clinical course" Acute abdomen "
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Transcript of clinical course" Acute abdomen "
![Page 1: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Acute abdomen
Dr Alaa Osman MDSurgeon
The termlsquoacute abdomenrsquo
designates symptoms and signs ofintra-abdominal disease usually treated best
by surgical operation
Acute Abdomen If I operate and the problem is not
surgical patient exposed to unnecessary risk anesthetic etc
Risks greater with concomitant illness older age
If I do not operate and problem is surgical patient at risk because of wrong therapy
Again the older patient is under greater burden
Continue
Characteristics of patients need surgery
Acute pain Septic amp toxic Board-like abdomen Absent bowel sounds WBC 25000 Free air under diaphragm
Characteristics of patients need NO surgery
Trivial pain Robust appearance Soft abdomen with no guarding Normal bowel sounds Normal WBC Normal plain and upright films of
abdomen
Acute Abdominal PainNon-surgical Emergencies
Mesenteric Adenitis Acute Enteric Infections Acute Enteric Poisonings Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pancreatitis (usually)
Acute Abdominal PainMetabolic Causes
Diabetic Ketoacidosis Heavy Metal Poisoning Acute Porphyria Tabes dorsalis Sickle Cell Crisis
The Physiology of Abdominal Pain
1048713 Abdominal pain from any cause is mediated by either visceral or somatic afferent nerves
1048713 Several factors can modify expression of pain
1048713 Age extremes
1048713 Vascular compromise (pain lsquoout of proportionrsquo) 1048713 Pregnancy 1048713 CNS pathology 1048713 Neutropenia
Visceral Pain
1048713 Stimuli 1048713 Distention of the gut or other hollow
abdominal organ 1048713 Traction on the bowel mesentery 1048713 Inflammation 1048713 Ischemia
1048713 Sensation 1048713 Corresponds to the embryologic
origin of the diseased organ (foregut midgut hindgut)
Somatic Pain Stimuli 1048713 Irritation of the peritoneum
1048713 Sensation 1048713 Sharp localized pain 1048713 Easily described
1048713 Cardinal signs 1048713 Pain ldquotendernessrdquo 1048713 Guarding 1048713 Rebound 1048713 Absent bowel sounds
Pattern of referred pain
Gastric pain
Liver and biliary pain
Colonic pain
Ureteral or kidney pain
Diaphragmatic irritation
Biliary colic
Pancreatic and renal pain
Uterine and rectal pain
History
Where does it hurt Know locations of major organs But realize abdominal pain locations do
not correlate well with source
History
What does pain feel like Steady pain - inflammatory process Crampy pain - obstructive process
History
Was onset of pain gradual or sudden Sudden = perforation hemorrhage
infarct Gradual = peritoneal irrigation hollow
organ distension
History
Does pain radiate (travel) anywhere Right shoulder angle of right scapula =
gall bladder Around flank to groin = kidney ureter
History Duration
gt 6 hour duration = surgical significance Nausea vomiting Bloody ldquoCoffee
Groundsrdquo
Any blood in GI tract = Emergency until proven otherwise
History
Change in urinary habits Urine appearance
Change in bowel habits Appearance of bowel movements Melena
History
Regardless of underlying cause vomiting or diarrhea can be a problem because of associated volume loss
History
Females Last menstrual period Abnormal bleeding
In females abdominal pain = Gyn problem until proven otherwise
Physical Exam
General Appearance Lies perfectly still inflammation
peritonitis Restless writhing obstruction
Abdominal distension Ecchymosis around umbilicus flanks
Physical Exam
Vital signs Tachycardia Early shock (more
important than BP) Rapid shallow breathing peritonitis
Physical Examination The Quadrants
Special physical signs
Murphyrsquos sign Boasrsquos sign Grey turnerrsquos and Cullens sign Rovsingrsquos sign
Diagnosis Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 X-Ray Upright chest Upright and supine abdominal 1048713 Complete Blood count 1048713 Urinalysis 1048713 Amylase Creatinine BUN
Electrolytes
Differential Diagnosis RUQ PainConditionclues
Biliary colic acutecholecystitis
Recurrent attacks tender over gall bladderarea
Acute hepatitisAlcohol history jaundice medications
Right pyelonephritisDysuria fever costovertebral angletenderness
Congestive heart failureEdema dyspnea elevated JVP
Retrocecal appendicitisShift of pain tenderness
Right lower lobe pneumonia
Fever tachypnea bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) and Epigastric Pain
Investigations 1048713 Upright chest XR 1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR 1048713 CBC 1048713 Amylase and lipase (if available
Differential Diagnosis LUQ and Epigastric Pain
ConditioncluesSplenic ruptureHistory of trauma or splenic disease
Fractured ribsHistory of trauma gross deformity extremetenderness on palpation
PancreatitisHistory of alcohol consumption history ofsimilar event elevated labs
Gastritis Peptic ulcerdisease
Recurrent relationship to mealsrelationship to posture
PneumoniaFever XR findings bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 Urinalysis (to exclude obvious urinary
causes) 1048713 Pregnancy test 1048713 Ultrasound 1048713 Complete blood count
Differential Diagnosis RLQ Pain
ConditioncluesAcute appendicitisShift of pain anorexia localized
tenderness
Mesenteric adenitisFever inconstant signs
Right renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsed right testisTender swollen testis usually young age
Crohnrsquos diseaseRecurrent several days history
Gynecologic causeshellipsee next
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 2: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The termlsquoacute abdomenrsquo
designates symptoms and signs ofintra-abdominal disease usually treated best
by surgical operation
Acute Abdomen If I operate and the problem is not
surgical patient exposed to unnecessary risk anesthetic etc
Risks greater with concomitant illness older age
If I do not operate and problem is surgical patient at risk because of wrong therapy
Again the older patient is under greater burden
Continue
Characteristics of patients need surgery
Acute pain Septic amp toxic Board-like abdomen Absent bowel sounds WBC 25000 Free air under diaphragm
Characteristics of patients need NO surgery
Trivial pain Robust appearance Soft abdomen with no guarding Normal bowel sounds Normal WBC Normal plain and upright films of
abdomen
Acute Abdominal PainNon-surgical Emergencies
Mesenteric Adenitis Acute Enteric Infections Acute Enteric Poisonings Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pancreatitis (usually)
Acute Abdominal PainMetabolic Causes
Diabetic Ketoacidosis Heavy Metal Poisoning Acute Porphyria Tabes dorsalis Sickle Cell Crisis
The Physiology of Abdominal Pain
1048713 Abdominal pain from any cause is mediated by either visceral or somatic afferent nerves
1048713 Several factors can modify expression of pain
1048713 Age extremes
1048713 Vascular compromise (pain lsquoout of proportionrsquo) 1048713 Pregnancy 1048713 CNS pathology 1048713 Neutropenia
Visceral Pain
1048713 Stimuli 1048713 Distention of the gut or other hollow
abdominal organ 1048713 Traction on the bowel mesentery 1048713 Inflammation 1048713 Ischemia
1048713 Sensation 1048713 Corresponds to the embryologic
origin of the diseased organ (foregut midgut hindgut)
Somatic Pain Stimuli 1048713 Irritation of the peritoneum
1048713 Sensation 1048713 Sharp localized pain 1048713 Easily described
1048713 Cardinal signs 1048713 Pain ldquotendernessrdquo 1048713 Guarding 1048713 Rebound 1048713 Absent bowel sounds
Pattern of referred pain
Gastric pain
Liver and biliary pain
Colonic pain
Ureteral or kidney pain
Diaphragmatic irritation
Biliary colic
Pancreatic and renal pain
Uterine and rectal pain
History
Where does it hurt Know locations of major organs But realize abdominal pain locations do
not correlate well with source
History
What does pain feel like Steady pain - inflammatory process Crampy pain - obstructive process
History
Was onset of pain gradual or sudden Sudden = perforation hemorrhage
infarct Gradual = peritoneal irrigation hollow
organ distension
History
Does pain radiate (travel) anywhere Right shoulder angle of right scapula =
gall bladder Around flank to groin = kidney ureter
History Duration
gt 6 hour duration = surgical significance Nausea vomiting Bloody ldquoCoffee
Groundsrdquo
Any blood in GI tract = Emergency until proven otherwise
History
Change in urinary habits Urine appearance
Change in bowel habits Appearance of bowel movements Melena
History
Regardless of underlying cause vomiting or diarrhea can be a problem because of associated volume loss
History
Females Last menstrual period Abnormal bleeding
In females abdominal pain = Gyn problem until proven otherwise
Physical Exam
General Appearance Lies perfectly still inflammation
peritonitis Restless writhing obstruction
Abdominal distension Ecchymosis around umbilicus flanks
Physical Exam
Vital signs Tachycardia Early shock (more
important than BP) Rapid shallow breathing peritonitis
Physical Examination The Quadrants
Special physical signs
Murphyrsquos sign Boasrsquos sign Grey turnerrsquos and Cullens sign Rovsingrsquos sign
Diagnosis Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 X-Ray Upright chest Upright and supine abdominal 1048713 Complete Blood count 1048713 Urinalysis 1048713 Amylase Creatinine BUN
Electrolytes
Differential Diagnosis RUQ PainConditionclues
Biliary colic acutecholecystitis
Recurrent attacks tender over gall bladderarea
Acute hepatitisAlcohol history jaundice medications
Right pyelonephritisDysuria fever costovertebral angletenderness
Congestive heart failureEdema dyspnea elevated JVP
Retrocecal appendicitisShift of pain tenderness
Right lower lobe pneumonia
Fever tachypnea bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) and Epigastric Pain
Investigations 1048713 Upright chest XR 1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR 1048713 CBC 1048713 Amylase and lipase (if available
Differential Diagnosis LUQ and Epigastric Pain
ConditioncluesSplenic ruptureHistory of trauma or splenic disease
Fractured ribsHistory of trauma gross deformity extremetenderness on palpation
PancreatitisHistory of alcohol consumption history ofsimilar event elevated labs
Gastritis Peptic ulcerdisease
Recurrent relationship to mealsrelationship to posture
PneumoniaFever XR findings bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 Urinalysis (to exclude obvious urinary
causes) 1048713 Pregnancy test 1048713 Ultrasound 1048713 Complete blood count
Differential Diagnosis RLQ Pain
ConditioncluesAcute appendicitisShift of pain anorexia localized
tenderness
Mesenteric adenitisFever inconstant signs
Right renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsed right testisTender swollen testis usually young age
Crohnrsquos diseaseRecurrent several days history
Gynecologic causeshellipsee next
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 3: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Acute Abdomen If I operate and the problem is not
surgical patient exposed to unnecessary risk anesthetic etc
Risks greater with concomitant illness older age
If I do not operate and problem is surgical patient at risk because of wrong therapy
Again the older patient is under greater burden
Continue
Characteristics of patients need surgery
Acute pain Septic amp toxic Board-like abdomen Absent bowel sounds WBC 25000 Free air under diaphragm
Characteristics of patients need NO surgery
Trivial pain Robust appearance Soft abdomen with no guarding Normal bowel sounds Normal WBC Normal plain and upright films of
abdomen
Acute Abdominal PainNon-surgical Emergencies
Mesenteric Adenitis Acute Enteric Infections Acute Enteric Poisonings Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pancreatitis (usually)
Acute Abdominal PainMetabolic Causes
Diabetic Ketoacidosis Heavy Metal Poisoning Acute Porphyria Tabes dorsalis Sickle Cell Crisis
The Physiology of Abdominal Pain
1048713 Abdominal pain from any cause is mediated by either visceral or somatic afferent nerves
1048713 Several factors can modify expression of pain
1048713 Age extremes
1048713 Vascular compromise (pain lsquoout of proportionrsquo) 1048713 Pregnancy 1048713 CNS pathology 1048713 Neutropenia
Visceral Pain
1048713 Stimuli 1048713 Distention of the gut or other hollow
abdominal organ 1048713 Traction on the bowel mesentery 1048713 Inflammation 1048713 Ischemia
1048713 Sensation 1048713 Corresponds to the embryologic
origin of the diseased organ (foregut midgut hindgut)
Somatic Pain Stimuli 1048713 Irritation of the peritoneum
1048713 Sensation 1048713 Sharp localized pain 1048713 Easily described
1048713 Cardinal signs 1048713 Pain ldquotendernessrdquo 1048713 Guarding 1048713 Rebound 1048713 Absent bowel sounds
Pattern of referred pain
Gastric pain
Liver and biliary pain
Colonic pain
Ureteral or kidney pain
Diaphragmatic irritation
Biliary colic
Pancreatic and renal pain
Uterine and rectal pain
History
Where does it hurt Know locations of major organs But realize abdominal pain locations do
not correlate well with source
History
What does pain feel like Steady pain - inflammatory process Crampy pain - obstructive process
History
Was onset of pain gradual or sudden Sudden = perforation hemorrhage
infarct Gradual = peritoneal irrigation hollow
organ distension
History
Does pain radiate (travel) anywhere Right shoulder angle of right scapula =
gall bladder Around flank to groin = kidney ureter
History Duration
gt 6 hour duration = surgical significance Nausea vomiting Bloody ldquoCoffee
Groundsrdquo
Any blood in GI tract = Emergency until proven otherwise
History
Change in urinary habits Urine appearance
Change in bowel habits Appearance of bowel movements Melena
History
Regardless of underlying cause vomiting or diarrhea can be a problem because of associated volume loss
History
Females Last menstrual period Abnormal bleeding
In females abdominal pain = Gyn problem until proven otherwise
Physical Exam
General Appearance Lies perfectly still inflammation
peritonitis Restless writhing obstruction
Abdominal distension Ecchymosis around umbilicus flanks
Physical Exam
Vital signs Tachycardia Early shock (more
important than BP) Rapid shallow breathing peritonitis
Physical Examination The Quadrants
Special physical signs
Murphyrsquos sign Boasrsquos sign Grey turnerrsquos and Cullens sign Rovsingrsquos sign
Diagnosis Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 X-Ray Upright chest Upright and supine abdominal 1048713 Complete Blood count 1048713 Urinalysis 1048713 Amylase Creatinine BUN
Electrolytes
Differential Diagnosis RUQ PainConditionclues
Biliary colic acutecholecystitis
Recurrent attacks tender over gall bladderarea
Acute hepatitisAlcohol history jaundice medications
Right pyelonephritisDysuria fever costovertebral angletenderness
Congestive heart failureEdema dyspnea elevated JVP
Retrocecal appendicitisShift of pain tenderness
Right lower lobe pneumonia
Fever tachypnea bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) and Epigastric Pain
Investigations 1048713 Upright chest XR 1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR 1048713 CBC 1048713 Amylase and lipase (if available
Differential Diagnosis LUQ and Epigastric Pain
ConditioncluesSplenic ruptureHistory of trauma or splenic disease
Fractured ribsHistory of trauma gross deformity extremetenderness on palpation
PancreatitisHistory of alcohol consumption history ofsimilar event elevated labs
Gastritis Peptic ulcerdisease
Recurrent relationship to mealsrelationship to posture
PneumoniaFever XR findings bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 Urinalysis (to exclude obvious urinary
causes) 1048713 Pregnancy test 1048713 Ultrasound 1048713 Complete blood count
Differential Diagnosis RLQ Pain
ConditioncluesAcute appendicitisShift of pain anorexia localized
tenderness
Mesenteric adenitisFever inconstant signs
Right renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsed right testisTender swollen testis usually young age
Crohnrsquos diseaseRecurrent several days history
Gynecologic causeshellipsee next
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 4: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Characteristics of patients need surgery
Acute pain Septic amp toxic Board-like abdomen Absent bowel sounds WBC 25000 Free air under diaphragm
Characteristics of patients need NO surgery
Trivial pain Robust appearance Soft abdomen with no guarding Normal bowel sounds Normal WBC Normal plain and upright films of
abdomen
Acute Abdominal PainNon-surgical Emergencies
Mesenteric Adenitis Acute Enteric Infections Acute Enteric Poisonings Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pancreatitis (usually)
Acute Abdominal PainMetabolic Causes
Diabetic Ketoacidosis Heavy Metal Poisoning Acute Porphyria Tabes dorsalis Sickle Cell Crisis
The Physiology of Abdominal Pain
1048713 Abdominal pain from any cause is mediated by either visceral or somatic afferent nerves
1048713 Several factors can modify expression of pain
1048713 Age extremes
1048713 Vascular compromise (pain lsquoout of proportionrsquo) 1048713 Pregnancy 1048713 CNS pathology 1048713 Neutropenia
Visceral Pain
1048713 Stimuli 1048713 Distention of the gut or other hollow
abdominal organ 1048713 Traction on the bowel mesentery 1048713 Inflammation 1048713 Ischemia
1048713 Sensation 1048713 Corresponds to the embryologic
origin of the diseased organ (foregut midgut hindgut)
Somatic Pain Stimuli 1048713 Irritation of the peritoneum
1048713 Sensation 1048713 Sharp localized pain 1048713 Easily described
1048713 Cardinal signs 1048713 Pain ldquotendernessrdquo 1048713 Guarding 1048713 Rebound 1048713 Absent bowel sounds
Pattern of referred pain
Gastric pain
Liver and biliary pain
Colonic pain
Ureteral or kidney pain
Diaphragmatic irritation
Biliary colic
Pancreatic and renal pain
Uterine and rectal pain
History
Where does it hurt Know locations of major organs But realize abdominal pain locations do
not correlate well with source
History
What does pain feel like Steady pain - inflammatory process Crampy pain - obstructive process
History
Was onset of pain gradual or sudden Sudden = perforation hemorrhage
infarct Gradual = peritoneal irrigation hollow
organ distension
History
Does pain radiate (travel) anywhere Right shoulder angle of right scapula =
gall bladder Around flank to groin = kidney ureter
History Duration
gt 6 hour duration = surgical significance Nausea vomiting Bloody ldquoCoffee
Groundsrdquo
Any blood in GI tract = Emergency until proven otherwise
History
Change in urinary habits Urine appearance
Change in bowel habits Appearance of bowel movements Melena
History
Regardless of underlying cause vomiting or diarrhea can be a problem because of associated volume loss
History
Females Last menstrual period Abnormal bleeding
In females abdominal pain = Gyn problem until proven otherwise
Physical Exam
General Appearance Lies perfectly still inflammation
peritonitis Restless writhing obstruction
Abdominal distension Ecchymosis around umbilicus flanks
Physical Exam
Vital signs Tachycardia Early shock (more
important than BP) Rapid shallow breathing peritonitis
Physical Examination The Quadrants
Special physical signs
Murphyrsquos sign Boasrsquos sign Grey turnerrsquos and Cullens sign Rovsingrsquos sign
Diagnosis Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 X-Ray Upright chest Upright and supine abdominal 1048713 Complete Blood count 1048713 Urinalysis 1048713 Amylase Creatinine BUN
Electrolytes
Differential Diagnosis RUQ PainConditionclues
Biliary colic acutecholecystitis
Recurrent attacks tender over gall bladderarea
Acute hepatitisAlcohol history jaundice medications
Right pyelonephritisDysuria fever costovertebral angletenderness
Congestive heart failureEdema dyspnea elevated JVP
Retrocecal appendicitisShift of pain tenderness
Right lower lobe pneumonia
Fever tachypnea bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) and Epigastric Pain
Investigations 1048713 Upright chest XR 1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR 1048713 CBC 1048713 Amylase and lipase (if available
Differential Diagnosis LUQ and Epigastric Pain
ConditioncluesSplenic ruptureHistory of trauma or splenic disease
Fractured ribsHistory of trauma gross deformity extremetenderness on palpation
PancreatitisHistory of alcohol consumption history ofsimilar event elevated labs
Gastritis Peptic ulcerdisease
Recurrent relationship to mealsrelationship to posture
PneumoniaFever XR findings bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 Urinalysis (to exclude obvious urinary
causes) 1048713 Pregnancy test 1048713 Ultrasound 1048713 Complete blood count
Differential Diagnosis RLQ Pain
ConditioncluesAcute appendicitisShift of pain anorexia localized
tenderness
Mesenteric adenitisFever inconstant signs
Right renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsed right testisTender swollen testis usually young age
Crohnrsquos diseaseRecurrent several days history
Gynecologic causeshellipsee next
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 5: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Characteristics of patients need NO surgery
Trivial pain Robust appearance Soft abdomen with no guarding Normal bowel sounds Normal WBC Normal plain and upright films of
abdomen
Acute Abdominal PainNon-surgical Emergencies
Mesenteric Adenitis Acute Enteric Infections Acute Enteric Poisonings Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pancreatitis (usually)
Acute Abdominal PainMetabolic Causes
Diabetic Ketoacidosis Heavy Metal Poisoning Acute Porphyria Tabes dorsalis Sickle Cell Crisis
The Physiology of Abdominal Pain
1048713 Abdominal pain from any cause is mediated by either visceral or somatic afferent nerves
1048713 Several factors can modify expression of pain
1048713 Age extremes
1048713 Vascular compromise (pain lsquoout of proportionrsquo) 1048713 Pregnancy 1048713 CNS pathology 1048713 Neutropenia
Visceral Pain
1048713 Stimuli 1048713 Distention of the gut or other hollow
abdominal organ 1048713 Traction on the bowel mesentery 1048713 Inflammation 1048713 Ischemia
1048713 Sensation 1048713 Corresponds to the embryologic
origin of the diseased organ (foregut midgut hindgut)
Somatic Pain Stimuli 1048713 Irritation of the peritoneum
1048713 Sensation 1048713 Sharp localized pain 1048713 Easily described
1048713 Cardinal signs 1048713 Pain ldquotendernessrdquo 1048713 Guarding 1048713 Rebound 1048713 Absent bowel sounds
Pattern of referred pain
Gastric pain
Liver and biliary pain
Colonic pain
Ureteral or kidney pain
Diaphragmatic irritation
Biliary colic
Pancreatic and renal pain
Uterine and rectal pain
History
Where does it hurt Know locations of major organs But realize abdominal pain locations do
not correlate well with source
History
What does pain feel like Steady pain - inflammatory process Crampy pain - obstructive process
History
Was onset of pain gradual or sudden Sudden = perforation hemorrhage
infarct Gradual = peritoneal irrigation hollow
organ distension
History
Does pain radiate (travel) anywhere Right shoulder angle of right scapula =
gall bladder Around flank to groin = kidney ureter
History Duration
gt 6 hour duration = surgical significance Nausea vomiting Bloody ldquoCoffee
Groundsrdquo
Any blood in GI tract = Emergency until proven otherwise
History
Change in urinary habits Urine appearance
Change in bowel habits Appearance of bowel movements Melena
History
Regardless of underlying cause vomiting or diarrhea can be a problem because of associated volume loss
History
Females Last menstrual period Abnormal bleeding
In females abdominal pain = Gyn problem until proven otherwise
Physical Exam
General Appearance Lies perfectly still inflammation
peritonitis Restless writhing obstruction
Abdominal distension Ecchymosis around umbilicus flanks
Physical Exam
Vital signs Tachycardia Early shock (more
important than BP) Rapid shallow breathing peritonitis
Physical Examination The Quadrants
Special physical signs
Murphyrsquos sign Boasrsquos sign Grey turnerrsquos and Cullens sign Rovsingrsquos sign
Diagnosis Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 X-Ray Upright chest Upright and supine abdominal 1048713 Complete Blood count 1048713 Urinalysis 1048713 Amylase Creatinine BUN
Electrolytes
Differential Diagnosis RUQ PainConditionclues
Biliary colic acutecholecystitis
Recurrent attacks tender over gall bladderarea
Acute hepatitisAlcohol history jaundice medications
Right pyelonephritisDysuria fever costovertebral angletenderness
Congestive heart failureEdema dyspnea elevated JVP
Retrocecal appendicitisShift of pain tenderness
Right lower lobe pneumonia
Fever tachypnea bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) and Epigastric Pain
Investigations 1048713 Upright chest XR 1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR 1048713 CBC 1048713 Amylase and lipase (if available
Differential Diagnosis LUQ and Epigastric Pain
ConditioncluesSplenic ruptureHistory of trauma or splenic disease
Fractured ribsHistory of trauma gross deformity extremetenderness on palpation
PancreatitisHistory of alcohol consumption history ofsimilar event elevated labs
Gastritis Peptic ulcerdisease
Recurrent relationship to mealsrelationship to posture
PneumoniaFever XR findings bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 Urinalysis (to exclude obvious urinary
causes) 1048713 Pregnancy test 1048713 Ultrasound 1048713 Complete blood count
Differential Diagnosis RLQ Pain
ConditioncluesAcute appendicitisShift of pain anorexia localized
tenderness
Mesenteric adenitisFever inconstant signs
Right renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsed right testisTender swollen testis usually young age
Crohnrsquos diseaseRecurrent several days history
Gynecologic causeshellipsee next
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 6: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Acute Abdominal PainNon-surgical Emergencies
Mesenteric Adenitis Acute Enteric Infections Acute Enteric Poisonings Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pancreatitis (usually)
Acute Abdominal PainMetabolic Causes
Diabetic Ketoacidosis Heavy Metal Poisoning Acute Porphyria Tabes dorsalis Sickle Cell Crisis
The Physiology of Abdominal Pain
1048713 Abdominal pain from any cause is mediated by either visceral or somatic afferent nerves
1048713 Several factors can modify expression of pain
1048713 Age extremes
1048713 Vascular compromise (pain lsquoout of proportionrsquo) 1048713 Pregnancy 1048713 CNS pathology 1048713 Neutropenia
Visceral Pain
1048713 Stimuli 1048713 Distention of the gut or other hollow
abdominal organ 1048713 Traction on the bowel mesentery 1048713 Inflammation 1048713 Ischemia
1048713 Sensation 1048713 Corresponds to the embryologic
origin of the diseased organ (foregut midgut hindgut)
Somatic Pain Stimuli 1048713 Irritation of the peritoneum
1048713 Sensation 1048713 Sharp localized pain 1048713 Easily described
1048713 Cardinal signs 1048713 Pain ldquotendernessrdquo 1048713 Guarding 1048713 Rebound 1048713 Absent bowel sounds
Pattern of referred pain
Gastric pain
Liver and biliary pain
Colonic pain
Ureteral or kidney pain
Diaphragmatic irritation
Biliary colic
Pancreatic and renal pain
Uterine and rectal pain
History
Where does it hurt Know locations of major organs But realize abdominal pain locations do
not correlate well with source
History
What does pain feel like Steady pain - inflammatory process Crampy pain - obstructive process
History
Was onset of pain gradual or sudden Sudden = perforation hemorrhage
infarct Gradual = peritoneal irrigation hollow
organ distension
History
Does pain radiate (travel) anywhere Right shoulder angle of right scapula =
gall bladder Around flank to groin = kidney ureter
History Duration
gt 6 hour duration = surgical significance Nausea vomiting Bloody ldquoCoffee
Groundsrdquo
Any blood in GI tract = Emergency until proven otherwise
History
Change in urinary habits Urine appearance
Change in bowel habits Appearance of bowel movements Melena
History
Regardless of underlying cause vomiting or diarrhea can be a problem because of associated volume loss
History
Females Last menstrual period Abnormal bleeding
In females abdominal pain = Gyn problem until proven otherwise
Physical Exam
General Appearance Lies perfectly still inflammation
peritonitis Restless writhing obstruction
Abdominal distension Ecchymosis around umbilicus flanks
Physical Exam
Vital signs Tachycardia Early shock (more
important than BP) Rapid shallow breathing peritonitis
Physical Examination The Quadrants
Special physical signs
Murphyrsquos sign Boasrsquos sign Grey turnerrsquos and Cullens sign Rovsingrsquos sign
Diagnosis Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 X-Ray Upright chest Upright and supine abdominal 1048713 Complete Blood count 1048713 Urinalysis 1048713 Amylase Creatinine BUN
Electrolytes
Differential Diagnosis RUQ PainConditionclues
Biliary colic acutecholecystitis
Recurrent attacks tender over gall bladderarea
Acute hepatitisAlcohol history jaundice medications
Right pyelonephritisDysuria fever costovertebral angletenderness
Congestive heart failureEdema dyspnea elevated JVP
Retrocecal appendicitisShift of pain tenderness
Right lower lobe pneumonia
Fever tachypnea bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) and Epigastric Pain
Investigations 1048713 Upright chest XR 1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR 1048713 CBC 1048713 Amylase and lipase (if available
Differential Diagnosis LUQ and Epigastric Pain
ConditioncluesSplenic ruptureHistory of trauma or splenic disease
Fractured ribsHistory of trauma gross deformity extremetenderness on palpation
PancreatitisHistory of alcohol consumption history ofsimilar event elevated labs
Gastritis Peptic ulcerdisease
Recurrent relationship to mealsrelationship to posture
PneumoniaFever XR findings bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 Urinalysis (to exclude obvious urinary
causes) 1048713 Pregnancy test 1048713 Ultrasound 1048713 Complete blood count
Differential Diagnosis RLQ Pain
ConditioncluesAcute appendicitisShift of pain anorexia localized
tenderness
Mesenteric adenitisFever inconstant signs
Right renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsed right testisTender swollen testis usually young age
Crohnrsquos diseaseRecurrent several days history
Gynecologic causeshellipsee next
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 7: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Acute Abdominal PainMetabolic Causes
Diabetic Ketoacidosis Heavy Metal Poisoning Acute Porphyria Tabes dorsalis Sickle Cell Crisis
The Physiology of Abdominal Pain
1048713 Abdominal pain from any cause is mediated by either visceral or somatic afferent nerves
1048713 Several factors can modify expression of pain
1048713 Age extremes
1048713 Vascular compromise (pain lsquoout of proportionrsquo) 1048713 Pregnancy 1048713 CNS pathology 1048713 Neutropenia
Visceral Pain
1048713 Stimuli 1048713 Distention of the gut or other hollow
abdominal organ 1048713 Traction on the bowel mesentery 1048713 Inflammation 1048713 Ischemia
1048713 Sensation 1048713 Corresponds to the embryologic
origin of the diseased organ (foregut midgut hindgut)
Somatic Pain Stimuli 1048713 Irritation of the peritoneum
1048713 Sensation 1048713 Sharp localized pain 1048713 Easily described
1048713 Cardinal signs 1048713 Pain ldquotendernessrdquo 1048713 Guarding 1048713 Rebound 1048713 Absent bowel sounds
Pattern of referred pain
Gastric pain
Liver and biliary pain
Colonic pain
Ureteral or kidney pain
Diaphragmatic irritation
Biliary colic
Pancreatic and renal pain
Uterine and rectal pain
History
Where does it hurt Know locations of major organs But realize abdominal pain locations do
not correlate well with source
History
What does pain feel like Steady pain - inflammatory process Crampy pain - obstructive process
History
Was onset of pain gradual or sudden Sudden = perforation hemorrhage
infarct Gradual = peritoneal irrigation hollow
organ distension
History
Does pain radiate (travel) anywhere Right shoulder angle of right scapula =
gall bladder Around flank to groin = kidney ureter
History Duration
gt 6 hour duration = surgical significance Nausea vomiting Bloody ldquoCoffee
Groundsrdquo
Any blood in GI tract = Emergency until proven otherwise
History
Change in urinary habits Urine appearance
Change in bowel habits Appearance of bowel movements Melena
History
Regardless of underlying cause vomiting or diarrhea can be a problem because of associated volume loss
History
Females Last menstrual period Abnormal bleeding
In females abdominal pain = Gyn problem until proven otherwise
Physical Exam
General Appearance Lies perfectly still inflammation
peritonitis Restless writhing obstruction
Abdominal distension Ecchymosis around umbilicus flanks
Physical Exam
Vital signs Tachycardia Early shock (more
important than BP) Rapid shallow breathing peritonitis
Physical Examination The Quadrants
Special physical signs
Murphyrsquos sign Boasrsquos sign Grey turnerrsquos and Cullens sign Rovsingrsquos sign
Diagnosis Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 X-Ray Upright chest Upright and supine abdominal 1048713 Complete Blood count 1048713 Urinalysis 1048713 Amylase Creatinine BUN
Electrolytes
Differential Diagnosis RUQ PainConditionclues
Biliary colic acutecholecystitis
Recurrent attacks tender over gall bladderarea
Acute hepatitisAlcohol history jaundice medications
Right pyelonephritisDysuria fever costovertebral angletenderness
Congestive heart failureEdema dyspnea elevated JVP
Retrocecal appendicitisShift of pain tenderness
Right lower lobe pneumonia
Fever tachypnea bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) and Epigastric Pain
Investigations 1048713 Upright chest XR 1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR 1048713 CBC 1048713 Amylase and lipase (if available
Differential Diagnosis LUQ and Epigastric Pain
ConditioncluesSplenic ruptureHistory of trauma or splenic disease
Fractured ribsHistory of trauma gross deformity extremetenderness on palpation
PancreatitisHistory of alcohol consumption history ofsimilar event elevated labs
Gastritis Peptic ulcerdisease
Recurrent relationship to mealsrelationship to posture
PneumoniaFever XR findings bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 Urinalysis (to exclude obvious urinary
causes) 1048713 Pregnancy test 1048713 Ultrasound 1048713 Complete blood count
Differential Diagnosis RLQ Pain
ConditioncluesAcute appendicitisShift of pain anorexia localized
tenderness
Mesenteric adenitisFever inconstant signs
Right renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsed right testisTender swollen testis usually young age
Crohnrsquos diseaseRecurrent several days history
Gynecologic causeshellipsee next
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 8: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Physiology of Abdominal Pain
1048713 Abdominal pain from any cause is mediated by either visceral or somatic afferent nerves
1048713 Several factors can modify expression of pain
1048713 Age extremes
1048713 Vascular compromise (pain lsquoout of proportionrsquo) 1048713 Pregnancy 1048713 CNS pathology 1048713 Neutropenia
Visceral Pain
1048713 Stimuli 1048713 Distention of the gut or other hollow
abdominal organ 1048713 Traction on the bowel mesentery 1048713 Inflammation 1048713 Ischemia
1048713 Sensation 1048713 Corresponds to the embryologic
origin of the diseased organ (foregut midgut hindgut)
Somatic Pain Stimuli 1048713 Irritation of the peritoneum
1048713 Sensation 1048713 Sharp localized pain 1048713 Easily described
1048713 Cardinal signs 1048713 Pain ldquotendernessrdquo 1048713 Guarding 1048713 Rebound 1048713 Absent bowel sounds
Pattern of referred pain
Gastric pain
Liver and biliary pain
Colonic pain
Ureteral or kidney pain
Diaphragmatic irritation
Biliary colic
Pancreatic and renal pain
Uterine and rectal pain
History
Where does it hurt Know locations of major organs But realize abdominal pain locations do
not correlate well with source
History
What does pain feel like Steady pain - inflammatory process Crampy pain - obstructive process
History
Was onset of pain gradual or sudden Sudden = perforation hemorrhage
infarct Gradual = peritoneal irrigation hollow
organ distension
History
Does pain radiate (travel) anywhere Right shoulder angle of right scapula =
gall bladder Around flank to groin = kidney ureter
History Duration
gt 6 hour duration = surgical significance Nausea vomiting Bloody ldquoCoffee
Groundsrdquo
Any blood in GI tract = Emergency until proven otherwise
History
Change in urinary habits Urine appearance
Change in bowel habits Appearance of bowel movements Melena
History
Regardless of underlying cause vomiting or diarrhea can be a problem because of associated volume loss
History
Females Last menstrual period Abnormal bleeding
In females abdominal pain = Gyn problem until proven otherwise
Physical Exam
General Appearance Lies perfectly still inflammation
peritonitis Restless writhing obstruction
Abdominal distension Ecchymosis around umbilicus flanks
Physical Exam
Vital signs Tachycardia Early shock (more
important than BP) Rapid shallow breathing peritonitis
Physical Examination The Quadrants
Special physical signs
Murphyrsquos sign Boasrsquos sign Grey turnerrsquos and Cullens sign Rovsingrsquos sign
Diagnosis Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 X-Ray Upright chest Upright and supine abdominal 1048713 Complete Blood count 1048713 Urinalysis 1048713 Amylase Creatinine BUN
Electrolytes
Differential Diagnosis RUQ PainConditionclues
Biliary colic acutecholecystitis
Recurrent attacks tender over gall bladderarea
Acute hepatitisAlcohol history jaundice medications
Right pyelonephritisDysuria fever costovertebral angletenderness
Congestive heart failureEdema dyspnea elevated JVP
Retrocecal appendicitisShift of pain tenderness
Right lower lobe pneumonia
Fever tachypnea bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) and Epigastric Pain
Investigations 1048713 Upright chest XR 1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR 1048713 CBC 1048713 Amylase and lipase (if available
Differential Diagnosis LUQ and Epigastric Pain
ConditioncluesSplenic ruptureHistory of trauma or splenic disease
Fractured ribsHistory of trauma gross deformity extremetenderness on palpation
PancreatitisHistory of alcohol consumption history ofsimilar event elevated labs
Gastritis Peptic ulcerdisease
Recurrent relationship to mealsrelationship to posture
PneumoniaFever XR findings bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 Urinalysis (to exclude obvious urinary
causes) 1048713 Pregnancy test 1048713 Ultrasound 1048713 Complete blood count
Differential Diagnosis RLQ Pain
ConditioncluesAcute appendicitisShift of pain anorexia localized
tenderness
Mesenteric adenitisFever inconstant signs
Right renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsed right testisTender swollen testis usually young age
Crohnrsquos diseaseRecurrent several days history
Gynecologic causeshellipsee next
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 9: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Visceral Pain
1048713 Stimuli 1048713 Distention of the gut or other hollow
abdominal organ 1048713 Traction on the bowel mesentery 1048713 Inflammation 1048713 Ischemia
1048713 Sensation 1048713 Corresponds to the embryologic
origin of the diseased organ (foregut midgut hindgut)
Somatic Pain Stimuli 1048713 Irritation of the peritoneum
1048713 Sensation 1048713 Sharp localized pain 1048713 Easily described
1048713 Cardinal signs 1048713 Pain ldquotendernessrdquo 1048713 Guarding 1048713 Rebound 1048713 Absent bowel sounds
Pattern of referred pain
Gastric pain
Liver and biliary pain
Colonic pain
Ureteral or kidney pain
Diaphragmatic irritation
Biliary colic
Pancreatic and renal pain
Uterine and rectal pain
History
Where does it hurt Know locations of major organs But realize abdominal pain locations do
not correlate well with source
History
What does pain feel like Steady pain - inflammatory process Crampy pain - obstructive process
History
Was onset of pain gradual or sudden Sudden = perforation hemorrhage
infarct Gradual = peritoneal irrigation hollow
organ distension
History
Does pain radiate (travel) anywhere Right shoulder angle of right scapula =
gall bladder Around flank to groin = kidney ureter
History Duration
gt 6 hour duration = surgical significance Nausea vomiting Bloody ldquoCoffee
Groundsrdquo
Any blood in GI tract = Emergency until proven otherwise
History
Change in urinary habits Urine appearance
Change in bowel habits Appearance of bowel movements Melena
History
Regardless of underlying cause vomiting or diarrhea can be a problem because of associated volume loss
History
Females Last menstrual period Abnormal bleeding
In females abdominal pain = Gyn problem until proven otherwise
Physical Exam
General Appearance Lies perfectly still inflammation
peritonitis Restless writhing obstruction
Abdominal distension Ecchymosis around umbilicus flanks
Physical Exam
Vital signs Tachycardia Early shock (more
important than BP) Rapid shallow breathing peritonitis
Physical Examination The Quadrants
Special physical signs
Murphyrsquos sign Boasrsquos sign Grey turnerrsquos and Cullens sign Rovsingrsquos sign
Diagnosis Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 X-Ray Upright chest Upright and supine abdominal 1048713 Complete Blood count 1048713 Urinalysis 1048713 Amylase Creatinine BUN
Electrolytes
Differential Diagnosis RUQ PainConditionclues
Biliary colic acutecholecystitis
Recurrent attacks tender over gall bladderarea
Acute hepatitisAlcohol history jaundice medications
Right pyelonephritisDysuria fever costovertebral angletenderness
Congestive heart failureEdema dyspnea elevated JVP
Retrocecal appendicitisShift of pain tenderness
Right lower lobe pneumonia
Fever tachypnea bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) and Epigastric Pain
Investigations 1048713 Upright chest XR 1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR 1048713 CBC 1048713 Amylase and lipase (if available
Differential Diagnosis LUQ and Epigastric Pain
ConditioncluesSplenic ruptureHistory of trauma or splenic disease
Fractured ribsHistory of trauma gross deformity extremetenderness on palpation
PancreatitisHistory of alcohol consumption history ofsimilar event elevated labs
Gastritis Peptic ulcerdisease
Recurrent relationship to mealsrelationship to posture
PneumoniaFever XR findings bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 Urinalysis (to exclude obvious urinary
causes) 1048713 Pregnancy test 1048713 Ultrasound 1048713 Complete blood count
Differential Diagnosis RLQ Pain
ConditioncluesAcute appendicitisShift of pain anorexia localized
tenderness
Mesenteric adenitisFever inconstant signs
Right renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsed right testisTender swollen testis usually young age
Crohnrsquos diseaseRecurrent several days history
Gynecologic causeshellipsee next
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 10: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Somatic Pain Stimuli 1048713 Irritation of the peritoneum
1048713 Sensation 1048713 Sharp localized pain 1048713 Easily described
1048713 Cardinal signs 1048713 Pain ldquotendernessrdquo 1048713 Guarding 1048713 Rebound 1048713 Absent bowel sounds
Pattern of referred pain
Gastric pain
Liver and biliary pain
Colonic pain
Ureteral or kidney pain
Diaphragmatic irritation
Biliary colic
Pancreatic and renal pain
Uterine and rectal pain
History
Where does it hurt Know locations of major organs But realize abdominal pain locations do
not correlate well with source
History
What does pain feel like Steady pain - inflammatory process Crampy pain - obstructive process
History
Was onset of pain gradual or sudden Sudden = perforation hemorrhage
infarct Gradual = peritoneal irrigation hollow
organ distension
History
Does pain radiate (travel) anywhere Right shoulder angle of right scapula =
gall bladder Around flank to groin = kidney ureter
History Duration
gt 6 hour duration = surgical significance Nausea vomiting Bloody ldquoCoffee
Groundsrdquo
Any blood in GI tract = Emergency until proven otherwise
History
Change in urinary habits Urine appearance
Change in bowel habits Appearance of bowel movements Melena
History
Regardless of underlying cause vomiting or diarrhea can be a problem because of associated volume loss
History
Females Last menstrual period Abnormal bleeding
In females abdominal pain = Gyn problem until proven otherwise
Physical Exam
General Appearance Lies perfectly still inflammation
peritonitis Restless writhing obstruction
Abdominal distension Ecchymosis around umbilicus flanks
Physical Exam
Vital signs Tachycardia Early shock (more
important than BP) Rapid shallow breathing peritonitis
Physical Examination The Quadrants
Special physical signs
Murphyrsquos sign Boasrsquos sign Grey turnerrsquos and Cullens sign Rovsingrsquos sign
Diagnosis Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 X-Ray Upright chest Upright and supine abdominal 1048713 Complete Blood count 1048713 Urinalysis 1048713 Amylase Creatinine BUN
Electrolytes
Differential Diagnosis RUQ PainConditionclues
Biliary colic acutecholecystitis
Recurrent attacks tender over gall bladderarea
Acute hepatitisAlcohol history jaundice medications
Right pyelonephritisDysuria fever costovertebral angletenderness
Congestive heart failureEdema dyspnea elevated JVP
Retrocecal appendicitisShift of pain tenderness
Right lower lobe pneumonia
Fever tachypnea bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) and Epigastric Pain
Investigations 1048713 Upright chest XR 1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR 1048713 CBC 1048713 Amylase and lipase (if available
Differential Diagnosis LUQ and Epigastric Pain
ConditioncluesSplenic ruptureHistory of trauma or splenic disease
Fractured ribsHistory of trauma gross deformity extremetenderness on palpation
PancreatitisHistory of alcohol consumption history ofsimilar event elevated labs
Gastritis Peptic ulcerdisease
Recurrent relationship to mealsrelationship to posture
PneumoniaFever XR findings bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 Urinalysis (to exclude obvious urinary
causes) 1048713 Pregnancy test 1048713 Ultrasound 1048713 Complete blood count
Differential Diagnosis RLQ Pain
ConditioncluesAcute appendicitisShift of pain anorexia localized
tenderness
Mesenteric adenitisFever inconstant signs
Right renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsed right testisTender swollen testis usually young age
Crohnrsquos diseaseRecurrent several days history
Gynecologic causeshellipsee next
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 11: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Pattern of referred pain
Gastric pain
Liver and biliary pain
Colonic pain
Ureteral or kidney pain
Diaphragmatic irritation
Biliary colic
Pancreatic and renal pain
Uterine and rectal pain
History
Where does it hurt Know locations of major organs But realize abdominal pain locations do
not correlate well with source
History
What does pain feel like Steady pain - inflammatory process Crampy pain - obstructive process
History
Was onset of pain gradual or sudden Sudden = perforation hemorrhage
infarct Gradual = peritoneal irrigation hollow
organ distension
History
Does pain radiate (travel) anywhere Right shoulder angle of right scapula =
gall bladder Around flank to groin = kidney ureter
History Duration
gt 6 hour duration = surgical significance Nausea vomiting Bloody ldquoCoffee
Groundsrdquo
Any blood in GI tract = Emergency until proven otherwise
History
Change in urinary habits Urine appearance
Change in bowel habits Appearance of bowel movements Melena
History
Regardless of underlying cause vomiting or diarrhea can be a problem because of associated volume loss
History
Females Last menstrual period Abnormal bleeding
In females abdominal pain = Gyn problem until proven otherwise
Physical Exam
General Appearance Lies perfectly still inflammation
peritonitis Restless writhing obstruction
Abdominal distension Ecchymosis around umbilicus flanks
Physical Exam
Vital signs Tachycardia Early shock (more
important than BP) Rapid shallow breathing peritonitis
Physical Examination The Quadrants
Special physical signs
Murphyrsquos sign Boasrsquos sign Grey turnerrsquos and Cullens sign Rovsingrsquos sign
Diagnosis Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 X-Ray Upright chest Upright and supine abdominal 1048713 Complete Blood count 1048713 Urinalysis 1048713 Amylase Creatinine BUN
Electrolytes
Differential Diagnosis RUQ PainConditionclues
Biliary colic acutecholecystitis
Recurrent attacks tender over gall bladderarea
Acute hepatitisAlcohol history jaundice medications
Right pyelonephritisDysuria fever costovertebral angletenderness
Congestive heart failureEdema dyspnea elevated JVP
Retrocecal appendicitisShift of pain tenderness
Right lower lobe pneumonia
Fever tachypnea bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) and Epigastric Pain
Investigations 1048713 Upright chest XR 1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR 1048713 CBC 1048713 Amylase and lipase (if available
Differential Diagnosis LUQ and Epigastric Pain
ConditioncluesSplenic ruptureHistory of trauma or splenic disease
Fractured ribsHistory of trauma gross deformity extremetenderness on palpation
PancreatitisHistory of alcohol consumption history ofsimilar event elevated labs
Gastritis Peptic ulcerdisease
Recurrent relationship to mealsrelationship to posture
PneumoniaFever XR findings bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 Urinalysis (to exclude obvious urinary
causes) 1048713 Pregnancy test 1048713 Ultrasound 1048713 Complete blood count
Differential Diagnosis RLQ Pain
ConditioncluesAcute appendicitisShift of pain anorexia localized
tenderness
Mesenteric adenitisFever inconstant signs
Right renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsed right testisTender swollen testis usually young age
Crohnrsquos diseaseRecurrent several days history
Gynecologic causeshellipsee next
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 12: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
History
Where does it hurt Know locations of major organs But realize abdominal pain locations do
not correlate well with source
History
What does pain feel like Steady pain - inflammatory process Crampy pain - obstructive process
History
Was onset of pain gradual or sudden Sudden = perforation hemorrhage
infarct Gradual = peritoneal irrigation hollow
organ distension
History
Does pain radiate (travel) anywhere Right shoulder angle of right scapula =
gall bladder Around flank to groin = kidney ureter
History Duration
gt 6 hour duration = surgical significance Nausea vomiting Bloody ldquoCoffee
Groundsrdquo
Any blood in GI tract = Emergency until proven otherwise
History
Change in urinary habits Urine appearance
Change in bowel habits Appearance of bowel movements Melena
History
Regardless of underlying cause vomiting or diarrhea can be a problem because of associated volume loss
History
Females Last menstrual period Abnormal bleeding
In females abdominal pain = Gyn problem until proven otherwise
Physical Exam
General Appearance Lies perfectly still inflammation
peritonitis Restless writhing obstruction
Abdominal distension Ecchymosis around umbilicus flanks
Physical Exam
Vital signs Tachycardia Early shock (more
important than BP) Rapid shallow breathing peritonitis
Physical Examination The Quadrants
Special physical signs
Murphyrsquos sign Boasrsquos sign Grey turnerrsquos and Cullens sign Rovsingrsquos sign
Diagnosis Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 X-Ray Upright chest Upright and supine abdominal 1048713 Complete Blood count 1048713 Urinalysis 1048713 Amylase Creatinine BUN
Electrolytes
Differential Diagnosis RUQ PainConditionclues
Biliary colic acutecholecystitis
Recurrent attacks tender over gall bladderarea
Acute hepatitisAlcohol history jaundice medications
Right pyelonephritisDysuria fever costovertebral angletenderness
Congestive heart failureEdema dyspnea elevated JVP
Retrocecal appendicitisShift of pain tenderness
Right lower lobe pneumonia
Fever tachypnea bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) and Epigastric Pain
Investigations 1048713 Upright chest XR 1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR 1048713 CBC 1048713 Amylase and lipase (if available
Differential Diagnosis LUQ and Epigastric Pain
ConditioncluesSplenic ruptureHistory of trauma or splenic disease
Fractured ribsHistory of trauma gross deformity extremetenderness on palpation
PancreatitisHistory of alcohol consumption history ofsimilar event elevated labs
Gastritis Peptic ulcerdisease
Recurrent relationship to mealsrelationship to posture
PneumoniaFever XR findings bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 Urinalysis (to exclude obvious urinary
causes) 1048713 Pregnancy test 1048713 Ultrasound 1048713 Complete blood count
Differential Diagnosis RLQ Pain
ConditioncluesAcute appendicitisShift of pain anorexia localized
tenderness
Mesenteric adenitisFever inconstant signs
Right renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsed right testisTender swollen testis usually young age
Crohnrsquos diseaseRecurrent several days history
Gynecologic causeshellipsee next
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 13: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
History
What does pain feel like Steady pain - inflammatory process Crampy pain - obstructive process
History
Was onset of pain gradual or sudden Sudden = perforation hemorrhage
infarct Gradual = peritoneal irrigation hollow
organ distension
History
Does pain radiate (travel) anywhere Right shoulder angle of right scapula =
gall bladder Around flank to groin = kidney ureter
History Duration
gt 6 hour duration = surgical significance Nausea vomiting Bloody ldquoCoffee
Groundsrdquo
Any blood in GI tract = Emergency until proven otherwise
History
Change in urinary habits Urine appearance
Change in bowel habits Appearance of bowel movements Melena
History
Regardless of underlying cause vomiting or diarrhea can be a problem because of associated volume loss
History
Females Last menstrual period Abnormal bleeding
In females abdominal pain = Gyn problem until proven otherwise
Physical Exam
General Appearance Lies perfectly still inflammation
peritonitis Restless writhing obstruction
Abdominal distension Ecchymosis around umbilicus flanks
Physical Exam
Vital signs Tachycardia Early shock (more
important than BP) Rapid shallow breathing peritonitis
Physical Examination The Quadrants
Special physical signs
Murphyrsquos sign Boasrsquos sign Grey turnerrsquos and Cullens sign Rovsingrsquos sign
Diagnosis Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 X-Ray Upright chest Upright and supine abdominal 1048713 Complete Blood count 1048713 Urinalysis 1048713 Amylase Creatinine BUN
Electrolytes
Differential Diagnosis RUQ PainConditionclues
Biliary colic acutecholecystitis
Recurrent attacks tender over gall bladderarea
Acute hepatitisAlcohol history jaundice medications
Right pyelonephritisDysuria fever costovertebral angletenderness
Congestive heart failureEdema dyspnea elevated JVP
Retrocecal appendicitisShift of pain tenderness
Right lower lobe pneumonia
Fever tachypnea bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) and Epigastric Pain
Investigations 1048713 Upright chest XR 1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR 1048713 CBC 1048713 Amylase and lipase (if available
Differential Diagnosis LUQ and Epigastric Pain
ConditioncluesSplenic ruptureHistory of trauma or splenic disease
Fractured ribsHistory of trauma gross deformity extremetenderness on palpation
PancreatitisHistory of alcohol consumption history ofsimilar event elevated labs
Gastritis Peptic ulcerdisease
Recurrent relationship to mealsrelationship to posture
PneumoniaFever XR findings bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 Urinalysis (to exclude obvious urinary
causes) 1048713 Pregnancy test 1048713 Ultrasound 1048713 Complete blood count
Differential Diagnosis RLQ Pain
ConditioncluesAcute appendicitisShift of pain anorexia localized
tenderness
Mesenteric adenitisFever inconstant signs
Right renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsed right testisTender swollen testis usually young age
Crohnrsquos diseaseRecurrent several days history
Gynecologic causeshellipsee next
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 14: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
History
Was onset of pain gradual or sudden Sudden = perforation hemorrhage
infarct Gradual = peritoneal irrigation hollow
organ distension
History
Does pain radiate (travel) anywhere Right shoulder angle of right scapula =
gall bladder Around flank to groin = kidney ureter
History Duration
gt 6 hour duration = surgical significance Nausea vomiting Bloody ldquoCoffee
Groundsrdquo
Any blood in GI tract = Emergency until proven otherwise
History
Change in urinary habits Urine appearance
Change in bowel habits Appearance of bowel movements Melena
History
Regardless of underlying cause vomiting or diarrhea can be a problem because of associated volume loss
History
Females Last menstrual period Abnormal bleeding
In females abdominal pain = Gyn problem until proven otherwise
Physical Exam
General Appearance Lies perfectly still inflammation
peritonitis Restless writhing obstruction
Abdominal distension Ecchymosis around umbilicus flanks
Physical Exam
Vital signs Tachycardia Early shock (more
important than BP) Rapid shallow breathing peritonitis
Physical Examination The Quadrants
Special physical signs
Murphyrsquos sign Boasrsquos sign Grey turnerrsquos and Cullens sign Rovsingrsquos sign
Diagnosis Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 X-Ray Upright chest Upright and supine abdominal 1048713 Complete Blood count 1048713 Urinalysis 1048713 Amylase Creatinine BUN
Electrolytes
Differential Diagnosis RUQ PainConditionclues
Biliary colic acutecholecystitis
Recurrent attacks tender over gall bladderarea
Acute hepatitisAlcohol history jaundice medications
Right pyelonephritisDysuria fever costovertebral angletenderness
Congestive heart failureEdema dyspnea elevated JVP
Retrocecal appendicitisShift of pain tenderness
Right lower lobe pneumonia
Fever tachypnea bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) and Epigastric Pain
Investigations 1048713 Upright chest XR 1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR 1048713 CBC 1048713 Amylase and lipase (if available
Differential Diagnosis LUQ and Epigastric Pain
ConditioncluesSplenic ruptureHistory of trauma or splenic disease
Fractured ribsHistory of trauma gross deformity extremetenderness on palpation
PancreatitisHistory of alcohol consumption history ofsimilar event elevated labs
Gastritis Peptic ulcerdisease
Recurrent relationship to mealsrelationship to posture
PneumoniaFever XR findings bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 Urinalysis (to exclude obvious urinary
causes) 1048713 Pregnancy test 1048713 Ultrasound 1048713 Complete blood count
Differential Diagnosis RLQ Pain
ConditioncluesAcute appendicitisShift of pain anorexia localized
tenderness
Mesenteric adenitisFever inconstant signs
Right renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsed right testisTender swollen testis usually young age
Crohnrsquos diseaseRecurrent several days history
Gynecologic causeshellipsee next
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 15: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
History
Does pain radiate (travel) anywhere Right shoulder angle of right scapula =
gall bladder Around flank to groin = kidney ureter
History Duration
gt 6 hour duration = surgical significance Nausea vomiting Bloody ldquoCoffee
Groundsrdquo
Any blood in GI tract = Emergency until proven otherwise
History
Change in urinary habits Urine appearance
Change in bowel habits Appearance of bowel movements Melena
History
Regardless of underlying cause vomiting or diarrhea can be a problem because of associated volume loss
History
Females Last menstrual period Abnormal bleeding
In females abdominal pain = Gyn problem until proven otherwise
Physical Exam
General Appearance Lies perfectly still inflammation
peritonitis Restless writhing obstruction
Abdominal distension Ecchymosis around umbilicus flanks
Physical Exam
Vital signs Tachycardia Early shock (more
important than BP) Rapid shallow breathing peritonitis
Physical Examination The Quadrants
Special physical signs
Murphyrsquos sign Boasrsquos sign Grey turnerrsquos and Cullens sign Rovsingrsquos sign
Diagnosis Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 X-Ray Upright chest Upright and supine abdominal 1048713 Complete Blood count 1048713 Urinalysis 1048713 Amylase Creatinine BUN
Electrolytes
Differential Diagnosis RUQ PainConditionclues
Biliary colic acutecholecystitis
Recurrent attacks tender over gall bladderarea
Acute hepatitisAlcohol history jaundice medications
Right pyelonephritisDysuria fever costovertebral angletenderness
Congestive heart failureEdema dyspnea elevated JVP
Retrocecal appendicitisShift of pain tenderness
Right lower lobe pneumonia
Fever tachypnea bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) and Epigastric Pain
Investigations 1048713 Upright chest XR 1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR 1048713 CBC 1048713 Amylase and lipase (if available
Differential Diagnosis LUQ and Epigastric Pain
ConditioncluesSplenic ruptureHistory of trauma or splenic disease
Fractured ribsHistory of trauma gross deformity extremetenderness on palpation
PancreatitisHistory of alcohol consumption history ofsimilar event elevated labs
Gastritis Peptic ulcerdisease
Recurrent relationship to mealsrelationship to posture
PneumoniaFever XR findings bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 Urinalysis (to exclude obvious urinary
causes) 1048713 Pregnancy test 1048713 Ultrasound 1048713 Complete blood count
Differential Diagnosis RLQ Pain
ConditioncluesAcute appendicitisShift of pain anorexia localized
tenderness
Mesenteric adenitisFever inconstant signs
Right renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsed right testisTender swollen testis usually young age
Crohnrsquos diseaseRecurrent several days history
Gynecologic causeshellipsee next
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 16: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
History Duration
gt 6 hour duration = surgical significance Nausea vomiting Bloody ldquoCoffee
Groundsrdquo
Any blood in GI tract = Emergency until proven otherwise
History
Change in urinary habits Urine appearance
Change in bowel habits Appearance of bowel movements Melena
History
Regardless of underlying cause vomiting or diarrhea can be a problem because of associated volume loss
History
Females Last menstrual period Abnormal bleeding
In females abdominal pain = Gyn problem until proven otherwise
Physical Exam
General Appearance Lies perfectly still inflammation
peritonitis Restless writhing obstruction
Abdominal distension Ecchymosis around umbilicus flanks
Physical Exam
Vital signs Tachycardia Early shock (more
important than BP) Rapid shallow breathing peritonitis
Physical Examination The Quadrants
Special physical signs
Murphyrsquos sign Boasrsquos sign Grey turnerrsquos and Cullens sign Rovsingrsquos sign
Diagnosis Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 X-Ray Upright chest Upright and supine abdominal 1048713 Complete Blood count 1048713 Urinalysis 1048713 Amylase Creatinine BUN
Electrolytes
Differential Diagnosis RUQ PainConditionclues
Biliary colic acutecholecystitis
Recurrent attacks tender over gall bladderarea
Acute hepatitisAlcohol history jaundice medications
Right pyelonephritisDysuria fever costovertebral angletenderness
Congestive heart failureEdema dyspnea elevated JVP
Retrocecal appendicitisShift of pain tenderness
Right lower lobe pneumonia
Fever tachypnea bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) and Epigastric Pain
Investigations 1048713 Upright chest XR 1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR 1048713 CBC 1048713 Amylase and lipase (if available
Differential Diagnosis LUQ and Epigastric Pain
ConditioncluesSplenic ruptureHistory of trauma or splenic disease
Fractured ribsHistory of trauma gross deformity extremetenderness on palpation
PancreatitisHistory of alcohol consumption history ofsimilar event elevated labs
Gastritis Peptic ulcerdisease
Recurrent relationship to mealsrelationship to posture
PneumoniaFever XR findings bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 Urinalysis (to exclude obvious urinary
causes) 1048713 Pregnancy test 1048713 Ultrasound 1048713 Complete blood count
Differential Diagnosis RLQ Pain
ConditioncluesAcute appendicitisShift of pain anorexia localized
tenderness
Mesenteric adenitisFever inconstant signs
Right renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsed right testisTender swollen testis usually young age
Crohnrsquos diseaseRecurrent several days history
Gynecologic causeshellipsee next
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 17: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
History
Change in urinary habits Urine appearance
Change in bowel habits Appearance of bowel movements Melena
History
Regardless of underlying cause vomiting or diarrhea can be a problem because of associated volume loss
History
Females Last menstrual period Abnormal bleeding
In females abdominal pain = Gyn problem until proven otherwise
Physical Exam
General Appearance Lies perfectly still inflammation
peritonitis Restless writhing obstruction
Abdominal distension Ecchymosis around umbilicus flanks
Physical Exam
Vital signs Tachycardia Early shock (more
important than BP) Rapid shallow breathing peritonitis
Physical Examination The Quadrants
Special physical signs
Murphyrsquos sign Boasrsquos sign Grey turnerrsquos and Cullens sign Rovsingrsquos sign
Diagnosis Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 X-Ray Upright chest Upright and supine abdominal 1048713 Complete Blood count 1048713 Urinalysis 1048713 Amylase Creatinine BUN
Electrolytes
Differential Diagnosis RUQ PainConditionclues
Biliary colic acutecholecystitis
Recurrent attacks tender over gall bladderarea
Acute hepatitisAlcohol history jaundice medications
Right pyelonephritisDysuria fever costovertebral angletenderness
Congestive heart failureEdema dyspnea elevated JVP
Retrocecal appendicitisShift of pain tenderness
Right lower lobe pneumonia
Fever tachypnea bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) and Epigastric Pain
Investigations 1048713 Upright chest XR 1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR 1048713 CBC 1048713 Amylase and lipase (if available
Differential Diagnosis LUQ and Epigastric Pain
ConditioncluesSplenic ruptureHistory of trauma or splenic disease
Fractured ribsHistory of trauma gross deformity extremetenderness on palpation
PancreatitisHistory of alcohol consumption history ofsimilar event elevated labs
Gastritis Peptic ulcerdisease
Recurrent relationship to mealsrelationship to posture
PneumoniaFever XR findings bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 Urinalysis (to exclude obvious urinary
causes) 1048713 Pregnancy test 1048713 Ultrasound 1048713 Complete blood count
Differential Diagnosis RLQ Pain
ConditioncluesAcute appendicitisShift of pain anorexia localized
tenderness
Mesenteric adenitisFever inconstant signs
Right renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsed right testisTender swollen testis usually young age
Crohnrsquos diseaseRecurrent several days history
Gynecologic causeshellipsee next
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 18: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
History
Regardless of underlying cause vomiting or diarrhea can be a problem because of associated volume loss
History
Females Last menstrual period Abnormal bleeding
In females abdominal pain = Gyn problem until proven otherwise
Physical Exam
General Appearance Lies perfectly still inflammation
peritonitis Restless writhing obstruction
Abdominal distension Ecchymosis around umbilicus flanks
Physical Exam
Vital signs Tachycardia Early shock (more
important than BP) Rapid shallow breathing peritonitis
Physical Examination The Quadrants
Special physical signs
Murphyrsquos sign Boasrsquos sign Grey turnerrsquos and Cullens sign Rovsingrsquos sign
Diagnosis Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 X-Ray Upright chest Upright and supine abdominal 1048713 Complete Blood count 1048713 Urinalysis 1048713 Amylase Creatinine BUN
Electrolytes
Differential Diagnosis RUQ PainConditionclues
Biliary colic acutecholecystitis
Recurrent attacks tender over gall bladderarea
Acute hepatitisAlcohol history jaundice medications
Right pyelonephritisDysuria fever costovertebral angletenderness
Congestive heart failureEdema dyspnea elevated JVP
Retrocecal appendicitisShift of pain tenderness
Right lower lobe pneumonia
Fever tachypnea bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) and Epigastric Pain
Investigations 1048713 Upright chest XR 1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR 1048713 CBC 1048713 Amylase and lipase (if available
Differential Diagnosis LUQ and Epigastric Pain
ConditioncluesSplenic ruptureHistory of trauma or splenic disease
Fractured ribsHistory of trauma gross deformity extremetenderness on palpation
PancreatitisHistory of alcohol consumption history ofsimilar event elevated labs
Gastritis Peptic ulcerdisease
Recurrent relationship to mealsrelationship to posture
PneumoniaFever XR findings bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 Urinalysis (to exclude obvious urinary
causes) 1048713 Pregnancy test 1048713 Ultrasound 1048713 Complete blood count
Differential Diagnosis RLQ Pain
ConditioncluesAcute appendicitisShift of pain anorexia localized
tenderness
Mesenteric adenitisFever inconstant signs
Right renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsed right testisTender swollen testis usually young age
Crohnrsquos diseaseRecurrent several days history
Gynecologic causeshellipsee next
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 19: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
History
Females Last menstrual period Abnormal bleeding
In females abdominal pain = Gyn problem until proven otherwise
Physical Exam
General Appearance Lies perfectly still inflammation
peritonitis Restless writhing obstruction
Abdominal distension Ecchymosis around umbilicus flanks
Physical Exam
Vital signs Tachycardia Early shock (more
important than BP) Rapid shallow breathing peritonitis
Physical Examination The Quadrants
Special physical signs
Murphyrsquos sign Boasrsquos sign Grey turnerrsquos and Cullens sign Rovsingrsquos sign
Diagnosis Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 X-Ray Upright chest Upright and supine abdominal 1048713 Complete Blood count 1048713 Urinalysis 1048713 Amylase Creatinine BUN
Electrolytes
Differential Diagnosis RUQ PainConditionclues
Biliary colic acutecholecystitis
Recurrent attacks tender over gall bladderarea
Acute hepatitisAlcohol history jaundice medications
Right pyelonephritisDysuria fever costovertebral angletenderness
Congestive heart failureEdema dyspnea elevated JVP
Retrocecal appendicitisShift of pain tenderness
Right lower lobe pneumonia
Fever tachypnea bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) and Epigastric Pain
Investigations 1048713 Upright chest XR 1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR 1048713 CBC 1048713 Amylase and lipase (if available
Differential Diagnosis LUQ and Epigastric Pain
ConditioncluesSplenic ruptureHistory of trauma or splenic disease
Fractured ribsHistory of trauma gross deformity extremetenderness on palpation
PancreatitisHistory of alcohol consumption history ofsimilar event elevated labs
Gastritis Peptic ulcerdisease
Recurrent relationship to mealsrelationship to posture
PneumoniaFever XR findings bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 Urinalysis (to exclude obvious urinary
causes) 1048713 Pregnancy test 1048713 Ultrasound 1048713 Complete blood count
Differential Diagnosis RLQ Pain
ConditioncluesAcute appendicitisShift of pain anorexia localized
tenderness
Mesenteric adenitisFever inconstant signs
Right renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsed right testisTender swollen testis usually young age
Crohnrsquos diseaseRecurrent several days history
Gynecologic causeshellipsee next
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 20: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Physical Exam
General Appearance Lies perfectly still inflammation
peritonitis Restless writhing obstruction
Abdominal distension Ecchymosis around umbilicus flanks
Physical Exam
Vital signs Tachycardia Early shock (more
important than BP) Rapid shallow breathing peritonitis
Physical Examination The Quadrants
Special physical signs
Murphyrsquos sign Boasrsquos sign Grey turnerrsquos and Cullens sign Rovsingrsquos sign
Diagnosis Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 X-Ray Upright chest Upright and supine abdominal 1048713 Complete Blood count 1048713 Urinalysis 1048713 Amylase Creatinine BUN
Electrolytes
Differential Diagnosis RUQ PainConditionclues
Biliary colic acutecholecystitis
Recurrent attacks tender over gall bladderarea
Acute hepatitisAlcohol history jaundice medications
Right pyelonephritisDysuria fever costovertebral angletenderness
Congestive heart failureEdema dyspnea elevated JVP
Retrocecal appendicitisShift of pain tenderness
Right lower lobe pneumonia
Fever tachypnea bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) and Epigastric Pain
Investigations 1048713 Upright chest XR 1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR 1048713 CBC 1048713 Amylase and lipase (if available
Differential Diagnosis LUQ and Epigastric Pain
ConditioncluesSplenic ruptureHistory of trauma or splenic disease
Fractured ribsHistory of trauma gross deformity extremetenderness on palpation
PancreatitisHistory of alcohol consumption history ofsimilar event elevated labs
Gastritis Peptic ulcerdisease
Recurrent relationship to mealsrelationship to posture
PneumoniaFever XR findings bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 Urinalysis (to exclude obvious urinary
causes) 1048713 Pregnancy test 1048713 Ultrasound 1048713 Complete blood count
Differential Diagnosis RLQ Pain
ConditioncluesAcute appendicitisShift of pain anorexia localized
tenderness
Mesenteric adenitisFever inconstant signs
Right renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsed right testisTender swollen testis usually young age
Crohnrsquos diseaseRecurrent several days history
Gynecologic causeshellipsee next
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 21: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Physical Exam
Vital signs Tachycardia Early shock (more
important than BP) Rapid shallow breathing peritonitis
Physical Examination The Quadrants
Special physical signs
Murphyrsquos sign Boasrsquos sign Grey turnerrsquos and Cullens sign Rovsingrsquos sign
Diagnosis Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 X-Ray Upright chest Upright and supine abdominal 1048713 Complete Blood count 1048713 Urinalysis 1048713 Amylase Creatinine BUN
Electrolytes
Differential Diagnosis RUQ PainConditionclues
Biliary colic acutecholecystitis
Recurrent attacks tender over gall bladderarea
Acute hepatitisAlcohol history jaundice medications
Right pyelonephritisDysuria fever costovertebral angletenderness
Congestive heart failureEdema dyspnea elevated JVP
Retrocecal appendicitisShift of pain tenderness
Right lower lobe pneumonia
Fever tachypnea bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) and Epigastric Pain
Investigations 1048713 Upright chest XR 1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR 1048713 CBC 1048713 Amylase and lipase (if available
Differential Diagnosis LUQ and Epigastric Pain
ConditioncluesSplenic ruptureHistory of trauma or splenic disease
Fractured ribsHistory of trauma gross deformity extremetenderness on palpation
PancreatitisHistory of alcohol consumption history ofsimilar event elevated labs
Gastritis Peptic ulcerdisease
Recurrent relationship to mealsrelationship to posture
PneumoniaFever XR findings bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 Urinalysis (to exclude obvious urinary
causes) 1048713 Pregnancy test 1048713 Ultrasound 1048713 Complete blood count
Differential Diagnosis RLQ Pain
ConditioncluesAcute appendicitisShift of pain anorexia localized
tenderness
Mesenteric adenitisFever inconstant signs
Right renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsed right testisTender swollen testis usually young age
Crohnrsquos diseaseRecurrent several days history
Gynecologic causeshellipsee next
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 22: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Physical Examination The Quadrants
Special physical signs
Murphyrsquos sign Boasrsquos sign Grey turnerrsquos and Cullens sign Rovsingrsquos sign
Diagnosis Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 X-Ray Upright chest Upright and supine abdominal 1048713 Complete Blood count 1048713 Urinalysis 1048713 Amylase Creatinine BUN
Electrolytes
Differential Diagnosis RUQ PainConditionclues
Biliary colic acutecholecystitis
Recurrent attacks tender over gall bladderarea
Acute hepatitisAlcohol history jaundice medications
Right pyelonephritisDysuria fever costovertebral angletenderness
Congestive heart failureEdema dyspnea elevated JVP
Retrocecal appendicitisShift of pain tenderness
Right lower lobe pneumonia
Fever tachypnea bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) and Epigastric Pain
Investigations 1048713 Upright chest XR 1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR 1048713 CBC 1048713 Amylase and lipase (if available
Differential Diagnosis LUQ and Epigastric Pain
ConditioncluesSplenic ruptureHistory of trauma or splenic disease
Fractured ribsHistory of trauma gross deformity extremetenderness on palpation
PancreatitisHistory of alcohol consumption history ofsimilar event elevated labs
Gastritis Peptic ulcerdisease
Recurrent relationship to mealsrelationship to posture
PneumoniaFever XR findings bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 Urinalysis (to exclude obvious urinary
causes) 1048713 Pregnancy test 1048713 Ultrasound 1048713 Complete blood count
Differential Diagnosis RLQ Pain
ConditioncluesAcute appendicitisShift of pain anorexia localized
tenderness
Mesenteric adenitisFever inconstant signs
Right renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsed right testisTender swollen testis usually young age
Crohnrsquos diseaseRecurrent several days history
Gynecologic causeshellipsee next
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 23: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Special physical signs
Murphyrsquos sign Boasrsquos sign Grey turnerrsquos and Cullens sign Rovsingrsquos sign
Diagnosis Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 X-Ray Upright chest Upright and supine abdominal 1048713 Complete Blood count 1048713 Urinalysis 1048713 Amylase Creatinine BUN
Electrolytes
Differential Diagnosis RUQ PainConditionclues
Biliary colic acutecholecystitis
Recurrent attacks tender over gall bladderarea
Acute hepatitisAlcohol history jaundice medications
Right pyelonephritisDysuria fever costovertebral angletenderness
Congestive heart failureEdema dyspnea elevated JVP
Retrocecal appendicitisShift of pain tenderness
Right lower lobe pneumonia
Fever tachypnea bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) and Epigastric Pain
Investigations 1048713 Upright chest XR 1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR 1048713 CBC 1048713 Amylase and lipase (if available
Differential Diagnosis LUQ and Epigastric Pain
ConditioncluesSplenic ruptureHistory of trauma or splenic disease
Fractured ribsHistory of trauma gross deformity extremetenderness on palpation
PancreatitisHistory of alcohol consumption history ofsimilar event elevated labs
Gastritis Peptic ulcerdisease
Recurrent relationship to mealsrelationship to posture
PneumoniaFever XR findings bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 Urinalysis (to exclude obvious urinary
causes) 1048713 Pregnancy test 1048713 Ultrasound 1048713 Complete blood count
Differential Diagnosis RLQ Pain
ConditioncluesAcute appendicitisShift of pain anorexia localized
tenderness
Mesenteric adenitisFever inconstant signs
Right renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsed right testisTender swollen testis usually young age
Crohnrsquos diseaseRecurrent several days history
Gynecologic causeshellipsee next
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 24: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Diagnosis Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 X-Ray Upright chest Upright and supine abdominal 1048713 Complete Blood count 1048713 Urinalysis 1048713 Amylase Creatinine BUN
Electrolytes
Differential Diagnosis RUQ PainConditionclues
Biliary colic acutecholecystitis
Recurrent attacks tender over gall bladderarea
Acute hepatitisAlcohol history jaundice medications
Right pyelonephritisDysuria fever costovertebral angletenderness
Congestive heart failureEdema dyspnea elevated JVP
Retrocecal appendicitisShift of pain tenderness
Right lower lobe pneumonia
Fever tachypnea bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) and Epigastric Pain
Investigations 1048713 Upright chest XR 1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR 1048713 CBC 1048713 Amylase and lipase (if available
Differential Diagnosis LUQ and Epigastric Pain
ConditioncluesSplenic ruptureHistory of trauma or splenic disease
Fractured ribsHistory of trauma gross deformity extremetenderness on palpation
PancreatitisHistory of alcohol consumption history ofsimilar event elevated labs
Gastritis Peptic ulcerdisease
Recurrent relationship to mealsrelationship to posture
PneumoniaFever XR findings bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 Urinalysis (to exclude obvious urinary
causes) 1048713 Pregnancy test 1048713 Ultrasound 1048713 Complete blood count
Differential Diagnosis RLQ Pain
ConditioncluesAcute appendicitisShift of pain anorexia localized
tenderness
Mesenteric adenitisFever inconstant signs
Right renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsed right testisTender swollen testis usually young age
Crohnrsquos diseaseRecurrent several days history
Gynecologic causeshellipsee next
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 25: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Differential Diagnosis RUQ PainConditionclues
Biliary colic acutecholecystitis
Recurrent attacks tender over gall bladderarea
Acute hepatitisAlcohol history jaundice medications
Right pyelonephritisDysuria fever costovertebral angletenderness
Congestive heart failureEdema dyspnea elevated JVP
Retrocecal appendicitisShift of pain tenderness
Right lower lobe pneumonia
Fever tachypnea bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) and Epigastric Pain
Investigations 1048713 Upright chest XR 1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR 1048713 CBC 1048713 Amylase and lipase (if available
Differential Diagnosis LUQ and Epigastric Pain
ConditioncluesSplenic ruptureHistory of trauma or splenic disease
Fractured ribsHistory of trauma gross deformity extremetenderness on palpation
PancreatitisHistory of alcohol consumption history ofsimilar event elevated labs
Gastritis Peptic ulcerdisease
Recurrent relationship to mealsrelationship to posture
PneumoniaFever XR findings bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 Urinalysis (to exclude obvious urinary
causes) 1048713 Pregnancy test 1048713 Ultrasound 1048713 Complete blood count
Differential Diagnosis RLQ Pain
ConditioncluesAcute appendicitisShift of pain anorexia localized
tenderness
Mesenteric adenitisFever inconstant signs
Right renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsed right testisTender swollen testis usually young age
Crohnrsquos diseaseRecurrent several days history
Gynecologic causeshellipsee next
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 26: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Diagnosis Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) and Epigastric Pain
Investigations 1048713 Upright chest XR 1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR 1048713 CBC 1048713 Amylase and lipase (if available
Differential Diagnosis LUQ and Epigastric Pain
ConditioncluesSplenic ruptureHistory of trauma or splenic disease
Fractured ribsHistory of trauma gross deformity extremetenderness on palpation
PancreatitisHistory of alcohol consumption history ofsimilar event elevated labs
Gastritis Peptic ulcerdisease
Recurrent relationship to mealsrelationship to posture
PneumoniaFever XR findings bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 Urinalysis (to exclude obvious urinary
causes) 1048713 Pregnancy test 1048713 Ultrasound 1048713 Complete blood count
Differential Diagnosis RLQ Pain
ConditioncluesAcute appendicitisShift of pain anorexia localized
tenderness
Mesenteric adenitisFever inconstant signs
Right renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsed right testisTender swollen testis usually young age
Crohnrsquos diseaseRecurrent several days history
Gynecologic causeshellipsee next
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 27: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Differential Diagnosis LUQ and Epigastric Pain
ConditioncluesSplenic ruptureHistory of trauma or splenic disease
Fractured ribsHistory of trauma gross deformity extremetenderness on palpation
PancreatitisHistory of alcohol consumption history ofsimilar event elevated labs
Gastritis Peptic ulcerdisease
Recurrent relationship to mealsrelationship to posture
PneumoniaFever XR findings bronchial breathing
Diagnosis Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 Urinalysis (to exclude obvious urinary
causes) 1048713 Pregnancy test 1048713 Ultrasound 1048713 Complete blood count
Differential Diagnosis RLQ Pain
ConditioncluesAcute appendicitisShift of pain anorexia localized
tenderness
Mesenteric adenitisFever inconstant signs
Right renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsed right testisTender swollen testis usually young age
Crohnrsquos diseaseRecurrent several days history
Gynecologic causeshellipsee next
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 28: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Diagnosis Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Pain
Investigations 1048713 Urinalysis (to exclude obvious urinary
causes) 1048713 Pregnancy test 1048713 Ultrasound 1048713 Complete blood count
Differential Diagnosis RLQ Pain
ConditioncluesAcute appendicitisShift of pain anorexia localized
tenderness
Mesenteric adenitisFever inconstant signs
Right renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsed right testisTender swollen testis usually young age
Crohnrsquos diseaseRecurrent several days history
Gynecologic causeshellipsee next
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 29: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Differential Diagnosis RLQ Pain
ConditioncluesAcute appendicitisShift of pain anorexia localized
tenderness
Mesenteric adenitisFever inconstant signs
Right renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsed right testisTender swollen testis usually young age
Crohnrsquos diseaseRecurrent several days history
Gynecologic causeshellipsee next
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 30: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Gynecologic Causes of RLQ Pain
CONDITIONCLUES
Ruptured follicleFever cervical excitation discharge
Torsion of ovaryMidcycle sudden onset
Ruptured ectopicpregnancy
Severe pain vomiting
Pelvic inflammatorydisease
Sudden onset amenorrhea shock
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 31: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Diagnosis Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Pain
1048713 Pregnancy test1048713 Urinalysis to exclude unsuspected
urinary source1048713 Ultrasound1048713 Complete blood count1048713 Upright and supine abdominal XR1048713 CT scan if diverticular disease is
suspected
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 32: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Differential Diagnosis LLQ PainCONDITIONCLUES
Diverticular diseaseElderly patient recurrent
Acute urinary retention
Palpable bladder difficulty passing urine
Urinary tract infectionDysuria frequency
Inflammatory bowel disease
Recurrent attacks diarrhea (+- mucus blood)
Large bowel obstruction
Colicky pain constipation
Left renal colicColicky pain hematuria
Torsion of testisTender swollen testis young age
Gynecologic causes as for RLQ pain
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis
![Page 33: clinical course" Acute abdomen "](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081413/546671e0b4af9f5d3f8b53df/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Immediate Treatment of the Acute Abdomen1-Start large bore IV with either saline or lactated Ringerrsquossolution2-IV pain medication3-Nasogastric tube if vomiting or concerned about obstruction4-Foley catheter to follow hydration status and to obtainurinalysis5-Antibiotic administration if suspicious of inflammation orperforation6-Definitive therapy or procedure will vary with diagnosis
Remember to reassess patient on a regular basis