nosocomial Pneumonia
John S. Czachor, MD, FACPDivision of Infectious DiseasesWright State University Boonshoft School
of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio203. Principles of Antibiotic Therapy
Titus L. Daniels, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDivision of Infectious DiseasesVanderbilt University School of Medicine,Associate Hospital Epidemiologist
Nashville, Tennessee146. Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas,
and Burkholderia
Scott F. Davies, MDDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolHennepin County Medical Center,
Minneapolis, Minnesota172. Zygomycosis (Mucormycosis)
Charles Davis, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineInstitute of Human VirologyDivision of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Maryland School of Medicine,
Baltimore, Maryland141. Meningococcus and Miscellaneous
Neisseriae
Contributors xxiii
Anastácio de Queiroz Sousa, MDDepartment of Clinical Medicine and
Director, São José Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
200. Trypanosomiases and Leishmaniases
Jorgelina de Sanctis, MDDepartment of Medicine, Division of
Infection DiseaseWilliam Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak,
Michigan170. Candidiasis
E. Patchen Dellinger, MDDivision of General SurgeryUniversity of Washington School of
Medicine, Seattle, Washington107. Postoperative Wound Infections
Carmen E. DeMarco, MDDepartment of Medicine, Division of
Infectious DiseasesWayne State University School of Medicine,
Detroit, Michigan2. Sepsis and Septic Shock
Louise M. Dembry, MD, MS, MBASection of Infectious Diseases, Department
of MedicineYale University School of Medicine,
New Haven, Connecticut66. Focal Renal Infections and Papillary
Necrosis
Stanley C. Deresinski, MDDivision of Infectious Diseases,
Department of MedicineStanford University School of Medicine,
Stanford, California Santa Clara Valley Medical Center,
San Jose, California177. Coccidioidomycosis
Lisa L. Dever, MDDivision of Infectious Diseases,
Department of MedicineNew Jersey Medical School, Newark,
New Jersey34. Lung Abscess
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Catherine Diamond, MD, MPHDivision of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of California, Irvine School of
Medicine, Orange, California38. Myocarditis
Gordon Dickinson, MDDepartment of Medicine, Division of
Infectious DiseasesMiller School of Medicine, University of
Miami, Coral Gables, Florida109. Infected Implants
Mark J. DiNubile, MDMedical Communications DepartmentMerck Research Laboratories, North Wales,
Pennsylvania77. Spinal Epidural Abscess: Diagnosis
and Management
J. Stephen Dumler, MDDivision of Medical Microbiology,
Department of PathologyThe Johns Hopkins School of Medicine,
Baltimore, Maryland 169. Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis
Herbert L. DuPont, MDUniversity of Texas Health Sciences Center
at HoustonSchool of Public Health, Center for
Infectious DiseasesSt. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital and Baylor
College of Medicine, Houston, Texas119. Travelers’ Diarrhea
Marlene L. Durand, MDAssistant Professor of Medicine, Division of
Infectious DiseasesMassachusetts General Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts16. Periocular Infections
Asim K. Dutt, MDChief, Medical Service (retired)Alvin C. York Veterans Administration
Medical Center, Murfreesboro, TennesseeProfessor and Vice Chairman (retired)Department of MedicineMeharry Medical College, Nashville,
Tennessee155. Tuberculosis
xxiv Contributors
N. Cary Engleberg, MDDivision of Infectious Diseases, Departments
of Internal Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology
University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
3. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Lawrence J. Eron, MDDepartment of MedicineJohn Burns School of Medicine, University
of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii188. Papillomavirus
Janine Evans, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineYale University School of Medicine,
New Haven, Connecticut162. Lyme Disease
Matthew E. Falagas, MD, MSc, DScAdjunct Associate Professor of MedicineTufts University School of Medicine, Boston,
MassachusettsDirector, Alfa Institute of Biomedical
Sciences, Athens, Greece58. Urethritis and Dysuria
Sebastian Faro, MDClinical Professor of Obstetrics and
GynecologyThe University of Texas Health Sciences
Center at Houston, Houston, Texas59. Vaginitis and Cervicitis
Michael J. G. Farthing, MD, FRCPMedicineSt George's University of London,
London, UK 201. Intestinal Protozoa
Henry M. Feder, Jr., MDDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of Connecticut Health Center,
Farmington, Connecticut19. Classic Viral Exanthems
Thomas Fekete, MD, FACPInfectious Disease SectionTemple University School of Medicine,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania60. Epididymo-Orchitis
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Thomas M. File, Jr., MD, MACP, FCCPProfessor, Internal MedicineHead, Infectious Disease SectionNortheastern Ohio Universities College
of Medicine, Rootstown, OhioChief, Infectious Disease Service, Summa
Health System, Akron, Ohio30. Atypical Pneumonia
Sydney M. Finegold, MDInfectious Diseases SectionVA Medical Center, West Los AngelesDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology
and Molecular GeneticsDavid Geffen School of Medicine,
University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
122. Anaerobic Infections
Neil Fishman, MDDirector, Antimicrobial Management
ProgramHospital of the University of
PennsylanviaAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School
of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
187. Infl uenza
Thomas A. Fleisher, MDChief, Laboratory of MedicineNational Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, Maryland83. Evaluation of Suspected
Immunodefi ciency
Harry W. Flynn, Jr., MDDepartment of OphthalmologyUniversity of Miami Miller School of
MedicineBascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami,
Florida15. Endophthalmitis
Patricia M. Flynn, MDDepartment of Infectious DiseasesSt. Jude Children’s Research Hospital,
Memphis, Tennessee81. Cerebrospinal Fluid
Shunt Infections
Contributors xxv
Joshua Forman, MDSenior Fellow, Division of
Gastorenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Maryland School
of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland47. Esophageal Infections
Michelle E. Freshman, MPH, MSN, APRN, BC
Nurse Practitioner/Ambulatory Services Coordinator
Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts
43. Chronic Hepatitis
Gerald Friedland, MDProfessor of Medicine and Epidemiology
and Public HealthDirector, Yale University School of Medicine,
AIDS Program Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
27. Fever and Lymphadenopathy
Harvey M. Friedman, MDProfessor of MedicineChief of Infectious DiseaseUniversity of Pennsylvania, School of
Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania187. Infl uenza
Lawrence S. Friedman, MDProfessor of Medicine, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, MassachusettesProfessor of Medicine, Tufts University
School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
Chair, Department of Medicine, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts
Assistant Chief of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
43. Chronic Hepatitis
Patrick G. Gallagher, MDProfessor, Department of Pediatrics,
Division of Perinatal MedicineYale University School of Medicine,
New Haven, Connecticut92. Neonatal Infection
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Leanne Gasink, MD, MSCEInstructor in Medicine, Division
of Infectious DiseasesAssociate Hospital Epidemiologist,
Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
187. Infl uenza
Dany Ghannam, MDDepartment of AnesthesiaStanford University School of Medicine,
Stanford, California105. Intravascular Catheter-Related
Infections
George S. Ghneim, DVM, MPVM, PhDRTI International, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina 116. Systemic Infection from Animals
Aaron E. Glatt, MD, FACP, FIDSA, FSHEAPresident and Chief Executive Offi cerProfessor of Clinical MedicineNew Island Hospital, Bethpage, New York96. HIV Infection: Initial Evaluation and
Monitoring
Richard A. Gleckman, MD †
MedicineMt. Sinai Medical Center, New York,
New York203. Principles of Antibiotic Therapy
Marshall J. Glesby, MD, PhDDepartment of MedicineWeill Cornell Medical College, New York,
New York99. Differential Diagnosis and
Management of Opportunistic Infections Complicating HIV Infection
Roderick Go, MDDepartment of Internal MedicineSUNY School of Medicine at Stony Brook,
Stony Brook, New York197. Toxoplasma
xxvi Contributors
Matthew Bidwell Goetz, MDChief, Infectious Diseases,Veterans Administration Greater Los
Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
Professor of Clinical Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
33. Aspiration Pneumonia
Mitchell Goldman, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine, Indiana
University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
175. Histoplasmosis
Ellie J. C. Goldstein, MDDirector, R.M. Alden Research LaboratoryClinical Professor of Medicine, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
23. Human and Animal Bites
Eduardo Gotuzzo, MD, FACPPrincipal Professor of MedicineUniversidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaAlexander von Humboldt Instituto de
Medicina TropicalLima, Peru128. Brucellosis
Jeremy D. Gradon, MDDepartment of Medicine, Division of
Infectious DiseaseSinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore,
Maryland10. Deep Neck Infections
David Y. Graham, MDDepartment of Medicine, Section of
Gastroenterology and HepatologyMichael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center and
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas136. Helicobacter Pylori
Elizabeth Graham, FRCP, DO, FRCOMedical Eye UnitSt. Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK13. Iritis
† Deceased
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Jennifer Rubin Grandis, MD, FACSDepartment of OtolaryngologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania8. Dental Infection and Its Consequences
Jane M. Grant-Kels, MDDermatology Residency Program, Residency
DirectorUniversity of Connecticut School of
Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut19. Classic Viral Exanthems
Ruth M. Greenblatt, MDDepartments of Clinical Pharmacy,
Medicine, and EpidemiologyUniversity of California, San Francisco
Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, San Francisco, California
186. Human Herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8
Ronald A. Greenfi eld, MDDepartment of Internal Medicine, Section of
Infectious DiseaseUniversity of Oklahoma College of
Medicine, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma173. Sporotrichosis
Donald L. Greer, PhDProfessor EmeritusDepartment of DermatologyLouisiana State University Health Sciences
Center, New Orleans, Louisiana179. Miscellaneous Fungi and Algae
David W. Gregory, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine, EmeritusDivision of Infectious Diseases Vanderbilt University School of Medicine,
Nashville, Tennessee146. Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas,
and Burkholderia
David E. Griffi th, MDProfessor of MedicineThe University of Texas Health Sciences
Center, Tyler, Texas156. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
Contributors xxvii
Ray Y. Hachem, MDDepartment of Infectious Diseases,
Infection Control and Employee HealthUniversity of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer
Center, Houston, Texas9. Infection of the Salivary and Lacrimal
Glands
Sohail G. Haddad, MDDepartment of Infectious DiseasesCleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland,
Ohio159. Miscellaneous Gram-Positive
Organisms
Lisa Haglund, MD, FACPDivision of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Cincinnati College of
Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio143. Nocardia
Margaret R. Hammerschlag, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and MedicineDirector, Division of Pediatric Infectious
DiseasesSUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn,
New York166. Chlamydia Pneumoniae
W. Lee Hand, MDDepartment of Internal Medicine,
Division of Infectious DiseasesTexas Tech University School of Medicine,
El Paso, Texas134. Erysipelothrix
Shahbaz Hasan, MDInfectious CarePresbyterian Hospital of Dallas, Dallas,
Texas 67. Infection of Native and Prosthetic Joints
Rodrigo Hasbun, MDInfectious Diseases SectionTulane University School of Medicine, New
Orleans, Louisiana78. Myelitis and Peripheral Neuropathy
Bridget Hathaway, MDDepartment of OtolaryngologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania8. Dental Infection and
Its Consequences
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Arash Heidari, MDAssistant Clinical Professor of Medicine,
Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles,
Kern Medical Center, Bakersfi eld, California
33. Aspiration Pneumonia
David K. Henderson, MDAssociate Professor, Department of
PsychiatryHarvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts40. Vascular Infection
H. Franklin Herlong, MDDivision of Hepatology, Department of
Medicine The Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland45. Pyogenic Liver Abscess
Lisa S. Hodges, MDDepartment of PediatricsLouisiana State University Health Sciences
Center–Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana 127. Moraxella (Branhamella) Catarrhalis
Craig J. Hoesley, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham,
Birmingham, Alabama124. Bartonellosis (Carrión’s Disease)
Charles H. Hoke, Jr., MD, FIDSAMilitary Infectious Disease Research
ProgramU.S. Army Medical Research and
Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland
181. Dengue and Dengue-Like Illness
Paul D. Holtom, MDAssociate Professor of Medicine and
OrthopaedicsKeck School of Medicine, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
168. Rickettsial Infections
xxviii Contributors
Richard B. Hornick, MDClinical Professor of Medicine, University
of Florida, Florida State University, and University of Central Florida
Orlando Regional Healthcare, Orlando, Florida
154. Tularemia
Thomas R. Howdieshell, MD, FACS, FCCPDepartment of Surgery, Trauma/Surgical
Critical CareUniversity of New Mexico School of
Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico55. Splenic Abscess
Ping-I Hsu, MDDivision of Gastroenterology,
Department of Internal MedicineKaoshiung Veterans General Hospital National Yang-Ming University,
Kaohsiung, Taiwan136. Helicobacter Pylori
Robert Huang, MD, DTM&HDivision of Infectious Diseases,
Department of MedicineUniversity of California, San Diego School
of Medicine, San Diego, California202. Extraintestinal Amebic Infection
Walter T. Hughes, MDDepartment of Infectious DiseasesSt. Jude Children’s Research Hospital,
Memphis, Tennessee178. Pneumocystis Pneumonia
Thomas L. Husted, MDDepartment of SurgeryUniversity of Cincinnati College of
Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio112. Surgical Prophylaxis
Christopher D. Huston, MDAssistant Professor, Departments of
Medicine, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics
University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
164. Leptospirosis
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Newton E. Hyslop, Jr., MDProfessor of Medicine EmeritusInfectious Diseases SectionTulane University School of Medicine, New
Orleans, Louisiana78. Myelitis and Peripheral Neuropathy
Michelle J. Iandiorio, MDDivision of Infectious Disease, Department
of MedicineUniversity of New Mexico School of
Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico184. Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary
Syndrome in the Americas
David N. Irani, MDDepartment of NeurologyUniversity of Michigan Medical School,
Ann Arbor, Michigan75. Acute Viral Encephalitis
Raul E. Isturiz, MD, FACPDepartamento de MedicinaCentro Medico de Caracas, Caracas,
VenezuelaCentro Medico Docente La Trinidad,
Caracas, Venezuela93. Pregnancy and the Puerperium:
Infectious Risks
William R. Jarvis, MDPresident, Jason and Jarvis, Hilton Head
Island, South Carolina104. Transfusion-Related Infection
Selma M. B. Jeronimo, MD, PhDDepartment of BiochemistryBioscience Center Universidade Federal
do Rio grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
200. Trypanosomiases and Leishmaniases
Caroline C. Johnson, MDPhiladelphia Department of Public Health
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania151. Viridans Streptococci
Jonas T. Johnson, MDDepartment of OtolaryngologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania8. Dental Infection and Its Consequences
Contributors xxix
Richard T. Johnson, MDDepartment of NeurologyThe Johns Hopkins School of Medicine,
Baltimore, Maryland82. Prion Diseases
Royce H. Johnson, MD, FACPKMC Department of MedicineUCLA David Geffen School of Medicine,
Los Angeles, California158. Yersinia
Ronald N. Jones, MDJMI Laboratories, North Liberty, Iowa133. Enterococcus
Elaine C. Jong, MD, FIDSADepartment of MedicineUniversity of Washington School of
Medicine, Seattle, Washington113. Immunizations
Harmit Kalia, DODivision of GastroenterologyNew Jersey Medical School, Newark,
New Jersey42. Acute Viral Hepatitis
Niranjan Kanesa-thasan, MD, MTMHEarly Development, Novartis Vaccines and
Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts181. Dengue and Dengue-Like Illness
Ravi Karra, MD, MHSClinical Fellow, Harvard Medical SchoolDepartment of Medicine, Brigham and
Women’s HospitalBoston, Massachusetts39. Mediastinitis
Keith S. Kaye, MD, MPHDepartment of Medicine, Division of
Infectious Diseases and International Health
Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
39. Mediastinitis
Paul Kelly, MD, FRCPBarts and The London, Queen Mary’s
School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of London, London, UK
201. Intestinal Protozoa
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Michael Kessler, Pharm DCooper University Hospital, Camden,
New Jersey207. Antimicrobial Agent Tables
Jay S. Keystone, MD, MSc. (CTM), FRCPCTropical Disease Unit, Toronto General
HospitalUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada114. Advice for Travelers, 193. Intestinal
Roundworms, 198. Malaria: Treatment and Prophylaxis
David W. Kimberlin, MDDivision of Pediatric Infectious
DiseasesUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham
School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
185. Herpes Simplex Viruses 1 and 2
Evelyn K. Koestenblatt, MSDepartment of DermatologySt. Luke’s/Roosevelt Hospital Center,
New York, New York25. Superfi cial Fungal Diseases of the
Hair, Skin, and Nails
James R. Korndorffer, Jr., MD, FACSAssociate Professor of SurgeryTulane University School
of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana53. Diverticulitis
Phyllis E. Kozarsky, MDProfessor of Medicine and Infectious
Diseases, Travelers' Health and Tropical Medicine Section
Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
114. Advice for Travelers, 198. Malaria: Treatment and Prophylaxis
Peter J. Krause, MDProfessor of PediatricsUniversity of Connecticut School of
Medicine, Farmington, ConnecticutDirector of Infectious Disease Connecticut Children’s Medical Center,
Hartford, Connecticut199. Human Babesiosis
xxx Contributors
William L. Krinsky, MD, PhDDivision of EntomologyPeabody Museum of Natural History,
Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut24. Lice, Scabies, and Myiasis
Amol D. Kulkarni, MDDepartment of Ophthalmology and
Visual SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin School of
Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
14. Retinitis
Sampath Kumar, MDDepartment of Infectious Diseases,
RML Specialty Hospital, Hinsdale, Illinois160. Miscellaneous Gram-Negative
Organisms
Alvaro Lapitz, MDAssistant Clinical Professor of MedicineIndiana University School of Medicine,
Indianapolis, Indiana175. Histoplasmosis
Fiona Larsen, MBChB, FRACPDepartment of Dermatology, Division
of DermatopathologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical
Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas140. Leprosy
William J. Ledger, MD, FACOGWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York Presbyterian Hospital,
New York, New York63. Pelvic Infl ammatory Disease
Matthew E. Levison, MDAdjunct Professor of Medicine, Department
of MedicineDrexel University College of MedicineProfessorDrexel University School of Public Health,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania56. Peritonitis
Stuart M. Levitz, MDDivision of Infectious Diseases and
ImmunologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School,
Worcester, Massachusetts171. Aspergillosis
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Daniel P. Lew, MDDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Geneva, Switzerland69. Acute and Chronic Osteomyelitis
Neil S. Lipman, VMDProfessor of Veterinary Medicine in
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Research Animal Resource Center
Weill Cornell Medical College New York, New York
147. Rat-Bite Fevers
Pamela A. Lipsett, MD, FACS, FCCMProfessor of Surgery, Anesthesia, Critical
Care, and NursingProgram Director, General Surgery and
Surgical Critical CareThe Johns Hopkins School of Medicine,
Baltimore, Maryland 72. Psoas Abscess
Gustine Liu-Young, MDDepartment of Internal Medicine,
Division of Infectious DiseaseYale University School of Medicine,
New Haven, Connecticut27. Fever and Lymphadenopathy
Sarah S. Long, MDProfessor of PediatricsDrexel University College of Medicine,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania126. Bordetella
Bennett Lorber, MDThomas M. Durant Professor of Medicine
and Professor of Microbiology and Immunology
Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
142. Listeria
Benjamin J. Luft, MDDepartment of MedicineSUNY School of Medicine at Stony Brook,
Stony Brook, New York197. Toxoplasma
Larry I. Lutwick, MDDirector, Infectious DiseasesVA New York Harbor Health Care System,
Brooklyn, New York (Brooklyn Campus)95. Overwhelming Postsplenectomy
Infection
Contributors xxxi
Rodger D. MacArthur, MDDepartment of Medicine, Division of
Infectious DiseasesWayne State University School of Medicine,
Detroit, Michigan2. Sepsis and Septic Shock
Karl Madaras-Kelly, PharmDDepartment of Pharmacy PracticeCollege of Pharmacy, Idaho State
University, Boise, Idaho150. Streptococcus Groups A, B, C,
D, and G
Joanne T. Maffei, MDAssociate Professor, Department of
Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases/HIV
Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
20. Skin Ulcer and Pyoderma
Rafael Gerardo Magaña, MDDepartment of SurgeryNew York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell
Medical College, New York, New York 110. Infection in the Burn-Injured Patient
James H. Maguire, MDDepartment of Epidemiology and
Preventive MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of Medicine,
Baltimore, Maryland195. Schistosomes and Other Trematodes
Francis S. Mah, MDDepartment of OphthalmologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School
of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania12. Keratitis
Anita Mahadevan, MBBS, MDDepartment of NeuropathologyNational Institute of Mental Health and
Neurosciences, Bangalore, India190. Rabies
Mark A. Malangoni, MDDepartment of SurgeryCase Western Reserve University School
of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio108. Trauma-Related Infection
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Stephen E. Malawista, MDDepartment of Internal MedicineYale University School of Medicine,
New Haven, Connecticut162. Lyme Disease
Peter Mariuz, MDAssociate Professor in MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Rochester, School of Medicine
and Dentistry, Rochester, New York94. Dialysis-Related Infection
Thomas J. Marrie, MD, FRCP(C)Department of MedicineUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada139. Legionellosis
Paul Martin, MDProfessor of Medicine Chief, Division of Hepatology, Schiff Liver
Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
42. Acute Viral Hepatitis
Rebecca Edge Martin, MDDivision of Infectious Diseases,
Department of Medicine, Central Arkansas Veterans’ Healthcare System
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
31. Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Richard A. Martinello, MDAssistant Professor, Departments of
Medicine and Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases
Yale University School of Medicine and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, New Haven, Connecticut
37. Acute Pericarditis
Omar Massoud, MD, PhDHepatology, Milwaukee, Wisconsin79. Reye’s Syndrome
John E. McGowan, Jr., MDDepartment of EpidemiologyRollins School of Public Health, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia101. Prevention of Nosocomial Infection
in Staff and Patients
J. Anthony Mebane, MDDivision of Infectious DiseasesVA Medical Center, Boise, Idaho150. Streptococcus Groups A, B, C, D, and G
Jeffery L. Meier, MDDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Iowa Carver College of
MedicineIowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Iowa City, Iowa180. Cytomegalovirus, 183. Epstein–
Barr Virus and Other Causes of the Mononucleosis Syndrome
Gregory Mertz, MDDivision of Infectious Diseases,
Department of MedicineUniversity of New Mexico School of
Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico184. Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary
Syndrome in the Americas
Burt R. Meyers, MDClinical Professor MedicineDivision of Infectious Diseases,
Department of MedicineMt. Sinai School of Medicine,
New York, New York74. Aseptic Meningitis Syndrome
Laurence F. Mirels, MDDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department
of Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California
Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California
177. Coccidioidomycosis
Thomas A. Moore, MD, FACPClinical Professor and Associate
Program DirectorDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Kansas School of Medicine,
Wichita, Kansas194. Tissue Nematodes
Douglas R. Morgan, MD, MPHDivision of Digestive Diseases, School of
MedicineUniversity of North Carolina School,
Chapel Hill, North Carolina48. Gastroenteritis
xxxii Contributors
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87112-9 - Clinical Infectious DiseaseEdited by David SchlossbergFrontmatterMore information
Maurice A. Mufson, MD, MACPDepartment of MedicineJoan C. Edwards School of Medicine,
Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
145. Pneumococcus
Jorge Murillo, MDInfectious Diseases and Internal Medicine,
Miami, Florida93. Pregnancy and the Puerperium:
Infectious Risks
Robert L. Murphy, MDDepartment of Infectious DiseaseNorthwestern University Feinberg School
of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois86. Corticosteroids, Cytotoxic Agents,
and Infection
Timothy F. Murphy, MDDistinguished Professor of Medicine and
Microbiology Chief, Infectious Diseases, University at
Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
138. Haemophilus
Avindra Nath, MDDepartment of NeurologyThe Johns Hopkins School of Medicine,
Baltimore, Maryland 190. Rabies
Dionissios Neofytos, MDDepartment of Medicine,Division of Infectious DiseasesJefferson Medical College of Thomas
Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
97. HIV-1 Infection: Antiretroviral Therapy
Ronald Lee Nichols, MD, MS, FACSWilliam Henderson Professor of Surgery
Emeritus, Professor of Microbiology and Immunology
Department of Surgery Tulane University School of Medicine,
New Orleans, Louisiana53. Diverticulitis
Lindsay E. Nicolle, MD, FRCPSProfessor, Departments of Internal
Medicine and Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of Manitoba, Winnipeg,
Manitoba, Canada106. Infections Associated with
Urinary Catheters
Deborah J. Nicolls, MDDepartment of Medicine, Division
of Infectious DiseasesEmory University School of Medicine,
Atlanta, Georgia198. Malaria: Treatment and Prophylaxis
Ahmad R. Nusair, MDDepartment of Internal Medicine,
Infectious Disease DivisionMarshall University School of Medicine,
Huntington, West Virginia90. Infections in the Alcoholic
Judith A. O’Donnell, MDDivision of Infectious DiseasesDrexel University College of Medicine,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania64. Urinary Tract Infection
Anthony Ogedegbe, MDDepartment of MedicineWeill Cornell Medical College,
New York, New York99. Differential Diagnosis and Management
of Opportunistic Infections Complicating HIV Infection
Todd D. Otteson, MDDivision of Pediatric OtolaryngologyChildren's Hospital of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania7. Sinusitis
Robert L. Owen, MDGastroenterology Section IICIDepartment of Veteran Affairs Medical
Center, San Francisco, California48. Gastroenteritis
Michael N. Oxman, MDDepartment of Medicine, Division of
Infectious DiseasesUniversity of California, San Diego School
of Medicine, La Jolla, California182. Enteroviruses
Contributors xxxiii
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87112-9 - Clinical Infectious DiseaseEdited by David SchlossbergFrontmatterMore information
Brandon Palermo, MD, MPHTemple University School of Medicine,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania60. Epididymo-Orchitis
George A. Pankey, MD, MACPDirector, Infectious Disease ResearchOchsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans,
Louisiana179. Miscellaneous Fungi and Algae
Monica Panwar, MD, MACPFellow in Infectious DiseasesOchsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans,
Louisiana95. Overwhelming Postsplenectomy
Infection
Georgios Pappas, MDInstitute of Continuing Medical Education
of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece 58. Urethritis and Dysuria
Peter G. Pappas, MDDepartment of Medicine, Division of
Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Alabama School of Medicine,
Birmingham, Alabama176. Blastomycosis
Richard H. Parker, MDSection of Infectious DiseasesProvidence Hospital, Washington, D.C.68. Bursitis
Eleni Patrozou, MDDivision of Infectious DiseasesThe Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown
University School, Providence, Rhode Island
120. Bioterrorism
Thomas F. Patterson, MDDepartment of Medicine, Division of
Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Texas Health Science Center
at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas204. Antifungal Therapy
Andrew T. Pavia, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and MedicineUniversity of Utah School of Medicine,
Salt Lake City, Utah49. Food Poisoning
Zbigniew S. Pawlowski, MD, DTMHProfessor Emeritus of Parasitic and
Tropical DiseasesPoznan University of Medical Sciences,
Poznan, Poland196. Tapeworms (Cestodes)
Carlos V. Paya, MD, PhDDepartment of Infectious DiseasesMayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota87. Infections in Transplant Patients
Richard D. Pearson, MDDepartments of Medicine and PathologyDivision of Infectious Diseases and
International HealthUniversity of Virginia Health System,
Charlottesville, Virginia200. Trypanosomiases and Leishmaniases
Stephen I. Pelton, MDProfessor of Pediatrics and EpidemiologyBoston University Schools of Medicine and
Public HealthChief, Section of Pediatric Infectious
DiseasesBoston Medical Center, Boston,
Massachusetts6. Otitis Media and Externa
Rosalie Pepe, MDDepartment of Infectious Diseases Cooper University Hospital, Camden,
New Jersey207. Antimicrobial Agent Tables
Kristine M. Peterson, MDAssistant Professor of MedicineDivision of Infectious Diseases and
International HealthUniversity of Virginia Health System,
Charlottesville, Virginia76. Intracranial Suppuration
Robert S. Pinals, MDDepartment of MedicineRobert Wood Johnson Medical School,
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
70. Polyarthritis and Fever
Roger J. Pomerantz, MD, FACPTibotecYardley, Pennsylvania205. Antiviral Therapy
xxxiv Contributors
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87112-9 - Clinical Infectious DiseaseEdited by David SchlossbergFrontmatterMore information