Clinical Aromatherapy Learner Guide Part 2 · 2018-02-05 · Clinical Aromatherapy Learning Guide...

Clinical Aromatherapy

Learner Guide Part 2

Massage Schools of Queensland Clinical Aromatherapy Learning Guide Pt 2

V 1.0 June 2016 2

Contents

Methods of Delivery and Assessment ................................................................................................ 3

SECTION 1 – HLTARO001 Develop Aromatherapy Practice ..............................................................................4

SECTION 2 – HLTARO002 Source and prepare aromatherapy products .......................................................... 20

SECTION 3 - HLTARO003 - Perform aromatherapy health assessments .......................................................... 39

SECTION 4 - HLTARO007 - Monitor and evaluate aromatherapy treatments .................................................. 40


V 1.0 June 2016 3

Methods of Delivery and Assessment

This subject has been developed as a self-study unit with some classroom work. You will be given a

workbook and an assignment to be done at the end of your study and will also be assessed in the student

clinic.

This learner guide is to be read in addition to the prescribed text for the following units of study.

HLTARO004 - Provide therapeutic aromatherapy treatments

HLTARO005 - Provide aromatherapy massage treatments

HLTARO006 - Adapt aromatherapy treatments to specific needs

HLTARO007 - Monitor and evaluate aromatherapy treatments

Your Trainer/Assessor will advise you of the recommended readings for these units of study.

Prescribed Text

CLINICAL AROMATHERAPY Essential Oils in Healthcare. Third Edition, Jane Buckle, PhD, RN London, UK.

Churchill Livingstone. ISBN: 978-0-7020-5440-2


V 1.0 June 2016 4

Section 1 HLTARO004 Provide therapeutic aromatherapy treatments

Aromatherapy treatment techniques

Compresses

This very basic form of treatment entails the folding of a piece of material, bandage or small towel,

into a pad wetting it and applying it to the areas to be treated. Two types of compresses can be used -

that being cold or hot, and each of them has a specific place in the treatment of muscular pain,

sprains, increasing circulation as well as reducing pain and congestion of the internal organs, and

relieve lymphatic and fluid congestion.

Hot compresses are used to treat old injuries, muscle pain, rheumatic pain, menstrual cramps, boils,

and toothache.

Making a hot compress

To make a hot compress, take about a pint of hot water, as warm as you can comfortably stand it, and

add about 4 drops of your selected essential oil to it. Then place your folded piece of material,

bandage or small towel, on top of the water and let it soak it up. Next wring out the excess water and

place it over the area to be treated.

Cover the warm compress with either cling wrap or a plastic bag, and another towel on top to keep it

in place. You may bandage the compress lightly if applied to an awkward place where it keeps slipping

of.

Leave on, and replace with a new compress as soon as it has cooled to body temperature.

Cold Compresses hot cold treating muscular pain sprains reducing pain congestion relieve lymphatic

congestion menstrual cramps boils toothache.

Cold compresses are used for recent sprains, bruising, swelling and inflammation, fever and

headaches. It can also be used as a pep-up when feeling tired.

Making a cold compress

A cold compress is made exactly the same as the hot compress, but ice or refrigerated water is used

instead of the hot water, and the compress is replaced when it has heated up to body temperature.

Essential oils and compresses

To select your essential oil for use with the compresses, have a look at the therapeutic properties of

the essential oils, and then also view the individual essential oil profiles.

Please note that all serious illnesses must be referred to the client’s medical practitioner.

Poultices


V 1.0 June 2016 5

Poultices and compresses can heal and soothe skin injuries and they do not take a lot of preparation time. Herbal oils, salves and ointments can do the same thing but they take more time to prepare, but you can be a little more creative with them. A poultice is basically just chopped up herb leaves applied to an injury. If you are out on a hike and hurt yourself and there is the herb you need you can just crush it and put against the injury. Therapists can use fresh, dried, or powdered herbs. The amount you make would depend on the type and size of the injury. First you need to decide which herb you need for the injury Basic method 1: Put the herbs in a blender or food process Add a little water as you mix to make a sticky paste. Method 2: For a warm poultice or if using dried or powdered herbs Put the herbs in a small saucepan Barely cover them with water Simmer for a couple minutes Allow to cool slightly for a warm one (so you don’t burn yourself) or cool completely if you want a cool one. Method 3: For plants with large, tough leaves (like comfrey) Boil some water in a saucepan Using tongs hold the leaves and dip them in the water to soften them Chop up and make the paste Poultices have to be used immediately they do not store. Using It: Just apply the paste to the injury (insect bites, stings, bruises, swelling, cuts, scrapes) Wrap the area with gauze to hold it in place Poultices should be changed every couple hours. Generally you will use warm ones for muscles sprains and cold ones for bruises, cuts, scrapes. It will depend on the situation and the injury.

Compresses Compresses are very similar to poultices except you are using a liquid solution instead of a paste. They are usually used hot but can be used cold depending on the condition. You would probably use a cool one for a headache as it would help you feel better. Basic Preparation of a Compress Decide which herbal infusion, decoction, diluted tincture or essential oil (a few drops added to water) you want to use for the ailment and if you want it cold or hot Pour the liquid into a bowl and soak a clean cloth (like a wash rag or piece of t-shirt) in it Wring out the cloth and fold a few time Lay the damp cloth on the injured or problem area


V 1.0 June 2016 6

Replish the cloth when a hot one is cool or cool one is hot and reapply if desired Compresses are useful for skin irritations like rashes, burning and tired eyes, cuts and scrapes, and sore joints and muscles.

Mists/spritzes

The core of these air-fresheners are essential oils. Not only will a room be fragranced by pure natural oils

extracted from botanical material, but you will also benefit from the therapeutic effects intrinsic to the

oils.

To use essential oils as an air freshener simply do the following Air freshening with essential oils

Take a clean plastic spray bottle (used for spraying plants) and half fill it with clean water. You may wish

to use filtered or bottled water, to ensure that no contaminants are in the water.

Add 8 - 10 drops of a refreshing and uplifting essential oil to the water and shake well.

Store the bottle in a dark cool area.

Dermal applications

There are some specific cases where essential oils may be used directly on the skin. When a very small

area of the skin is to be treated, the direct method can be applied. Add 1 drop of pure essential oil to the

tip of a cotton bud. Apply directly to the small affected area. Choose 1 oil only.

Essential oils are comprised of the naturally occurring chemical constituents found in the botanical that

they are distilled from. The classification of esters, for example, found in Lavender and Roman Chamomile

essential oils are both naturally sedating/relaxing and anti-inflammatory. Sidenote: Essential oils are not

oily feeling, are highly aromatic and are much different than vegetable (carrier) oils. Combining well-

chosen essential oils (such as the example of Lavender or Roman Chamomile given above) with a carrier

oil can promote relaxation, reduce stress and/or help to improve circulation and reduce swelling and pain.

Some massage oils contain synthetic mineral oil that can potentially impair the skin's ability to breath.

Instead, select a natural vegetable oil as the massage oil base and as the "carrier oil" for essential oils.

Natural vegetable oils can help to lubricate, moisturize and nourish the skin with EFAs and other

important fatty acids, anti-oxidants and other important nutritives (while fatty acids must be limited in

the diet, they are important and nourishing for the skin).

Vapourisation/inhalation

The most common way of vaporizing a room is to add the essential oils to a vaporizer which comes made

in different materials - from ceramic, terra- cotta, metal and glass etc - all with two separate containers -

the top one for water and essential oils (or crystals and essential oils) and the bottom one housing a night

candle to provide the gentle heat.


V 1.0 June 2016 7

Vapor therapy can also be as simple as dropping some essential oil onto a tissue or handkerchief and

smelling it at interval.

When buying a vaporizer opt for one with a large top reservoir. The general rule is about 6 - 8 drops of

essential oil to the water in the top reservoir, but that will also depend on the size of the room.

As soon as the candle starts to heat up the water above it, the essential oil in the water will start to

evaporate and the aroma will dissipate.

Use this type of vaporizer with care when around children or elderly people, since the candle is an open

flame, and the water can be quite hot.

An alternative to the candle type of diffuser is to use an electric or ultrasound diffuser.

Light-bulb rings are also useful, and are available in ceramic as well as metal. The oils are placed on the

ring, and the ring is then placed on a cold, turned-off light bulb. As soon as the light-bulb is switched on,

the essential oil starts to evaporate and the aroma dissipates.

Another way to vaporize a cupboard, is to place a few drops of essential oil on a small ball of cotton wool,

and then to place the cotton wool ball in a cupboard or drawer - but take care that it does not touch your

clothes, since the oil may stain.

Some people use this method to keep fish moths and other undesirables away from their clothes and to

add a fragrance to their clothes cupboards. An oil often used to combat fish moths is clove oil, and

although strong smelling is a very nice fragrance to have in your cupboards.

Vaporization and fragrance therapy Vaporization of essential oils evaporate in room diffuser

Since essential oils have their own therapeutic benefits, they are used in fragrance therapy, and although

this may be a slightly controversial subject, research has shown some very interesting results of how

essential oils when diffused in the air.

Vaporizing the essential oils forces the molecules to become airborne, where we then can benefit in two

ways - we trigger our limbic system through our smell sensation by means of the olfactory bulb, plus we

can absorb them when we breathe them into our lungs, where they are also absorbed by the body.

Hydrotherapy – foot/hand bath, sitz, bath/spa, shower to prepare for homecare

Baths

Add about 7 drops of essential oils to a bath, but as stated above, if the client has sensitive skin, or has

not tried a particular oil, mix the essential oil to a carrier oil or a small amount of shampoo and then add

it to the bath.

If the client has sensitive skin, do a skin patch test to determine if they are allergic to the oil or not.

Should you prefer not to mix it with a carrier oil, you could mix it with a small amount of shampoo and

then add the shampoo mixture to the bath.


V 1.0 June 2016 8

For children between the ages of 4 and 12, as well as for elderly people, only add 4 drops of oil per bath.

For children between 1 and 4, as well as for pregnant women, add only 2 drops of oil per bath.

Children under 1 year should have no more than 1 drop of oil per bath

Foot/Hand Baths

Preparing a foot or hand bath

They are normally prepared with warm water in a bowl large enough for the feet or hands, with a little

space free to allow for the water to rise when they are immersed.

After preparing the bath, mix five drops of the chosen essential oil with one dessertspoon of apple cider

vinegar and add it to the bath. We find the apple cider vinegar a great way to help disperse the oil, and

it also has its own therapeutic properties.

Should you prefer not to use the apple cider vinegar, you could mix the essential oil with some powered

milk, and forming it into a paste before mixing with the water, as it also helps to disperse the oil.

However, the apple cider vinegar nor the powered milk is required, and the essential oil can be used

directly into the bath.

Benefits of a footbath

Footbaths are for helping to relieve rheumatic pains and aches, excessive perspiration, revive tired and

burning feet (and a tired body) and a great way to pamper hard-working, and often forgotten feet.

Benefits of a hand bath

Although footbaths are far more general than a hand bath, they also offer a wide variety of benefits to

hands. They will also help with rheumatism or arthritic pain, ease cramps and are also a good way to

give hands some extra attention.

After the foot or hand bath

After soaking for about 10 - 15 minutes dry thoroughly and apply a good moisturizing cream, or a little

vegetable oil, such as jojoba oil.

Sitz

Sitz bath and essential oils

Sitz baths are used to specially help treat problems in the pelvic and genital areas. A sitz bath, or hip

bath is normally undertaken in a custom built bath, but can also be taken in a normal bathtub.


V 1.0 June 2016 9

The addition of suitable essential oils can further enhance the experience of a sitz bath, but be sure to

mix the oil well into the water before immersion, to prevent the oil form irritating mucous membranes.

Tea Tree Oil is a popular oil to add to a sitz bath since it has some great properties, but any oil can be

added to assist with the particular problem to be treated.

When taking a sitz bath, the lower abdominal and genital area is submerged, but the upper part of the

body and the legs raised out of the water.

This particular type of bath is used to help increase blood flow to the pelvic area.

Hot sitz baths

A hot sitz bath is taken in warm water of 95 - 105º F / 35 - 41º C, with the water level not higher than

your navel.

Beneficial for:

hemorrhoids (haemorrhoids, piles) muscular problems painful testicles painful ovaries uterine cramps prostate problems

Cold sitz bath

In a cold sitz bath, water of only a few inches deep is used and should not be colder than 68º F / 20º C.

Beneficial for:

constipation impotence inflammation vaginal discharge

Hot and cold sitz bath

Alternate hot/cold sitz baths can be taken where the persons stays in the hot bath for 3 - 4 minutes and

then have a cold sitz bath. When finishing a cold / hot sitz bath, finish off with the pelvic area in the cold

bath.

Beneficial for:

abdominal disorders congestion headaches


V 1.0 June 2016 10

neuralgia swollen ankles

A sitz bath is normally taken for about 20 - 30 minutes, and water is normally added to maintain the

temperature.

Some people prefer to take cold sitz baths using ice water, but the length of such a cold sitz bath in ice

water must not be done for longer than 60 seconds (1 minute).

Shower before homecare

Essential oils can be just as useful and effective when used in the shower. It is easy to create an aromatherapy experience and an experience that is soothing to skin even without the bathtub. Capture or carry the essential oils in the shower. A wash cloth, cotton balls or cotton face pads make great “carriers” for essential oils in the shower. Drop the essential oils onto the pad or cloth and place it on the shower floor. Make sure to place it in an area where the water can reach, but don’t let the water directly hit it or the oils can volatize too quickly. Add 10-12 drops for full effect. Choose the right oils for the desired benefit. Suggest using relaxing oils or stimulant oils before bedtime. Follow the shower with an application of a skin care oil to maximize the moisture benefits. Upon leaving the shower, apply an oil like grapeseed, sweet almond or apricot kernel to damp skin.

Frictions

Aromatherapy massage uses mostly relaxing, stroking movements, known as effleurage, along with

some kneading and some frictions. Many therapists will also include finger pressures into the treatment

at various acupressure points.

Friction massage “scrubs” the fibres of the tendon, theoretically aiding recovery, The mechanism is mild

stimulation of natural tissue repair mechanisms.

Responding to potential reactions during treatment

CAUTIONS WHEN USING ESSENTIAL OILS

Essential oils are powerful, and should be used with care. When using essential oils follow the

guidelines below:

Aromatherapy can be very helpful during pregnancy and labour, however great care and detailed knowledge of essential oils is imperative. Many oils are contra-indicated in pregnancy as they are emmenagogues (promotes and regulates menstrual flow).

Some oils are stimulants, which may affect people suffering from epilepsy. Seek medical advice before using essential oils.

For small children use in extra-diluted quantities. Essential oils should not be used on infants under 18 months of age.

Keep bottles out of reach of children. Unless specifically indicated, do not apply neat oils direct on the skin, as they can cause irritation.

(Only Lavender and Tea-Tree for spot applications) For the same reason, it is advisable to give a patch test on a small area of skin, when using a new

blend, if your client is at all sensitive. Keep oils away from the eyes and lips, and do not rub your eyes after handling them.


V 1.0 June 2016 11

Essential oils are highly flammable, so do not put them on or near a naked flame. Some essential oils are solvents and may damage certain plastics and polished wood surfaces. Never take the oils by mouth. If you are taking homeopathic remedies, check with your practitioner before using essential

oils, as it is believed that strong aromas can cancel the effects of homeopathic medicine. If in any doubt at all consult a qualified Aromatherapist.

Children:

Never use undiluted essential oils on a baby or child (with the exception of lavender on minor burns or injuries).

Always dilute essential oils before adding them to a bath. Remember contra-indications!!

Pregnancy

In early pregnancy it is best to avoid the use of Aromatherapy

oils as many oils have emmenagogic properties (induce

menstruation) and other oils are abortofacient (can bring on an abortion).

OILS NOT TO BE USED IN PREGNANCY

Following is a list of oils not to be used during pregnancy. These oils are the oils

that the International Federation of Aromatherapists (IFA) advises not to use. As

you look through different text books on Aromatherapy, you will note that

different notable authors have varying information on oils not to be used in

pregnancy. Micheline Arcier, a world renowned Aromatherapists believes that

the only two oils entirely safe to use during pregnancy are tangerine and

mandarin. Some oils are emmenagogues, others are abortofacient and others are

potentially toxic and not to be used in Aromatherapy practice therefore

unsuitable for pregnancy.

ANISEED BASIL BAYLEAF

CAMPHOR (WHITE) CEDARWOOD CHAMOMILE

CLARYSAGE CYPRESS FENNELL

HYSSOP JASMINE JUNIPER

MAJORAM (SWEET) MYRRH ORIGANUM

ROSEMARY SAGE SAVORY

THYME THYME (WILD) PENNYROYAL


V 1.0 June 2016 12

PEPPERMINT ROSE (DURING THE FIRST 4-5 MONTHS)

And any other oil advised to be toxic.

POTENTIALLY TOXIC OILS

The following oils are not to be used in Aromatherapy because of their potentially toxic nature and strong

emmenagogic (ability to induce menstruation) action. Therefore they are all unsuitable for use on

pregnant women.

BITTER ALMOND BOLDO LEAF BUCHU

CAMPHOR (EXCEPT WHITE) CALAMUS HORSERADISH

MUGWORT MUSTARD RUE

SAVIN SAVOURY SOUTHERNWOOD

TANSY THUJA WINTERGREEN

WORMSEED WORMWOOD

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

The following oils are hypertensive’s and are not to be used for anybody suffering from high blood

pressure.

HYSSOP ROSEMARY

SAGE THYME

EPILEPSY

The following oils should not be used on anybody suffering epilepsy, as they may trigger an attack

FENNEL (SWEET) HYSSOP ROSEMARY SAGE

OILS NOT TO BE USED ON THE SKIN

AJOWAN CINNAMON CLOVE

COSTUS ELECAMPANE FENNEL (BITTER)

ORIGANUM PINE (DWARF) PIMENTO LEAF

SKIN IRRITANTS


V 1.0 June 2016 13

These oils may irritate the skin when used in baths or massage. Use small amounts only (3-4 drops) and

dilute in a carrier before adding to the water. Do not use for anybody who is known to have sensitive skin

or who is susceptible to allergic reactions. If sensitivity is found with any essential oil cease use

immediately and do not use for a few months. After a period of time “patch test” and if no sensitivity is

observed use in low dilution.BASIL

FENNEL (SWEET)

FIR NEEDLE

LEMON LEMONGRASS

LEMON VERBENA

MELISSA

ORANGE (BITTER & SWEET)

PEPPERMINT

THYME (RED)

PHOTOSENSITIZATION

The following oils can cause skin photosensitization to ultraviolet rays from the sun and other sources.

Avoid exposure to ultraviolet rays for a minimum of four (4) hours following treatment.

ANGELICA

BERGAMONT

LEMON

LIME

ORANGE

Essential oil components when used topically may bind with proteins in the skin, which creates the sensitising response of allergic contact dermatitis. Skin permeability may be increased by:

Alteration of the stratum corneum due to cuts, abrasions or thinning of this layer. Hydrating the skin through bath, sweating, being in a highly humid environment, such as a steam

room or steam cabinet. Using an aromatherapy massage oil after a hot bath or shower may increase the absorption of essential oils because of stimulated blood flow to the dermis.

Using a carrier oil that is more easily absorbed (such as fractionated coconut) as opposed to thicker oils, like olive, that will be absorbed more slowly. Oils rich in polyunsaturated fats are absorbed more easily and certain fatty acids found in cold-pressed vegetable oils also enhance penetration.

The use of soap or other surfactants increases permeability. Combine that with the hot shower or bath and an aromatherapy shampoo/shower gel would get a high topical rating.


V 1.0 June 2016 14

Covering the skin to inhibit evaporation and raise the temperature of the skin (via massage linens, clothing, wraps, masks and other products), which also increases hydration of the skin, circulation to the skin which assists permeability.

Research about skin absorption rates have not resulted in a clinically proven pathway to date. In addition, none of these studies or speculations takes into account the vibratory action of the essence when it touches the body. These effects can be experienced, even if not successfully measured.

Inhalation of essential oils is achieved through diffusion via machine or air sprays in the office or treatment room. It is also the most direct pathway of the aromatic blend or essence used during the massage. The therapist and other clients or office staff will also receive essences diffused into common areas via inhalation. Because of this, it's good to note that regarding true essential oils (versus synthetic fragrance), once the brain recognizes and transmits the information of the essential oil molecule, the sense of smell is satisfied and the fragrance may stop being detected -- unless we leave the room and re-enter, causing this to become "new information" for the olfactory nerve to deliver. However, the molecules remain active and in the air for hours.

Unless an air purifier is used between clients, the treatment room can become a muddled mixture of blends. This will tamper with the purity of the specific aromatic treatment. For example, if the goal is to relax a client, but stimulating essences are still in the room, the relaxing effect will be lessened ... and vice versa. The build-up can also become overpowering for the therapist. For these reasons, using an air purifier to clear the aromatic molecules in the room while the sheets are being changed is a very good idea. And because the constant diffusion of essential oils will also build up in the waiting room, a time release diffuser is preferable. It is best to use essences that are neither too sedative nor stimulating, such as those from citrus and wood, for common areas. For greatest purity of experience, use no fragrance at all in the rest of the office or in the treatment room.

Risks to friction massage

If you ignore excessive pain, you might accidentally attempt to friction massage something that isn’t tendonitis, and perhaps something that’s more vulnerable than tendonitis. For instance, if you try to friction massage a bursitis, you are probably going to really regret it for a few hours! However, pain is an excellent guide. As long as you don’t persist when friction massage is too painful or showing no signs of working, you’re extremely unlikely to cause any harm.

Contra indications to aromatherapy massage

1. CANCER – you must ask the client to get their doctor's permission (preferably written)

2. Serious heart condition (e.g. history of stroke, by-pass), check for doctor’s consent. Consider

shorter duration massage and perhaps only arms, hands legs and feet.

3. Recent Serious Operation – Not recommended inside 3 months after the operation, assessment

may vary depending on type of operation, e.g. minor/major.

4. Near open wounds broken skin, boils, cuts, etc.

5. Fever or high temperature due to bacterial or viral infection e.g. pneumonia or flu.

6. Nausea


V 1.0 June 2016 15

7. Recent fractures compress could be applied.

8. Inoculation – wait 3 days if no reaction to injection OK to proceed

9. Recent alcohol intake this will heighten the effect of alcohol in the body.

10. Pregnancy – not in first trimester, client MUST give consent, never assume!

11. Serious varicose veins – be very wary of thrombosis.

PROPERTIES of ESSENTIAL OILS:

This list is by no means comprehensive. There are a number of other properties you will encounter as a

therapist. You are expected to learn and know the following:-

Antiseptic Helps control infection

Analgesic Pain relieving, loss of sensation

Antifungal Kills or inhibits fungal growths

Anti-depressant Counteracts depression, uplifting

Antispasmodic Prevents and eases spasms and relieves cramps

Astringent Causing contraction of living tissues (often mucous membranes) reducing

haemorrhages, secretions and diarrhoea

Anti-inflammatory Reduces inflammation generally

Antiviral Inhibits the growth of viruses

Bactericide Destroys bacteria

Calmative Mildly sedative

Carminative Settles digestive system, expels gas from bowels

Cephalic Clears mind, stimulates mental activity, poor memory,

Chologogue Stimulates flow of bile from gall bladder into the duodenum

Cytophylactic Encourages growth of skin cells

Detoxifying Cleanses (blood and lymphatic circulation)

Diuretic Stimulates lymphatic system, increases urine production

Emmenagogue Induces or regulates menstruation

Expectorant Helps with expulsion of phlegm/mucous

Febrifuge Reduces temperature


V 1.0 June 2016 16

Haemostatic Arrests bleeding, haemorrhage.

Hepatic Aids function of the liver.

Hypertensive Raises blood pressure

Hypotensive Reduces and lowers blood pressure

Immunostimulant Strengthens the body’s defence system against infection

Insecticide Repelling insects

Nervine Strengthens the nervous system

Odiferous Have an aroma

Rubifacient Increases blood flow to capillaries, promoting redness and warmth

Sedative Calms the nervous system

Stimulant Increases the physiological functions of the body’s systems

Stomachic Stimulates the secretion activity of the stomach

Tonic Producing or restoring normal vigour or tension (tone)

Volatile Evaporate easily

Vulnerary Helps wounds to heal

Enhancing Emotional Balance as a Practitioner

PSYCHO-AROMATHERAPY

Anger Chamomile, Ylang Ylang, Clary Sage, Orange, Geranium, Grapefruit

Anguish Marjoram, Chamomile, Lavender, Eucalyptus

Anxiety Bergamot, Geranium, Lavender, Marjoram, Chamomile Neroli,

Rose, Rosewood, Vetiver

Apathy Angelica, Basil, Grapefruit, Jasmine, Rosemary, Geranium,

Lemon, Eucalyptus

Confidence (Lack of) Frankincense, Jasmine, Sandalwood, Vetiver, Geranium

Confusion Basil, Peppermint, Rosemary

Depression Atlas Cedarwood, Bergamot, Clary Sage, Frankincense, Orange,

Grapefruit, Geranium

Obsessions Jasmine, Ylang Ylang, Chamomile, Lavender, Geranium


V 1.0 June 2016 17

Emotional Instability Bergamot, Geranium, Lavender, Chamomile

Emotional (General) Angelica, Basil, Frankincense, Geranium, Neroli, Rose, Lavender, chamomile

Emotional Wound Immortelle, Neroli, Rose, Yarrow, Chamomile, Lavender, Geranium,

Orange, Lavender

Fear(s) Cedarwood, Frankincense, Immortelle, Neroli, Lavender,

Chamomile, Geranium

Frigidity Clary Sage, Jasmine, Ylang Ylang, Orange

Frustration Rose, Yarrow, Ylang Ylang, Chamomile, Geranium, Lavender

Grief / Sadness Marjoram, Neroli, Rose, Orange, Geranium

Guilt Rose, Geranium

Impatience Chamomile, Lavender, Neroli, Geranium

Irritability Ylang Ylang, Orange, Geranium

Impotence Atlas Cedarwood, Clary Sage, Jasmine, Vetiver, Ylang Ylang,

Geranium, Orange

Insomnia Bergamot, Chamomile, Clary Sage, Immortelle, Lavender,

Marjoram, Neroli, Rose ABS, Vetiver

Lack of Interest Angelica, Basil, Rosemary, Vetiver, Peppermint

(Fantasy Daydreaming)

Mental Fatigue Angelica, Basil, Rosemary, Peppermint

(Poor Memory)

Mood Swings Bergamot, Geranium, Rosewood, Verbena

Nightmares Bergamot, Frankincense, Lavender

Over Sensitive Chamomile, Rose, Geranium, Lavender

(Hypersensitive)

Panic/Hysteria Lavender, Marjoram, Neroli, Chamomile, Geranium

Powerful Sexual Marjoram, Lavender, Chamomile, Geranium

Impulses


V 1.0 June 2016 18

Resentment Grapefruit, Lemon, Geranium

Restlessness Chamomile, Lavender

Shock Frankincense, Immortelle, Neroli, Lavender, Peppermint

Spaced-Out Sandalwood, Vetiver, Geranium, Peppermint

Stress Bergamot, Lavender, Neroli, Rose, Chamomile, Geranium

Tearfulness Frankincense, Orange, Grapefruit, Geranium

Unclean Feelings Cedarwood, Tea Tree

Types of advice and resources that can be provided to clients for their use outside the clinical

environment

Clients should be advised that:

The client should be able to relax and if it is possible to not drive

Do not take a bath or shower for eight hours

Drink plenty of water or herbal tea

Do not drink alcohol for 24 hours

Do not eat straight away

Do not use a sunbed or go sunbathing for 24 hours

Recommend using essential oils use at home

Advise clients about different method of application available for them

Instruct clients in their use, measure in drops, don’t use undiluted on the skin and do not take

internally.

Provide clients with an after care plan

Documentation requirements for recording treatment details

TAKING A CASE HISTORY

It is important when taking a case history that you get as much information as possible regarding the

present and past state of the client’s health. It is equally as important that you have enquired about

precautions regarding having an Aromatherapy massage. Following is a case study outline that you may

like to incorporate into your own work.

CASE STUDY - GUIDELINE

NAME:

ADDRESS:

TELEPHONE NUMBER: hm: wk.

DATE OF BIRTH:


V 1.0 June 2016 19

OCCUPATION:

MAIN REASON FOR TREATMENT: main condition present, how long they have had it, what causes it, how

often it effects the, what worsens it - stress etc, how severe is it, note all symptoms associated with it.

OTHER CONDITIONS PRESENT: Conditions that are present, although are not the main problems. How

long, how severe, how often etc. Name all conditions and take note of all associated symptoms.

MEDICATION: name of medication, daily dose, what it is used for. Also list

natural therapies taken.

PAST MEDICAL HISTORY: Outline conditions that patient has suffered from

in past.

SERIOUS ILLNESSES AND OPERATIONS: Take note of any serious illness and any operation. Take details on both.

DOCTOR: Who their medical doctor is and how frequently they visit.

OTHER TREATMENTS: Any other treatments that the person is having, to try and alleviate their

problems, and what sort of a response they are having.

ANY OTHER INFORMATION YOU THINK MAY BE RELEVANT: I.e. Diet, exercise, lifestyle, etc

I realize that an Aromatherapist is not a medical doctor and cannot diagnose or treat for any specific

condition.

ALL DETAILS ON THIS RECORD ARE STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL

Treatment Plan


V 1.0 June 2016 20

Choice of Oils:

Blend:

Follow up treatment: Signature of client.

Section 2 HLTARO005 - Provide aromatherapy massage treatments

Aromatherapy and other massage techniques

Massage Tables & Anatomical Charts

To be able to massage properly, you will need to obtain a massage table. A good portable massage table

must be of correct height or at least adjustable, for you to protect your back and to be able to apply the

correct pressure on the client. It must also be stable and sturdy, and one that is light enough to carry is

recommended.

When you set up your practice room, it is a great idea to have anatomical charts on the wall, as you will

always find you will refer to them.

Use of Oils

Oils, creams, talc and liniment may be used for massage to eliminate friction according to personal taste and convenience. Vegetable oils are excellent and most commonly used. Be cautious when using oils extracted from nuts as nut allergies are common, always check with clients regarding allergies. Adding essential oils like lavender to the carrier oil is often used. Use just as much oil that is necessary. For clients with lots of hair, use lots of oil or hair burn and sore hands may occur.

Towels

Towels (or similar) should be used to keep the client covered, with only the area being treated left

exposed. This has both physical and psychological benefits. Towels give the client a feeling of comfort and

security that will further help relaxation, a towel can create a psychological security barrier, putting the

client more at ease, especially the groin and chest areas (in women). The student needs to use common

sense and and practice to develop a good, confident towel procedure.

Massage terminology and movements

Anterior Front of the body

Posterior Back of the body

Superior Toward the head


V 1.0 June 2016 21

Inferior Toward the feet

Lateral A movement away from the therapist (towards the outside/away from the midline)

Medial A movement toward the therapist (towards the centre/midline)

Proximal The clients side closest to the therapist

Distal The clients side away from the therapist

Prone Laying face down

Supine Laying face up

Major Methods of Treatment: (each stroke has a purpose)

Effleurage

Soothing, stroking movements made with the palm of the hand.

Light or heavy but always slow. Stimulates circulation.

Warms muscles.

First and last movements of massage.

Petrissage

Kneading, squeezing and rolling.

Relieves spasm and congestion.

Stimulates lazy wasted muscles.

Increases circulation, removes fatigue products.

Friction

Deep rubbing movements, to muscle and joints areas.

Breaks down deposits and thickenings of tissue around joints, tendons and tendon sheaths.

Assists to remove waste products through lymph system.

Tapotement

Cupping, hacking, pummelling, plucking.

Breaks down congestion in large muscle areas.

Stimulates muscles.


V 1.0 June 2016 22

Increases circulation to muscles.

ALWAYS MAKE CONTACT WITH THE CLIENTS BODY IN A SECURE AND CONFIDENT WAY AND REMAIN

FOCUSED ON THE CLIENT FOR THE ENTIRE SESSION.

EFFLEURAGE

Is a smooth, even, sliding / gliding stroke. Pressure is usually constant throughout the entire length of the

stroke, but maybe increased or decreased on successive strokes.

The most sedating stroke in all of massage, it is usually done parallel to the superficial muscle fibres and /

or toward the heart.

Moderate pressure strokes tend to move venous fluids while light strokes tend to move lymphatic fluids.

Deep strokes are used for affecting muscle tissue.

Longitudinal / superficial strokes are used at the start of treatment to spread the oil and give initial

warmth and comfort. The strokes should be performed with both hands covering a large area.

The hands stay in contact with the skin at all times. At the end of the stroke it is more pleasant to make a

rounded, sweeping movement than a sudden stop and change direction.

These strokes should run the full length of the muscle from attachment to attachment and should be slow

enough to allow good observation of how the tissues feel. Try to feel for areas that feel harder or tighter

than adjacent areas.

The primary effect of effleurage is to pump the circulation and to identify areas of tension.

Transverse / superficial strokes are used exactly the same way as above, but the strokes are applied

across the direction of the muscle fibre.

The effect of transverse strokes on the circulation is not as effective as longitudinal strokes, but they are

very good diagnostically. Tension in soft tissues tends to build up in bands running lengthwise through the

muscle. As the stroke crosses the muscle, these bands can be felt more easily as they do not pass as

smoothly under the hand.

Transverse strokes help to loosen and separate individual muscles and compartments, which may be

binding together.

PETRISSAGE

Is a grasping, kneading, and rolling technique applied between the thumb and fingers using one hand,

both hands together, or with alternating hands.

This technique lifts the tissue away from the bone or off the deeper tissues separating layers of tissues,

thus enhancing tissue movement and blood flow.

Petrissage is a warming stroke, generating heat in the muscle tissues and it has a mildly invigorating effect

on the nervous system.


V 1.0 June 2016 23

Petrissage can be used as a palpatory stroke for examination of the tissues and as a treatment technique

for abnormal tissues.

Kneading is performed with both hands working together in a smooth. Rhythmical way. Each hand in turn

is opened fully to grasp across the muscle, then squeezes and lifts the tissues. As one hand releases its

grip, the other takes up a grip adjacent to it, very much like kneading dough.

A steady rhythm should be maintained with the two hands and the technique should slowly travel up and

down the specific part of the body.

This technique stimulates the circulation, generally loosens and softens the tissues, and has a warming

effect.

FRICTION

Is used to warm the tissues for palpation and examination and for treatment, friction techniques are

powerful tools for affecting the body.

There are two primary types of friction strokes: superficial and deep. Superficial friction and deep friction

do not refer to the amount of pressure used, but to the layers of tissue affected by the stroke.

Superficial friction primarily affects the skin and superficial fascia, wheras deep friction primarily affects

the muscle layers.

Superficial Friction is an invigorating stroke to the nervous system, its primary effect is to produce heat in

the skin and superficial layers of fascia and muscle, thus making them more pliable.

Deep friction is used to soften or loosen muscle adhesions, scar tissue and knotted areas of compacted

fibrous tissue, great sensitivity is required to use as much pressure as possible but staying within the

client’s pain tolerance. This technique is used in deep tissue massage.

TAPOTEMENT

It involves sharply striking the body in a rhythmic, typically rapid pattern with loose wrists and fingers.

Sometimes categorized as percussion technique, tapotement can be done with both hands at the same

tome or alternating hands in a one-two pattern.

The rapid action comes from the elbow, with the wrist remaining fairly loose, and the hands withdraw as

soon as they strike the surface of the skin.

Tapotement is very stimulating to the nervous system. As you strike the muscle, a slight stretch occurs to

the muscle. It is great for warming the tissues and is used in pre-event sports massage.

Types of tapotement techniques are hacking, cupping, plucking and pummelling.

Avoid these techniques directly on the spine, endangerment sites, bruising, acute injury, inflammation,

clients with osteoarthritis and the elderly.


V 1.0 June 2016 24

GOOD BODY MECHANICS

To minimize fatigue and to prevent injury, we use good structural alignment.

The body should move fluidly, using the movements and energy of the whole body instead of using the

muscles of the upper body that moves the shoulders, arms, hands, fingers , and thumbs.

To generate power and stability direct the strength of your lower body and the energy of your entire

body through your hands. Movement of the whole body improves the fluidity and rhythm of the massage.

Increase your stability by keeping your centre of gravity low with bent knees. You can increase your

balance with a shoulder-width stance. Slightly bent knees improve your balance as well, acting as shock

absorbers.

Massage is a physically demanding career that requires strength and flexibility, so always use good body-

mechanics and look after your health and well-being.

Hand Positions

There are five (5) different positions in which the hands may be used in massage

Palmar Using the palm of the hands such as in overall effleurage.

Digital Using the fingertips such as in most petrissage and friction movements.

Radial The radial side of the hand is the thumb side; the root of the thumb is used in some deep

rubbing movements and friction.

Ulnar The ulnar side of the hand is the little finger side and this part of the hand is also used in

some deep rubbing movements. (Is also includes the forearm.)

Dorsal The dorsal or dorsum is the back of the hand which is sometimes used in the neck and

shoulder massage

Contra-indications of Massage

A contra-indication is a condition that makes the applicable treatment, in this case, Swedish massage,

dangerous or at the very least unadvisable.

Below is a list of contra-indications:

Sever heart condition

Varicose veins

Open or infected wounds

Torn or inflamed tissue

Broken bones

Contagious conditions e.g. Rashes, tinea etc

Convalescence

Various forms of cancer


V 1.0 June 2016 25

Minor – Under the age of 18

Any conditions or problem that you are not absolutely not sure of

THIS MEANS WHEN IN DOUBT – DON’T, CONSULT OR REFER TO A DOCTOR

(this can be a GP or doctors of physiotherapy, osteopath or chiropractor)

Please note: As a therapist it is also contra indicated to provide a massage if you are suffering a

contagious condition, e.g. cold, flu, rash etc.

Draping procedures for massage:

Proper and conservative draping techniques are required when practicing massage therapy in a school

setting.

Draping should always cover parts of the body not being treated. In arranging the draping the client

should not be unnecessarily exposed to the point of embarrassment. The client should feel at ease and

confident in the person who is treating them.

Draping movements should be business-like and professional.

Client comfort is paramount, if the draping is tight or uncomfortable or there is discomfort due to being

too warm or too cold, the positive outcomes of the massage may not be accomplished.

AS you move beyond Swedish massage, your draping skills will need to become more flexible, so as to

perform a variety techniques for examination and treatment

Use of Towels (Draping)

Respect for the client’s body is essential, some may be inhibited and others not.

Client must be kept warm

Ensure client modesty

Protect client’s underwear from oil

Towels also offer protection to the massage table from oils


V 1.0 June 2016 26

SCOPE OF PRACTICE

The scope of practice identifies the limits and boundaries for a practitioner and is determined by several

factors, including the law, education and competency. The massage therapy scope of practice outlines:

Which activities are allowed

When specific methods are used

Where specific methods are applied

How specific methods are applied

Why specific methods are used

STANDARDS OF PRACTICE

Standards of practice are specific rules and procedures for professional conduct and quality of care that

all members of a profession should follow. These standards involve the public image of a practitioner as

well as the legal and ethical obligations that protect both clients and therapists.

The professional characteristics outlined by some of the current professional massage associations are

fairly similar. A code of practice is followed by staff and students of Massage Schools of Queensland.

ETHICS

A code of ethics is a set of priniciples or guidelines for decisions and professional conduct that all massage

therapists should follow. It serves as a basis for establishing and maintaining the reputation of massage

therapists as honest, respectable professionals.

In today’s society we are multi-cultural. With this in mind, as massage therapists we have to be aware of

these sensitivities. The main factor to remember no matter the cultural background, race, creed, colour,

size, health, we need to remember one word, RESPECT. Respect for all clients you deal with, no matter

who they are, being kind and understanding of their needs, will make your clients feel safe and well cared

for. If you become a member of a massage association you will be made aware of a code of ethics, please

ensure you read and fulfil these ethical requirements. This will help avoid any complaints or worse, law

suits.


V 1.0 June 2016 27

This statement is from the AAMT web site:

“Code of Ethics

The Australian Association of Massage Therapist's Code of Ethics is a statement about appropriate and

expected conduct of AAMT members. It reflects the values of the Association. The Code of Ethics

describes the professional conduct expected of members to preserve and enhance their professional

reputations as well as the general reputation of the massage industry in Australia. The Code of Ethics also

seeks to protect the general public.

The Code of Ethics applies to all members of the Australian Association of Massage Therapists Ltd.”

You can view the full Ethics document at:

http://aamt.com.au/about-aamt/code-of-ethics/

Full information on these subjects can be viewed on the websites of the various Australian Professional

Massage Associations.

AAMT- AUSTRALIAN ASSOCIATION OF MASSAGE THERAPISTS

ANTA- AUSTRALIAN NATURAL THERAPIST ASSOCIATION

AMT- ASSOCIATION MASSAGE THERAPIST

STAA- SHIATSU THERAPIST ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA

IAAMA- INTERNATIONAL AROMATHERAPY & AROMATIC MEDICINE

RAA- REFLEXOLOGY ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA

PROVIDING MASSAGE TREATMENT

Communication

One of the most important skills of a successful massage therapist is their ability to efficiently and

effectively communicate with the client.

Communication includes client intake (information gathering) and adjusting the equipment to best

support the client’s body as well as communication with the client during the massage and after the

massage.

Pre-massage

Greet the client

Determine the client’s needs-(main complaint and secondary complaints)

http://aamt.com.au/about-aamt/code-of-ethics/


V 1.0 June 2016 28

Ask the standard questions- with clarity, client case history- review client intake form.

Identify and review effects of previous treatments

Assessment

An assessment is a means of evaluating the client’s condition, complaint, or injury to determine

whether massage is appropriate for the complaint. Assessment is not a diagnosis; a diagnosis is a

statement by a physician of what condition the client has. Assessment is done for the safety of the client

and to guide you to do the procedures and techniques best suited for their condition. Assessment makes

you a more efficient and effective therapist.

Informed Consent

Is the client’s agreement to participate in an activity after the benefits and risks of the activity have

been explained and the client understands that he or she has the right to withdraw anytime.

Basically, clients who are informed about treatment give their consent to try it.

For the therapist, informed consent provides a signed statement that represents the therapist’s good

intentions and the client’s education and awareness about massage.

Communication during massage.

You need to be in touch with the client during the massage, getting feedback from them, asking questions

about how the massage feels, and giving them directions if necessary.

Often client’s are reluctant to communicate feedback to the therapist during massage or are not sure how

to communicate this feedback. Thus, it is useful to coach the client on communicating feedback to you.

There are four specific areas for which you will need client feedback; these are to be established with

the client before beginning the treatment, or at least before beginning any specific work.

They are:

Tenderness

Normal healthy soft tissue is not tender, even to firm pressure. Soft tissue becomes tender because it is

ischemic, as you massage a client you are looking for these tender, ischemic areas so you can normalize

them. The client needs to tell you when you touch a tender area, so as you can massage it and bring relief

to the client.

Improvement

Now that you have found a tender place and with appropriate pressure have massaged it, the client needs

to tell that it feels better, often this verbal acknowledgement of the improvement by the client

psychologically reinforces the actual improvement.


V 1.0 June 2016 29

Referred Pain

If you touch a point or area on the client’s body and they fel a sensation somewhere else, they are

experiencing a referred sensation. Referred sensations are most commonly pain but may be tingling or

other sensations. You will not know they are happening unless the client tells you. It is important to know

when a referred sensation is present, as this usually means you have found a trigger point.

However you could be touching a nerve, so always have the client inform you when referred sensations or

pain are experienced.

Adjustment of Pressure.

It is essential that you use appropriate pressures when doing massage. The amount of pressure that is

appropriate will vary from client to client, and even from one area of the body to another on the same

client. Too much pressure can injure the soft tissues causing pain therefore reducing the therapeutic

benefit of massage, to little pressure can agitate the client and again reduce the therapeutic benefit of

massage. Always check in with the client about pressure, remember healing is a two-way street!

Recognise client’s reactions to treatment, their breathing pattern, any sudden movements, or jerking,

stiffening up of the body or limb, strange auditory sounds, client constently rearranging their position

slightly. These can be signs that the pressure is not appropriate or they feel anxious or uncomfortable

about the treatment. Always observe and respond appropriately to clients reactions.

Always adjust massage treatments according to the individuals needs and reactions and the presence of

complicating factors, such as pregnancy, serious medical conditions, acute injury, infectious conditions,

swelling, edema, inflammation, age, chronic pain conditions, language barriers, religious and ethnic

factors.

The only way you can clarify these signs and complicating factors is by communicating with the client, if

you don’t communicate you are working like a blind artist!

COMMON MUSCULO-SKELETAL DISORDERS & INJURIES

Back Pain

Back pain is pain felt in the back that can originate from the muscles, nerves, bones, joints or other

structures of the spine. The pain can be divided into the various regions of the back, the most common

being neck and lower back pain. It may have a sudden onset (acute) or can be chronic pain (has

continued for more than 12 weeks), it can be constant or intermittent, be in one place or radiate to other

areas. The type of pain can be a dull ache or a sharp, piercing or burning sensation. Pain may also radiate

other areas of the body like the arms and legs and other symptoms can include weakness, numbness or

tingling. The spine is a complex interconnecting network of nerves, joints, muscles, tendons and

ligaments and all are capable of producing pain. It is the large nerves that originate in the spine and go to

the legs and arms which can create the radiating pain.

Back pain is classified as either nonspecific or secondary back pain. Approximately 98% of back pain is

nonspecific acute back pain which has no serious underlying pathology. Secondary back pain which is

being caused by underlying conditions accounts for 2% of cases, the most common being disc herniation.


V 1.0 June 2016 30

Causes of nonspecific back pain:

Muscle strains

Muscle spasm

Muscle imbalances

Inflammation

In today’s society most causes arise from stress, poor posture, lack of exercise and poor nutrition.

Treatment:

Most doctors will prescribe medications such as muscle relaxants, paracetamol or anti-inflammatory

drugs. More and more people today are seeking more natural therapies, massage being one of the most

popular, as it is highly effective in reducing stress levels, increasing circulation to strained muscles, softens

tight muscles which are creating muscle imbalance and helps strengthen those that are weakened.

Other ways individuals can assist in reducing pain is by applying heat for circulation (hot baths, hot water

bottles, heat wheat) or ice in the instance of inflammation, stretching, gentle exercise, also increase water

intake and natural supplements eg: magnesium.

It must be stressed though, that if there are no changes to the level of pain after a number of massages or

any other treatments, referral to a medical practitioner is necessary to determine if there is a more

serious underlying condition.

Sciatica: Compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve.

The sciatic nerve is the thickest nerve in the body. The spinal roots originate from the spine from L4, L5,

S1, S2 and S3 which then converge together to form the sciatic nerve. This then runs through the deep

lateral rotators of the hip, down the back of the leg, where it branches off to continue along the rest of

the leg and foot.

Sciatica is a common form of lower back pain which is caused by irritation and or compression of the

spinal nerve roots or one or both of the sciatic nerve. It can be caused by misalignment of the vertebrae,

disc bulging or disc herniation this is vertebral sciatica.

Muscular sciatica is caused by active trigger points, tightness or spasm of the lower back and gluteal

muscles. Trigger points occur when muscles become ischemic (having low blood flow) due to injury or

chronic muscular contraction (over use). These muscles become so tight they can compress or entrap the

nerve that runs through or beside them. The most commonly associated muscles with trigger points that

affects the sciatic symptoms are: Quadratus lumborum, Gluteus medius and minimus and the deep hip

rotators mainly Piriformis.

Due to the size of the nerve pain can also be felt in the buttocks and various parts of the leg and foot,

depending on which part of the nerve is irritated.

Massage for sciatica:

In the acute stages (i.e. when the condition is so painful that it interferes with walking, heat and rest is

desirable until the pain has settled down sufficiently to enable massage).


V 1.0 June 2016 31

Commence treatment in the prone position by first placing a pillow beneath the feet to keep the knee

flexed and so relaxes the tension on the nerve.

Before massage apply heat to lumbar and gluteal area – the heat eases the pain and softens the muscles.

Start with light effleurage of the lumbar and gluteal area, followed by deep kneading then frictions

especially through the deep section of the hip, working the trigger points and tight muscles. Finish with

light effleurage and stretching.

Torticollis

Torticollis or “wryneck” is an umbrella term for any condition that causes the head to be pulled to one

side. A unilateral spasm/contraction of a neck muscle (eg: sternocleidomastoid) or muscles causes the

head to become stuck in flexion and rotation.

The causes can be from simply sleeping in a bad position, or some other event or trauma that may cause

irritation in the neck muscles. A cervical misalignment may also create the problem, which will not be

relieved until both the muscles and bony alignment have been addressed.

Torticollis related only to muscle spasm and trigger point responds well to heat and massage. Once again

if the condition is not improving with massage and the client is showing other symptoms like swollen

glands, a more complete diagnosis is necessary.

Arthritis

Arthritis is a term that refers to more than 100 disorders that can cause joints to become swollen, hot and

painful. One of most common forms is osteoarthritis. In addition to attacking joints, these illnesses may

also strike neighbouring structures such as muscles or even distant parts of the body such as heart,

kidneys, lungs and liver. These conditions tend to be chronic, that is once a person has them they are

likely to last a long time and may be a source of pain on and off for the rest of their life. This is why

people seek treatments to manage the pain.

Acute arthritis, like any other acute inflammatory condition contraindicates massage. However clients

who suffer osteoarthritis seldom experience acute swelling with pain, heat and redness. Chronic

osteoarthritis indicates massage, when goals would be to reduce pain through release of the muscles

surrounding the affected joints and to maintain range of motion through gentle stretching and passive

movement.

MUSCULO-SKELETAL INJURIES

Sprains and Strains

Injuries that involve body tissues apart from bone are classified as soft tissue injuries.

A sprain is an injury that involves the ligaments and other soft tissues around a joint, eg. Ankle or wrist.

A strain occurs away from a joint and involves a torn or over stretched muscle or tendon, eg. calf,

hamstrings, lower back.


V 1.0 June 2016 32

A bruise is a soft tissue injury involving the blood vessels that are broken as a result of a blow to the skin

and can also result in the event of a strain or sprain, when the force is great enough to rupture the blood

vessels.

Treatment

First 24 to 72 hours – depending on the severity of the injury.

R - Rest

I - Ice

C - Compression

E - Elevation

D - Diagnosis

Rest the injured soft tissues.

Ice application for 10 – 20 minute periods every 3 – 4 hours. If a prepared ice pack is not available, fill a

plastic bag with crushed ice and seal well, or a pack of frozen vegetables is also an alternative. Never

apply the ice pack directly over skin, wrap in a damp cloth or tea towel first then apply to injured area

Compression of a firm bandage should be applied between ice treatments and maintained for at least 48

hours or longer if swelling persists.

Elevation of the injured area enhances venous return and so reduces swelling.

Diagnosis is essential for early functional recovery.

Treatment after 72 Hours

Ice – Continue using ice until the swelling subsides. If icing is uncomfortable, heat may be used instead

after 72 hours.

Heat – Should be comfortable warmth only. Useful home methods are hot water, hot water bottles, hot

towels and infra-red lamps.

Exercise – Must be within the limits of pain. Graduated resistance. Commence with non-weight bearing

and functional activity. Gradual muscle stretching.

Early Treatment of Sports Injuries

When to seek treatment for an injury?

If pain, swelling, loss of movement or instability persists after 24 hours, treatment will probably be

required.


V 1.0 June 2016 33

It is recommended to see a doctor or who will then arrange for diagnosis and/or treatment. If a fracture,

dislocation or other serious injury is suspected, you should go straight to a doctor or emergency

department.


V 1.0 June 2016 34

Only an x-ray will determine if the injured area is broken.

Important Don’ts after injury…….

Don’t apply heat for at least 48 – 72 hours. Heat increases blood supply and can increase swelling.

Don’t drink alcohol. It also increases blood supply by dilating the blood vessels.

Don’t rub the injury.

Treatment of Joints – Dislocations

The more moveable a joint the more liable to dislocation it is eg. shoulder and hip. The wrist and ankle

are subject to sprains and strains.

Dislocation is characterised by the following:-

Severe pain on dislocation worse than by a fracture. Often a tearing sensation.

The joint becomes fixed.

The limb appears deformed.

The limb will lose its function.

The first aid steps when dealing with dislocations (and fractures) is to immobilise the injured part, make the person comfortable, place them in a restful position of greatest comfort, then seek professional help eg: ambulance/doctor/hospital. Do not give food or fluids because an anaesthetic may be needed.

Cramp

This is a very common complaint due to over contraction of muscles without relaxation – a condition of

fixed spasm, due to irritation of a nerve by pressure or excitability of a motor nerve, which is in poor

condition. When cramp occurs, stretching of the affected muscle group is indicated eg. Calf muscle in

cramp. The knee would be straightened and the ankle dorsiflexed by the weight of the body. Stroking

and kneading finally relaxes the muscle. All free active exercises are good for this condition.

Magnesium phosphate and calcium are the two (2) deficiency factors here. Magnesium phosphate

deficiency enables the nerve fibres to contract causing spasm and cramp and also effects muscular

movement. These supplements should be taken daily to rectify this condition. Calcium is needed for the

elasticity of muscular tissue and supporting membrane which become impaired when the body is

deficient causing constant cramping pains in torso or legs.

Varicose Veins

A degeneration of the walls of the veins, caused by a number of reasons, mainly HEREDITARY – deficiency

factors of calcium which causes the walls of the veins to become flaccid. This deficiency is passed on by

mother to child and possibly a deficiency in vitamin E also. With these deficiency factors the occupation

of the person when in situations causing constant standing, can aggravate the condition causing a

continued over-distension of the veins and an inability of the one-way valves to close properly. The force

of gravity tends to keep the blood in the lower parts of the body.

Pregnancy also raises pressure in the abdomen impeding the flow of blood to the legs and so worsening

the condition.


V 1.0 June 2016 35

The aim – in massaging this condition is to help the circulation and the lymph flow.

When giving massage, the leg should be comfortably supported and raised just above heart level.

Commence with light effleurage in the direction of the heart followed by medium then heavy effleurage

coupled with light palmar kneading of the thighs. This is very beneficial for relieving pressure in veins and

also for circulation and lymph flow.

All pressure is applied according to the condition of the veins and can be gauged by the patient upon

questioning.

Digital pressure is unwise and can cause pain, omit tapotement also. Do not massage over ropy,

engorged veins as this may break the weakened skin and thus cause an ulcerated condition to occur in the

vein.

Abdominal massage should also be given to relieve portal congestion especially in the cases of

constipation, which can cause pressure on the veins.


V 1.0 June 2016 36

Documentation requirements for recording treatment details

CONFIDENTIAL CLIENT RECORD NAME ___________________________________________________ Dr Mr Mrs Ms Miss Master (Male/Female)

ADDRESS________________________________________________________________P/CODE____________

PHONE (Mob) ________________________ (Home) ________________________ DOB _____ /______/______*

EMAIL ___________________________________________ OCCUPATION ____________________________

REGULAR ACTIVITIES/SPORT _________________________________________________________________

CURRENT PRACTITIONER __________________________________________ PHONE ___________________

How did you hear about us? Newspaper Facebook Internet Friend Previous student

Would you like to receive email alerts about future discounts and special offers YES / NO

* Clients under 18 years of age must be accompanied by a parent or legal guardian

Medical History:

Are you currently being treated for any medical conditions? YES / NO (if yes, please give

details)

______________________________________________________________________________________

_____

______________________________________________________________________________________

_____

Medications

_________________________________________________________________________________

Please tick all current conditions:

Pregnant Allergies Asthma Any skin problem Blood clots Heart problems Headaches Migraines Bone fractures Blood pressure Varicose veins

Epilepsy Osteoporosis Joint replacements Dizziness/fainting Numbness/tingling Contagious disease Chronic pain Car accident Surgeries Diabetes Fever

X =

Ind

icat

e a

reas

of

con

cern


V 1.0 June 2016 37

Arthritis Whiplash Sciatica Spinal injuries

Cancer Hepatitis HIV/AIDS

Other health concerns?

______________________________________

________

_____________________________________

REASONS FOR MASSAGE

______________________________________________________________________________________

_____

______________________________________________________________________________________

_____

CONSENT TO TREATMENT

I understand that the massage therapy given to me by students is for the purposes of education and practice. There is always some risk associated with any treatment. Some potential risks from massage include pain,

bruising, dizziness, fainting and aggravation of your condition. To minimise the above possible risks please tell your therapist if you become uncomfortable or experience pain during treatment, if you bruise easily or are on any blood thinning medications, or feel light headed or dizzy during or after the treatment. I affirm that I have

notified my therapist of all known medical conditions and injuries. NOTE: Student therapists in our Student Clinic are currently studying their chosen massage course. They are bound by, and provide this student service under

the National Council of Massage and Allied Health Practitioners Code of Ethics, but are not yet registered therapists. All due diligence will be exercised.

Please note: to be signed by parent/legal guardian if client is under 18 years of age.

Signature ______________________________________ Date _____/______/_____

Treatment

Reassessment

Aftercare


V 1.0 June 2016 38

Referral and working with other healthcare and complementary professionals

Referral is a method by which a client is sent to a health care professional for diagnosis and treatment of a

disease.

Clients must always be referred to their own personal health care professional.

It is important that you develop a referral network of other health care professionals so that your clients

can receive the best possible outcome for their health and well-being, never go beyond your scope of

practice.

Other healthcare professionals might be your local GP, Psychologist, Physiotherapist, Osteopath,

Chiropractor, Remedial therapist, Acupuncturist, Naturopath, Nutritionist and Dietician.

Physiotherapy, Osteotherapy, Chiropractic and Remedial massage are similar as in they are all Bodywork

modalities. But what are the differences?

Physiotherapy

Is a health care profession primarily concerned with the remediation of impairments and disabilities and

the promotion of mobility, functional ability, quality of life and movement potential through examination,

evaluation, diagnosis and physical intervention.

Osteopathy

Is a philosophy and form of alternative healthcare which emphasises the interrelationship between

structure and function of the body, as well as the body’s ability to heal itself. Osteopaths claim to

facilitate the healing process, principally by the practice of manual and manipulative therapy.

Chiropractic

Is a complementary and alternative medicine health care profession and an approach to healing

concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disorders of the neromusculoskeletal system

and the effects of these disorders on general health.

Remedial Massage

Is a deep massage done by a trained massage therapist to create the conditions for the body’s return to

normal health after injury or with muscular-skeletal disorders. It is used to treat chronic muscular-skeletal

imbalances, and injury where the skin is intact.

The similarities between these therapies are that they all work on the muscular-skeletal system and

facilitate and rely on the body’s innate ability to heal it’s self under the right conditions.


V 1.0 June 2016 39

ALLOPATHIC AND NATUROPATHIC APPROACHES TO TREATMENT

The primary goal of allopathic medical practices is to diagnose and treat the symptoms of disease

through suppression or removal, your doctor practices allopathic medicine.

The primary goal of naturopathic medicine is to diagnose and treat a disease process through

supporting and strengthening the body’s natural resources. In doing so the patient is highly involved and

therefore plays a large role in the outcome of the healthcare being offered.

OTHER COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES / MODALITIES USED IN MASSAGE

A modality is a collection of manual therapies that tends to use similar applications of movement or

massage strokes to reach a similar goal. These would include:

Deep Tissue Modalities

Treatment and specialized massage techniques designed to affect the tissues deep within the body, eg:

Trigger Point Therapy, Connective Tissue Therapy, Myofascial Therapy.

Neuromuscular modalities

Engage the relationship between the nervous and muscular systems to create reflex responses. eg: NMT

(neuromuscular therapy), MET (muscle energy technique) PNF (proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation)

and Reflexology.

Oriental / Eastern Modalities

In traditional Eastern philosophies, the Qi travels through a series of pathways called meridians. The

philosophies teach that a balanced, unrestricted flow of Qi is required for the body to maintain good

health. eg: Shiatsu, Acupressure, Tui-na.

Structural and Postural Modalities

They generally focus on realigning the skeletal system to relieve pain from postural distortions and

compensations. eg: Rolfing, Hellerwork.

Movement Modalities

They use movement to reorient the body for more optimal function. eg: Feldenkrais, Alexander

Technique.

Energy Modalities

Energy bodywork uses very light touch or off the body application to manipulate the human body’s

energy fields and restore the flow of life force energy. eg: Reiki, Polarity Therapy, Bio-energetic Healing,

Chakra Balancing Massage, Colour Therapy, Crystal Therapy.


V 1.0 June 2016 40

Section 3 - HLTARO006 Adapt aromatherapy treatments to specific needs

Please refer to the prescribed text for this unit of study. Your Trainer/Assessor will advise you of the

sections of the text that you will need to read and review for this unit of study.

Treatment management factors that must be considered for clients of different genders and at different

stages of life

case taking

variations in approach to physical examination

major developmental milestones for different stages of life

Features of common health conditions that affect the following groups and how those conditions are

assessed and treated in the aromatherapy framework:

children

adolescents

adult females at different stages of life

adult males at different stages of life

Factors for consideration when providing any form of palliative care

Professional responsibilities when presenting cases fall outside of practitioner’s current scope of practice

pp 36 of this learning guide

When referral is appropriate or required pp 36-37 of this learning guide

Information and advice services pp 27 of this guide


V 1.0 June 2016 41

Section 4 - HLTARO007 Monitor and evaluate aromatherapy treatments

Please refer to the prescribed text for this unit of study. Your Trainer/Assessor will advise you of the

sections of the text that you will need to read and review for this unit of study.

Criteria by which aromatherapy treatments are evaluated

Expectations of treatment for different conditions and client groups, and factors that impact on those

expectations:

client history

contraindications

compliance

interactions with other treatments

Principles underpinning continuation or variation of treatment

Sources of research and evidence that support aromatherapy practice

The National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy provides us with the following sites and journal

articles. This list is extensive and invaluable to the aromatherapy practitioner.

Research Sites

American Botanical Council

NAHA is a member of the American Botanical Council

At the American Botanical Council, we are passionate about helping people live healthier lives through the

responsible use of herbs, medicinal plants. We are an independent, nonprofit research and education

organization dedicated to providing accurate and reliable information for consumers, healthcare

practitioners, researchers, educators, industry and the media.

Pubmed

The PubMed search system provides access to the PubMed database of bibliographic information, which

is drawn primarily from MEDLINE and PREMEDLINE. In addition, for participating journals that are indexed

selectively for MEDLINE, PubMed includes all articles from that journal, not just those that are included in

MEDLINE. Finally, PubMed also provides access to the molecular biology databases included in NCBI’s

Entrez retrieval system. It is expected that access to additional National Library of Medicine databases will

be added in the future.

CAM on PubMed

CAM on PubMed, a database on the Web developed jointly by NCCAM and the National Library of

Medicine, offers citations to (and in most cases, abstracts of) articles in scientifically based, peer-

reviewed journals on complementary and alternative medicine. It contains 220,000 citations, has links to

full text, and allows searchers to limit retrievals by publication type. Look for the Alerts and Advisories,

treatment information, resources, links to other organizations (FDA, AHRQ, ODS etc.).

http://abc.herbalgram.org/site/PageServer/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/

http://nccam.nih.gov/research/camonpubmed%E2%80%A8


V 1.0 June 2016 42

The PLANTS Database

The PLANTS Database provides standardized information about the vascular plants, mosses, liverworts,

hornworts, and lichens of the U.S. and its territories. It includes names, plant symbols, checklists,

distributional data, species abstracts, characteristics, images, plant links, references, crop information,

and automated tools. PLANTS reduces costs by minimizing duplication and making information exchange

possible across agencies and disciplines.

HerbMed®

An interactive, electronic herbal database – provides hyperlinked access to the scientific data underlying

the use of herbs for health. It is an impartial, evidence-based information resource for professionals,

researchers, and general public, provided by the nonprofit Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.

Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

Science Direct

Science Direct is a leading full-text scientific database offering journal articles and book chapters from

more than 2,500 peer-reviewed journals and more than 11,000 books.

Some Research Articles

The Sleep-Enhancing Effect of Valerian Inhalation and Sleep-Shortening Effect of Lemon Inhalation

Clary Sage Essential Oil, but Not Lavender Essential Oil, Reduces Stress during Urodynamic Examinations

Effects of Fragrance Inhalation on Sympathetic Activity in Normal Adults

Essential Oils of Aromatic Plants with Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiviral, and Cytotoxic Properties – an

Overview

An evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive activities of essential oil from

Curcuma longa. L

Antibacterial activity of essential oils and their major constituents against respiratory tract pathogens by

gaseous contact

Immune-Modifying and Antimicrobial Effects of Eucalyptus Oil and Simple Inhalation Devices

Anxiolytic Effect of Aromatherapy Massage in Patients with Breast Cancer

Neurobehavioral effect of essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus in mice

Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil: a Review of Antimicrobial and Other Medicinal Properties

Activity of tea tree oil and nerolidol alone or in combination against Pediculus capitis (head lice) and its

eggs

A novel treatment of postherpetic neuralgia using peppermint oil.

Inhalation of neroli essential oil and its anxiolytic effects in animals (Research paper)

Effects of a fixed combination of peppermint oil and caraway oil on symptoms and quality of life in

patients suffering from functional dyspepsia

Analysis of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Essential Oil from its Aerial Parts - Antinociceptive Effect and GC/MS

(note: chemistry different from many of the chemotypes used in aromatherapy)

Antidermatophytic activity of essential oils

http://plants.usda.gov/java/%E2%80%A8

http://www.herbmed.org/

http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/chem-activities.html

http://www.sciencedirect.com/

http://chemse.oxfordjournals.org/content/31/8/731.full.pdf+html

http://cms.herbalgram.org/herbclip/470/031361-470.html

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjp/90/3/90_3_247/_pdf

http://pranamonde.co.za/downloads/publications/Overview%20EO%20properties.pdf

http://pranamonde.co.za/downloads/publications/Overview%20EO%20properties.pdf

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3195121/


http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/47/5/565.long#ref-33

http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/47/5/565.long#ref-33

http://www.altmedrev.com/publications/15/1/33.pdf


http://www.ibb.unesp.br/Home/Departamentos/Farmacologia/Laboratorios/LaboratoriodeNeuropsicofarmacologiadeProdutosNaturais/Blanco_et_al_2009.pdf




http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12048423

http://www.noldus.com/mb2008/individual_papers/Posters/PosterA19_Chen.pdf

http://www.aromamd.net/edu_functional_dyspepsia.pdf

http://www.aromamd.net/edu_functional_dyspepsia.pdf

http://biblioteca.cinvestav.mx/indicadores/texto_completo/cinvestav/2009/165847_1.pdf

http://www.formatex.info/microbiology3/book/1167-1178.pdf


V 1.0 June 2016 43

Enteric-coated, pH-dependent peppermint oil capsules for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in

children

The Treatment of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth With Enteric-Coated Peppermint Oil: A Case

Report

Effects of Thymol and Carvacrol, Constituents of Thymus vulgaris L. Essential Oil, on the Inflammatory

Response

Essence of Peppermint, a History of the Medicine and its Bottle

Clinical and Experimental Studies on Oxidized Fragrance Terpenes as Contact Allergens by Johanna

Bråred Christensson

European Medicines Agency

PUBLIC STATEMENT ON THE USE OF HERBAL MEDICINAL PRODUCTS CONTAINING ESTRAGOLE

EPA Summary of Test Plan for Estragole including Toxicity Information

International Agency for Research for Cancer (IARC) Monograph on Methyl eugenol

Screening Assessment for the Challenge Benzene, 1,2-dimethoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-(Methyl eugenol)

Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number 93-15-2

Environment Canada Health Canada

Introduction to Toxicology (National Institute of Health)

Methyl Eugenol: Its Occurrence, Distribution, and Role in Nature, Especially in Relation to Insect Behavior

and Pollination

Professional development opportunities in aromatherapy

Remaining current and up to date with changes in aromatherapy assists the practitioner to maintain

quality services and provide best practices to clients and the community.

Many opportunities exist in the marketplace for professional development. Industry bodies such as the

Australian National Therapist Association provide links to accredited and non accredited development

opportunities.

Visit ANTA at http://www.australiannaturaltherapistsassociation.com.au/about/about_anta.php to

explore the opportunities that are available.

http://www.aromamd.net/edu_irritible_bowel_syndrome.pdf

http://www.aromamd.net/edu_irritible_bowel_syndrome.pdf





http://www.sha.org/bottle/pdffiles/Jones1981.pdf

https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/19052/1/gupea_2077_19052_1.pdf

http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2010/04/WC500089960.pdf

http://www.epa.gov/hpv/pubs/summaries/estragole/c14022.pdf

http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol101/mono101-013.pdf

http://www.ec.gc.ca/ese-ees/0129FD3C-B0FF-41C8-8BF5-7B2CD016AD36/batch9_93-15-2_en.pdf



http://toxlearn.nlm.nih.gov/htmlversion/module1.html

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3500151/#bibr98

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3500151/#bibr98

http://www.australiannaturaltherapistsassociation.com.au/about/about_anta.php

Clinical Aromatherapy Learner Guide Part 2 · 2018-02-05 · Clinical Aromatherapy Learning Guide...

Documents

Transcript of Clinical Aromatherapy Learner Guide Part 2 · 2018-02-05 · Clinical Aromatherapy Learning Guide...