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Plymouth’s Local Carbon Framework

Final Summary Nov 2012 Plymouth’s Climate Change Commission, Plymouth City Council and

The Department of Energy & Climate Change

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Climate Wealth and the City Plymouth’s Local Carbon Framework

November 2012

Edited by Jackie Young For the Plymouth Climate Change Commission




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FOREWORD Local Carbon Framework By Way of Introduction “ By working together we can reduce the city’s overall carbon footprint; tackling climate change,

delivering low carbon growth, raising aspirations, reducing inequalities and improving citywide value for the communities we contribute to “ Climate Change Commission, Spring 2012

Set against growing international evidence of our vulnerability to climate change and its impact on energy security, Plymouth’s commitment to a low carbon future is emerging as a driving force for the city’s economy, jobs, skills and growth. Supported by a growing reserve of beneficial evidence and a growing reputation for excellence in the application of low carbon thinking, it is clear that Plymouth’s challenge for 2012, and beyond, is the transformation of aspirations in to realistic and profitable actions that meet identified local needs. As a long term target, the reduction of the city’s overall carbon footprint remains as the incentive for what is becoming a complex and thought provoking process. It sets the standard that underpins the actions required for a strategic and forward looking vision for the future. It also suggests an approach that will require step by step solutions to delivery, revised commitments and informed understanding of the risks and creativity required to succeed. This challenge was recognised by the Government in February 2010 when the city was awarded one of the national Local Carbon Framework (or LCF) pilot projects – a challenge supported by the city’s Climate Change Commission (which includes the City Council as a partner) from the outset. The outcomes, set out here in summary, form the basis for recommended actions that would see citywide partners acting together to achieve reduced emissions and green growth under the strategic guidance of the Plymouth Plan. Originally intended as the basis for a citywide strategy and to test the first steps towards a low carbon economy, the initiative explored innovative and pioneering methodologies for predicting the

impact of climate change on the city’s potential for low carbon growth and investment. Plymouth’s Local Carbon Framework sets out the lead taken by the Government, addressing it in local, regional and national terms. It also addresses the wider benefits a low carbon economy could bring to the city by providing a broader understanding of the economic impacts of climate change and the local actions required for future security. It highlights the quick wins we might expect, identifies where the responsibilities for change might lie and suggests where further research would benefit the city. The Local Carbon Framework also recognises the need for the revised and updated citywide vision, the strengthened leadership and the investment in the strength of the partnerships required to deliver strategic change and the city’s future. The LCF suggests building on the wealth of expertise already available to Plymouth; suggesting, using simple measures, how Plymouth can adapt to the new legal, financial and resource based obligations that will drive change. It aims to secure a tangible way for local businesses to play a leading role in reducing their impact on the environment whilst contributing to their own, and the city’s, profitability. In seeking to generate climate wealth, Plymouth will be following the approach of globally recognised entrepreneurs, investors and leaders who recognise that climate change is, perhaps, the “greatest threat to the ongoing prosperity of our planet” and yet advocate climate change as “one of the greatest wealth generating opportunities of our generation.” (Sir Richard Branson, Carbon War Rooms, 2011).

TBC : Roger Higman, Chair, Plymouth’s Climate Change Commission …………………………………………. TBC : Cllr Brian Vincent, Portfolio Holder, Plymouth City Council …………………………………………




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CONTENT Local Carbon Framework The outcome of a two year research study, this report summarises the key outcomes and recommendations of the Local Carbon Framework pilot. The extensive detail contained in the project’s formally commissioned reports, in the citywide consultation undertaken between March 2010 and May 2012 and in the initial drafts of the main report is available, in full, on the dedicated Local Carbon Framework webpage (see below). http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/homepage/environmentandplanning/sustainableplymouth/susclimatechange/localcarbonframework.htm This Report sets out Summarised detail under the following headings and is intended as a ‘route map’ for the Local Carbon Framework’s vast evidence base. Theme Page No Foreword 02 Contents 03 Why create a Local Carbon Framework ? 04 The ‘bigger picture’ 05 The economic impact of climate change. 06 Counting the costs 08 Progress to date - Targets and milestones 11 Unlocking the potential of climate wealth 12 Plymouth’s Low Carbon and Environmental Economy 14 Making it happen – leading by example 15 Making it happen – the potential within. 17 Taking action – the vision for change (actions, milestones and deliverables) 19/20 Thinking and doing – behaviour change and green skills. 21 Conclusions 22 Acknowledgements and References 23

http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/homepage/environmentandplanning/sustainableplymouth/susclimatechange/localcarbonframework.htm





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WHY CREATE A LOCAL CARBON FRAMEWORK ? Local Carbon Framework Background Creating the LCF From the outset the production of Plymouth’s Local Carbon Framework was overseen by the city’s Climate Change Commission members; with editorial support provided by a task and finish group supported by the City Council. Consultation was undertaken throughout and was particularly focused on the city’s business sector to establish the series of realistic and practical steps used to underpin the LCF’s strategic recommendations. Building on the City Council’s existing commitment to tackling climate change and reducing emissions and in-keeping with the Government’s plans to introduce a strategic duty for local authorities, consultation was also undertaken with a range of differing departments including the panning and transport services, emergency planning and asset management. The outcome is a summary of the main LCF report that sets out the strategic direction the establishment of Plymouth as a low carbon city should take. Based on clear evidence and baselines, the Local Carbon Framework is recommended by the Climate Change Commission as proof of evidence for the emerging Plymouth Plan which, in turn, will replace the city’s Local Development Framework Core Strategy. Meeting National and Local Expectations. It is clear that actions to ‘future proof’ the city will require clear baselines and evidence against which decisions can be taken in the short, medium and long term. At the time of the original award, the then Labour Government intended Local Carbon Frameworks to be the ‘test-bed’ for a longer term, strategic and statutory local authority commitment to tackling climate change and its local impact with close links to the concept of

mandatory carbon footprinting suggested by the Climate Change Act 20081. Changes brought about by the 2011 election and the introduction of the Coalition Government saw the withdrawal of the statutory status of the Local Carbon Framework but confirmed the role of ‘frameworks’ in delivering the UK’s revised ‘Carbon Plan’2 and the role of local authorities in leading local commitments. The changing circumstances surrounding the concept of a local duty remain controversial and were the subject of a major report on the role of local authorities by the UK Climate Change Committee3 in May 2012 to which the Government has yet to give a formal response. “ Framework – structural plan or the basis of a project. A structure or frame supporting or containing something.” Definition from The

Collins Dictionary. Regardless of the changing intentions of the Local Carbon Framework pilot, the outcome of the research is intended to provide strategic guidance. In each case the common theme of tackling climate change is interpreted in accordance with locally applicable themes and circumstances. Although they can highlight some of the negative impacts, barriers or limitations that might be experienced, they also provide the opportunity to tackle these in a positive way; ensuring that the outcomes are beneficial for the city, its businesses and residents.

1 http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/legislation/cc_act_08/cc_act_08.aspx 2 http://www.decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/11/tackling-climate-change/carbon-plan/3702-the-carbon-plan-delivering-our-low-carbon-future.pdf 3 http://hmccc.s3.amazonaws.com/Local%20Authorites/LA%20Report_final.pdf

http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/legislation/cc_act_08/cc_act_08.aspx

http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/legislation/cc_act_08/cc_act_08.aspx

http://www.decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/11/tackling-climate-change/carbon-plan/3702-the-carbon-plan-delivering-our-low-carbon-future.pdf



http://hmccc.s3.amazonaws.com/Local%20Authorites/LA%20Report_final.pdf

http://hmccc.s3.amazonaws.com/Local%20Authorites/LA%20Report_final.pdf




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In consultation these benefits were commonly listed as : For Businesses :

ü Innovation, profitability and growth. ü Increased competitiveness ü Added value – measures that reduce

costs. ü Savings on energy and resources. ü Cost effective resource management. ü Investment, opportunity and awareness. ü Reducing risks and building resilience. ü News skills and new jobs.

For Residents and Communities :

ü Improved standards of living ü Improved choice in personal spending. ü Greater awareness and less risk. ü A role in influencing local decisions.

For Plymouth :

ü Growth, prosperity and new jobs ü Investment and funding opportunities ü Innovation and creativity – building on

existing skills and expertise. ü Improved quality of life ü A national profile ü International recognition ü A much reduced carbon footprint.

Plymouth’s Local Carbon Framework and its associated evidence therefore provides :

Ø A ‘framework’ which should be at the

heart of the Plymouth Plan’s aspirations

for a greener, low carbon city.

Ø A ‘framework’ against which a green

economy can be developed’ providing a

‘route map’ for reducing emissions and

tackling climate change through a low

carbon future.

Ø An exploration of the broader

implications of this theme, its potential

for Plymouth and its role in meeting

Government expectations for a green

economy.

Ø A supportive analysis of the role of a low

carbon future in the delivery of both local

and regional priorities for growth,

investment, job security and creation and

prosperity.

Ø A suggested plan for action on climate

change based on a ‘local carbon budget’,

targets, milestone actions and a delivery

plan against which progress can be

formally monitored in support of the

Plymouth Plan.

Ø A response to the Government’s Local

Carbon Framework Pilot Programme;

created in partnership with Plymouth’s

Climate Change Commission, 186 Low

Carbon Network of businesses and

teams from across the local authority and

other public bodies in the city and

beyond.

Ø A strategic response to the potential for

a green economy in the city and the

South West with a focus on the benefits

of the low carbon and environmental

sectors and the delivery of the city’s

aspirations for growth and jobs.




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THE BIGGER PICTURE Local Carbon Framework A Framework for a Green Economy. The original national ‘Framework’ concept was intended to establish a legal duty for local authorities to act in partnership to tackle climate change. Inevitably, the complexity of the low carbon theme is reflected in the outcomes of the local studies. As one of nine projects across the UK, Plymouth’s inclusion was recommended on the basis of : • Exemplary work on climate change and

carbon management with the business sector. • The partnerships and recognised expertise on

reducing emissions created by this approach. • The clear links between tackling climate

change in this way and its potential for creating a vibrant low carbon economy.

Plymouth’s Local Carbon Framework also builds on : • The city’s existing low, and declining, carbon

footprint. • The city’s reputation as one of the ‘greenest’

in the UK. • Its recognised achievements ; such as hosting

one of the greenest universities in the UK. • The regional capacity for this theme identified

over a number of years. • Its commitment to a sustainable low carbon

future. • Extensive evidence of world class expertise

with a particular focus on marine renewables, research and development.

Through the interpretation and application of national policies, plans and strategies, the Local

Carbon Framework aims to consider environmental limits in positive economic development terms; with the potential to create a truly sustainable economy as a key outcome. In consultation it was agreed that these Frameworks could have a much broader impact – both locally and regionally – and that they could form the basis for future-proofing the city. Through the evidence provided in support of the pilot project, Plymouth’s Local Carbon Framework suggests how the Government’s expectations might be reflected in the delivery of a low carbon future through clear partnership commitments. In turn, these commitments, which included and addressed the interests of the Local Enterprise Partnership and the Plymouth Growth Board, are beginning to be reflected in individual, high profile projects and the city’s growth and investment aspirations. Shared drivers in this respect include : • The introduction of a citywide low carbon

budget and milestone based targets to help monitor progress.

• Acknowledgement of the wide influence of the low carbon economy in business continuity; addressing the introduction of the legal and financial obligations of carbon accounting, energy security, resource availability and rising costs.

• The indentification of new opportunities in research and development – extending the city’s expertise.

• The opportunity to pioneer the scope for sectoral action on reducing emissions.

• The provision of a strategic framework for future delivery.




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THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE Local Carbon Framework

“ Our ambition for a low carbon society is not some distant future. It’s about jobs now. Its about

the innovation and competitiveness which we can harness today for a better tomorrow.” Connie Hedegaard, European Commissioner for Climate Change, Oct 2012.

From Global to Local The World is changing. The impacts of climate change are already being felt and it is generally accepted that this is a result of human activity. Internationally the evidence for this, and its potential impact, is now robust; providing compelling reasons to take action. Globally much has been said about the ‘tipping point’ for climate change – the 2 deg C plus temperature at which irrevocable damage would occur – and the ten to fifteen years we have left to limit this impact and to mitigate over 150 years of increasing carbon emissions. It is also recognised that the physical risks of climate change will have as much impact on the global economy as they will on national interests. Creating a resilient society that can adapt to change therefore becomes a priority. The solutions proposed need to be positive, practical, economically viable, integrated and SMART. There is no doubt that these solutions will challenge traditional economic and fiscal strategies. New skills are emerging in the application of economic forecasting that takes account of environmental impacts and the long term ‘future proofing’ of resource security. The low carbon agenda is challenging the way we think about economic gain, growth and employment and, in many ways, is offering positive solutions that address the current economic uncertainties we face. It is therefore not surprising that , nationally and internationally, both Governments and global corporations are making political and financial commitments to tackling this challenge. Vast resources are already being made available to develop increasingly complex physical solutions to the reliance we have on the fossil fuels we take for granted, to adapt to change, to counter

identified risks and to introduce new technologies for alternative energy, intense carbon management and cost effective resource management. In response there is a growing demand for the economic resilience required to match the environmental threats. As plans for establishing ‘climate wealth’ Local Carbon Frameworks have the potential to address the challenge of low carbon economic stability. In setting out a ‘route map’ for local change they aim to inform the local aspirations for growth, investment and risk management. Nationally this approach is considered as essential to economic security – an approach that is encompassed in the UK Government’s Carbon Plan, the provisions of the Climate Change Act 2008 and a wide range of business plans and strategies. Increasingly this is an agenda that is gaining the support of leading and recognised business leaders with organisations as diverse as the Institute of Directors, the CBI and Sir Richard Branson’s ‘Carbon War Rooms’ seeking to establish workable solutions. The significance of this agenda cannot be ignored as it represents untapped potential for Plymouth and the South West – potential that was summed up in the University of Plymouth study on the low carbon economy commissioned for the pilot and explained in more detail in the Section entitled ‘Unlocking the Potential’. See : http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/uoplowcarboneconomyfullreport.pdf

http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/uoplowcarboneconomyfullreport.pdf





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Three clear themes emerged from the research commissioned and undertaken for Plymouth’s Local Carbon Framework : • The opportunity to address the ‘bigger

picture’ of climate change, to tackle emissions and to reduce carbon footprints against a local carbon budget – summarised in ‘Counting the Costs’.

• The need to build resilience – preparing businesses for change, tackling risks and

business continuity and seeking alternative solutions to the challenge of energy supply and rising costs – set out in Unlocking the Potential.

• Capitalising on the opportunities for growth – including research and development, knowledge transfer, investment, jobs and skills – summarises in ‘Climate Wealth’.




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COUNTING THE COSTS Local Carbon Framework The contribution of greenhouse gases to global climate change is well documented and can indeed be considered as a natural process. However human intervention, and over 200 years of increased fossil fuel use, is now internationally accepted as the accelerant that has created recordable change. As a ‘greenhouse gas’, carbon dioxide (or CO2) is widely accepted as a significant contributor to global climate change. Together with other greenhouse gases, emissions of carbon dioxide change the chemistry of the atmosphere; rendering the planet more susceptible to temperature rise (the ‘greenhouse effect’ or ‘global warming’). Although other ‘footprints’ can be calculated, the ‘carbon footprint ‘ is considered to be the simplest indicator of change, the easiest to understand and the easiest to reduce in terms of individual contributions. Based on our use of resources and, particularly, energy and fuel, the carbon footprint provides and ‘alternative currency’ against which change can be monitored. Plymouth’s local carbon budget is based on this calculation. The Local Carbon Budget can be defined as “the sum total of Plymouth’s overall carbon footprint against which progress towards reductions targets can be measured.” Based simply on resources used, the Local Carbon Budget does not address the far more complicated calculations required for embedded carbon – the carbon tied up in manufacturing, transfer and disposal. It does, however, provide a baseline against which change can be assessed and milestones can be set. Local Carbon Budgets will :

• Measure the impact of action on climate change – locally and nationally.

• Provide the inspiration for local and national action.

• Introduce recognised targets and milestone dates.

• Underpin the need for partnership support. Contributing to national targets Nationally, Local Carbon Budgets complement the four UK ‘budgets’ for emission reduction that take us up to 2027. Together they provide the driver for reduction policies and the achievement of progress towards both national and local reduction targets. Supported by the Climate Change Act 2008 and the four national carbon budgets, the UK has become the first country in the World to adopt legally biding emission reduction targets of 34% of the 1990 levels by 2020, 50% by 2025 and 80% by 2050. To date reductions of 21% have already been achieved. Local carbon Frameworks were intended to support these nationally adopted targets; using the Local Carbon Budgets to set out locally applicable milestones in much the same way. The Local Perspective Local carbon reduction targets need to take account of local circumstances as well as the national interventions created by Government actions. As Plymouth already has a relatively low carbon footprint for a large city, the challenge will be to identify both ‘quick win’ and ‘ling term’ opportunities. Both the research undertaken to predict the future outcomes and the experience of local organisations suggest that reducing emissions also results in financial savings, fewer risks from energy security issues and more efficient resource use…..a win/win situation.




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A SMART approach to target setting Baseline information. Annual emission estimates for local authority areas have been available from the Government since 2005; making both calculations and comparisons much easier. Split in to three clear sectors and improving year on year, the estimates provide the simplest way of determining the overall use of energy in businesses, households and transport. On addition to more specifics information, the annual publications give : The overall carbon footprint of the area. The per capita (per person) carbon footprint in each case. Although the figures report outcomes with a two year time delay, they have proved to be one of the most reliable sources of carbon footprinting information as they remove the barriers of commercial confidentiality that had previously limited calculations on a local basis. By way of example, the figures for 2010 can be found at : http://www.decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/11/stats/climate-change/6223-local-and-regional-co2-emissions-estimates-for-200.xls A reliable baseline as a starting point Following analysis of the national data in 2011/12, the Government figures have now confirmed Plymouth’s baseline carbon footprint for 2005 as 1,473,670 tCO2. The 2005 baseline for the city’s per capita carbon footprint was 5.9 tonnes per person (tonnes per capita or tpc). SMART Targets Adopted targets need to be consistent and relevant and, above all, need to be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and timely. They also need to establish an inspirational lead for those working to reduce them. Plymouth’s reduction targets have already been carefully assessed to ensure they meet all five of the SMART targets adopted by the City Council in 2008 as :

A 20% reduction by 2013. A 60% reduction by 2020. An 80% reduction by 2050. See : http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/climate_change_strategy.pdf Building on these targets Supporting research, undertaken in house and commissioned from the University of Exeter also suggested that, as these targets are ambitious, realistic ‘minimum’ reductions should also be applied as the fast changing world of carbon management is unpredictable and subject to frequent changes in policy and cost effectiveness. These remote factors, in turn, could have a significant impact on the city’s ability to deliver effective actions. It was therefore agreed that the targets adopted in 2008 could be revised if further, more accurate, predictions could be made. ( see : http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/uoecarbonscenariosreport.pdf ) Based on calculated trajectories and the need for realistic expectation to be taken in to account, the LCF suggests that the original targets should be retained as a clear but ambitious milestones for the city. However, in order to address the emerging unpredictabilities of national carbon accounting, the Local Carbon Framework now suggests a series of acceptable minimum reductions as :

• A minimum reduction of 15% by 2013. • A minimum reduction of 35% by 2020. • A minimum reduction of 35% to 60% by 2035

and • A minimum reduction of 60% by 2050.

0

20

40

60

80

100

2013 2020 2035 2050

Overall

Min

http://www.decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/11/stats/climate-change/6223-local-and-regional-co2-emissions-estimates-for-200.xls



http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/climate_change_strategy.pdf

http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/climate_change_strategy.pdf

http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/uoecarbonscenariosreport.pdf





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PROGRESS TO DATE Local Carbon Framework The national data for carbon reduction is based on the average energy use over a 12 month period and, as such, is beginning to reflect some of the external factors that impact on climate change. The Government have, for example, suggested that the significant reductions recorded in 2009 were mainly caused by the decarbonisation of energy generation on a national scale. Similarly, the increases reflected by the 2010 data have been attributed to the extremely cold weather experienced in the UK during the early months of the year. At each stage, a reflection on the conditions throughout the applicable year is recommended. Plymouth’s Overall Carbon Footprint Starting at 1,473,670 tCO2 in 2005, Plymouth’s overall carbon footprint fell consistently year on year. By 2009 it had fallen by 14.54% to 1,283,000 tCO2; a reduction of 218,000 tCO2. A slight rise in emissions was recorded in 2010 when the overall carbon footprint was recorded as 1,315,200 tCO2. This rise was reflected in a 29,000 tCO2 gain in the domestic sector (from 442,030 tCO2 in 2009 to 471,030 tCO2 in 2010) and a 9260 tCO2 gain in the industrial and commercial (business) sector (from 512,190 tCO2 in 2009 to 521,450 tCO2 in 2010).

The carbon footprint of the transport sector recorded a further loss of 4450 tCO2 in 2010 (from 323,510 tCO2 in 2009 to 319,060 tCO2 in 2010). Plymouth’s Per Capita Carbon Footprint. Starting at 5.9 tonnes per capita (tpc) in 2005, Plymouth’s per capita carbon footprint fell consistently year on year. By 2009 it had fallen by 15.26% or 0.9 tpc. Again a slight rise was registered in 2010 when the per capita carbon footprint was recorded as 5.1 tpc. Are we on target ? The unpredictability of emissions management often means it is difficult to assess whether targets might be met over time but, using a simple analysis of averages losses over the past five recorded years, it would appear that Plymouth’s carbon footprint will continue to fall and that, by 2013, this rate could be recorded as 17.21%. This is clearly short of the 20% target but 2.21% above the minimum. Meeting this gap will be a clear incentive for local actions.




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CLIMATE WEALTH Local Carbon Framework

Unlocking the Potential. National Progress Research published by the Green Alliance in 2012 and based on information provided by the CBI and other recognised economic bodies, appears to suggest that the potential of a low carbon economy has yet to be fully realised and that, as an option for the UK, it represents a rare success story for growth in a time of recession. Resilience to the Recession

ü Comparisons undertaken from 2008 suggest that green growth began at approximately 4%, grew to 15% by 2010 and is estimated to reach 40% by 2014.

ü In 2011 the green economy was estimated at £122 billion.

ü “ Over a third of the UK’s economic growth in 2011/12 is likely to have come from green businesses.” (CBI 2012).

ü In 2010/11 the low carbon and environmental sector comprised 939,600 jobs in comparison with 1,061,900 in the financial services, 518,400 in motor trade manufacture and retail and only 212,900 in telecoms.

ü The spend on the top 20 low carbon infrastructure projects (started or confirmed) in 2012/13 amounts to £23 billion compared to the £3.1 billion allocated for high carbon projects.

ü In 2014/15 green business “is expected to roughly halve the UK’s trade deficit” (CBI 2012) with key markets identified in China, Japan, India the USA and Brazil.

“ There is a renewed emphasis on mainstreaming sustainable development across Government and the wider public sector; embedding sustainable practices in operations and, importantly, procurement worth £236 billion, adapting and mitigating against climate change whilst simultaneously promoting the UK’s green economy.” ( Gov

Today, November 2011).

Increasingly business leaders in the South West are recognising the value of ‘climate wealth’ and the potential for a low carbon economy to provide a viable business solution that maintains high and sustainable outcomes for growth and prosperity. Rather than limiting growth, the low carbon sector is being considered as a positive opportunity for the future with over £100 million invested in the marine sector alone over the past seven years. With this in mind, the Local Carbon Framework fully supports the aspirations of both local and regional economic strategies. There is no doubt that this sector has a future in the South West. Ambitions to secure and enhance the peninsula’s role in the global marine energy industry have already been announced with the launch of the Marine Energy Park and acknowledgement of Plymouth’s role in project delivery. Plans for full commercial expansion from 2020 are already supported by extensive research and development investment; with projects such as the University of Plymouth’s Marine Building and news that a £multi-million investment will support the deployment of the first wave energy device at the South West’s wave hub. (Nov 2012). If fully exploited this sector alone could provide over 35 GW of renewable energy (20% of the UK’s electricity demand); contributing to a theme worth over £70 billion to the UK economy by 2050, thousands of jobs and notable reductions in emissions. Evidence suggests that, over time, the influence of a low carbon economy will not simple be confined to individual, high profile renewable projects or priority themes. Businesses across the city’s six priority sectors have the potential to build on the opportunities opened by the UK Government’s ambitions for a green economy (See the UK Carbon Plan Dec 2011 at http://www.decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/11/tackling-climate-change/carbon-plan/3702-the-carbon-plan-delivering-our-low-carbon-future.pdf ); with







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new avenues for skills, resource management, research and development and producton that contribute in their own right. It is anticipated that, through the influence of carbon reduction schemes (such as the Carbon Reduction Commitment Energy Efficiency Scheme), mandatory carbon accounting and energy security concerns the importance , and benefits, of a low carbon economy will impact on the vast majority of local businesses. A Joined Up Approach When first piloted, Local Carbon Frameworks were intended to provide the broadest local perspective for the delivery of the national commitment to tackling climate change and reducing emissions; linking the actions of local authorities, other public sector bodies and partnerships, businesses and communities through plans for sustainable action on the specific theme of reducing carbon emissions. The accompanying carbon budgets were intended to provide the frameworks for the calculation of benefits against emission reductions and the resulting progress that can be achieved. Defining a Low Carbon Economy. Used on an increasingly regular basis, the term ‘low carbon economy’ is currently lacking a clear definition. No-one appears to be able to agree on its exact meaning and there is considerable potential for misunderstanding. For example, the Standard Industrial Classifications suggest that 2800 activity sub headings and 23 different occupations could be classified against this theme; a complication that severely hinders formal measurements of progress. Using a wealth of background reports, one of the key challenges for Plymouth’s Local Carbon Framework pilot was to research and adopt a definition that could address the complexity of this theme and its implications for growth and investment. To do so required an innovative assessment of economic development methodologies and environmental resource management procedures. The outcome revealed how complex a low carbon economy might be to define and measure as well as a wealth of potential opportunities.

The solution, suggested by the Regional Economic Development Group of the University of Plymouth, confirms that the term ‘low carbon’ is not exclusively applicable to those businesses with an interest in renewable energy. The sector was found to encompass a much broader range of skills, commercial and management activities and funding options. The most commonly encountered definition was therefore adapted in its own right to reflect the flexibility needed to support Plymouth’s low carbon economy. The suggested definition of a low carbon economy is therefore :

“ An economy, business or initiative that encompasses one or more of the following

criteria : Shares a commitment to reducing carbon

emissions Contributes in a measurable way to reducing

the city’s carbon footprint. Is taking action to reduce its environmental

impact. Is contributing positively to the future

sustainability of the city. Sectoral Change Commissioned to review the role of policy decisions in carbon scenario planning from the University of Exeter, this study focuses on the capacity for carbon reduction in the differing sectors of Plymouth’s economy. Here the potential drivers for change can be summarised as : For Business and Industry

§ Responses to newly introduced legal obligations for carbon reduction and mandatory carbon accounting (emissions reductions).

§ A focus on support for smaller businesses as they will not share the same incentives as larger companies.

§ The extension of Green Deal (aimed initially at the domestic sector).

§ The potential for district heating or CHP with a focus on local projects.




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For Transport

§ A focus on applying nationally co-ordinated interventions such as the Renewable Fuels Obligation.

§ Investment in electric vehicle programmes – charging stations and retail.

§ Behaviour change – driving more efficiently.

For Householders

§ Focusing on insulation programmes. § Targeting the harder to treat properties

in the private rented sector. § Upgrading boiler systems. § Green Deal options § Micro-generation

The full report can be viewed at : http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/uoecarbonscenariosreport.pdf

Plymouth’s Low Carbon and Environmental Economy. A further report commissioned from the Regional Economic Development Group of the University of Plymouth (see : http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/uoplowcarboneconomyfullreport.pdf ) provided the baseline detail against which low carbon economic targets could be considered. In reviewing the commonly applied methodologies for economic assessment to the relatively new low carbon sector interests, the RED Group found that :

§ The sector employed 3,200 FTE workers in Plymouth in 2008; provding 2.9% of the total employment.

§ The sector was valued at £192 million in GVA at 2008 prices.

§ Plymouth is slightly under specialised in this sector in comparison to the rest of the UK but

§ The sector is slightly more productive. GVA per FTE was around £60,300 – over 60% higher that the average of all industries in the city.

§ Productivity in Plymouth’s low carbon sector lagged behind that of the UK at 72%.

§ 45% of the sector was manufacturing based compared to 30% in the restof the UK.

§ The sector is closely associated with ship building and refitting, electricity transmission and education (including research and development).

§ The sector has ridden the recession well – employment grew between 2007 and 2009 whilst it fell in other local industries.

§ Forecasts suggest that this sector will outstrip growth in other industries by a significant margin between 2010 and 2020; mirroring forecasts for the sector in the UK as a whole.

§ Up to 880 new jobs could be created between 2010 and 2020; adding a further £127 million to GVA in the city.

§ The sector’s importance is also likely to rise between 2010 and 2020 ; with employment rising from 3% to 3.8% and GVA rising from 4.6% to 6.5% by 2020.








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MAKING IT HAPPEN Leading By Example There is now little doubt that Plymouth’s green economy will influence almost every business in the city. Responding to both need in terms of energy security and rising prices, or to incentives for investment, growth and knowledge transfer, the city is well placed to develop this emerging economic option. The studies commissioned in support of the Local Carbon Framework, together with this summary and the suggested actions set out on pages 19 and 20 provide a well researched and viable framework for the growth of Plymouth’s low carbon economic sector. In turn, this framework will complement the adoption of strategic plans for both development and jobs. The evidence supplied in support of the Local Carbon Framework suggests the need for clear and strong leadership and formal recognition of the sector’s potential in a supportive relationship that enables the city to capitalise on its plans for future prosperity. The Local Carbon Framework seeks to support :

§ The combined aspirations of Plymouth’s Growth Board, the Local Enterprise Partnership, Plymouth’s Plan for Jobs and the Plymouth Plan.

§ The interventions necessary to deliver the suggested 880 green collar jobs by 2020 and the financial benefits of the suggested £127 million GVA.

§ The role of partnerships in delivery and, particularly, the role of the Plymouth Climate Change Commission members as

key contributors to the city’s low carbon future.

§ Citywide initiatives that capitalise on the opportunities presented by this sector.

§ The promotion of Plymouth’s low carbon profile locally, regionally, nationally and internationally.

§ The advanced knowledge transfer required to build confidence and engagement in this sector.

§ The measurement of progress made towards the city’s emission reduction targets and the use of this data in support of bids for investment and development.

How to Deliver the Change Needed. Nationally, the Government’s commitment to a green economy, and its emphasis on renewables and reducing emissions, will have a significant impact on actions here in Plymouth. In addition to drivers such as energy security and rising fuel costs, any incentives introduced will need to be carefully assessed to establish the benefits they could bring to the city. Although not always appropriate, or directly linked to low carbon initiatives, these incentives will share a series of common themes. Research for the Local Carbon Framework identified a number of legal and financial ‘incentives’ that will influence the development of the city’s low carbon economy. Many of these are already influencing change in the city. The most significant influences are considered to be :




16

Legal and/or Policy Driven Financial The provisions of the Climate Change Act 2008 and Energy Bill (2012)

The Carbon Reduction Commitment Energy Efficiency Scheme (the ‘green tax’)

The UK Carbon Plan – the ‘national carbon framework’.

Price rises, energy security and resource management/availability.

The UK2012 Climate Change Risk Assessment and its influence on risk management (see the section on business and industry).

Mandatory carbon accounting – the provision of a ‘carbon footprint’ with annually submitted financial accounts; currently limited to the top 100 companies of the London Stock Exchange’s list but due for review and possible expansion in 2016.

National business strategies and the influence of national bodies such as the CBI and Institute of Directors.

Green Deal and ECO schemes – intended to boost energy efficiency and due to be extended to businesses in due course.

Recognised incentives to boost skills and learning in the low carbon sector.

The Green Investment Bank – intended to finance ‘green’ business initiatives that would otherwise not be considered viable.

Citywide policy incentives – including the Plymouth Plan, the Plan for Jobs and any revision of the Local Economic Strategy.

Government financial incentives – such as the Renewable Heat Incentive.

Local climate change policy. New EU funding opportunities such as the Horizon 2020 scheme.

Low carbon opportunities through the Regional Growth Fund and similar, possibly LEP managed, funding opportunities.

All of the influences listed above will have, and are already having, an impact on Plymouth’s economic potential. Responses to these opportunities will therefore require strategic capacity in future plans; with consideration focusing on the research needed to support bids and profiles, action plans to secure delivery and targets or milestones against which progress can be measured and assessed. The original intention of the Local Carbon Framework was to provide the foundation for this ‘planning’ process. It’s background evidence, for example, complements the aims of the Plymouth Plan and its relationship to Plymouth’s emission reduction and climate change targets establishes it as a ‘delivery plan’ for future action.




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THE POTENTIAL WITHIN Local Carbon Framework Sectoral Footprints Working with the Chamber of Commerce & Industry, research for the Local Carbon Framework considered the role of Priority Sectors in establishing a more specific carbon footprint for the city. This, in turn, enables the development of actions specific to the needs of the individual sectors ; a carbon accounting approach which if felt to be groundbreaking in terms of nationally applied economic development methodologies. The subject of several national case studies, this research provides examples of the way in which baseline data can be used to identify potential investment opportunity. Although progress is being made, it is remains difficult to establish the carbon footprints of differing business sectors. Nationally the emissions data provided to AEA Technologies for the annual DECC Emissions Estimates is based on usage figures provided by the energy providers but, in general, commercial confidentiality limits the publication of individual carbon footprints unless commitments to environmental policies enable them to do so. However, figures are increasingly being made available at lower data levels and, where these Different assessment methodologies can be applied in these circumstances; with appropriate reporting options providing differing means of establishing progress. Advanced Manufacturing Research compiled by the University of Exeter suggests that Plymouth’s manufacturing carbon footprint was assessed at 296,000tCO2 in 2007. Of this total, one third (98,666 tCO2) can be attributed to shipbuilding and refitting. A further 44,000 tCO2 comes from food and drink manufacturing; followed by 33,000 tCO2 from iron and steel, 17,000 tCO2 from medical equipment, 16,000 tCO2 from plastic products and 10,000 tCO2 from mechanical power components including compressors and engine parts. Outcomes here suggest that productivity is more likely to benefit from the environmental resource planning encouraged by the low carbon economy approach. This becomes even more of an incentive when the suggested footprint of 296,000tCO2 is translated in to a cost price at the rate of £12 per tonne suggested by the CRC. At this rate the footprint would attract a value of £3,552,000. Evidence from the Plymouth Manufacturer’s Group, for example, suggests that carbon footprinting is increasingly being applied by Plymouth’s leading industries and that a much more accurate version of the sector’s carbon footprint could be established with time and further research. This opportunity is significant as the advanced manufacturing sector is more likely than others to experience the impact of threats to energy security, energy pricing and business resilience.

Carbon Footprint : Advanced Manufacturing

Shipbuilding/refitting45%

Food and drink20%

Iron and steel15%

Medical equipment8%

Plastic products7%

Mechanical power components

5%




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The Public Sector Adopted (along with the per capita carbon footprint for Plymouth) as a citywide ‘Priority Indicator’, the combined footprint of the four leading public sector bodies is being used to reflect progress in emissions reduction across the city.

With a baseline of 2009/10, the combined public sector footprint has been calculated as 60,094tCO2 with 40,089.17 tCO2 attributed to the City Council, 1799 tCO2 attributed to the Devon & Cornwall Police Authority, 620.154 tCO2 to the Devon & Somerset Fire & Rescue Service’s five Plymouth sites and 17,585.85 tCO2 to the Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust. Figures and targets are currently being verified but agreement is likely at a 20% reduction by 2014/15.

Here all four contributors are working with the Carbon Trust’s Local Authority Carbon Management (LACM) programme and are sharing a common toolkit for footprint calculations which makes comparisons much easier to assess. The Tourism Sector In 2008 Plymouth hosted 584,000 staying trips with a value of £99,704,000. Of these, 28% were from overseas. There were 3,509,000 day visits with a spend of £174,027,000 and other events creating a further £22,473,000. 6% of the city’s workforce were employed in the tourism industry and well known tourist attractions, such as the National Marine Aquarium, were making a notable contribution to carbon reduction and energy management. The Local Carbon Framework study commissioned Emma Whittlesea of the University of Plymouth to assess the value of this sector in carbon terms using the REAP (Resource, Energy & Analysis Programme) developed by South West Tourism (see http://www.swtourismalliance.org.uk/our-strategic-work/sustainability-work/reap-resource-and-energy-analysis-program/ for more detail). The result suggests a footprint of 321,106 tCO2 in 2008 with a £carbon value of £3,853,272. The comparable regional baseline was 10,000,000 tCO2 and the regional reduction target was adopted at 18% by 2020. REAP, the Carbon Trust’s LACM programme and the establishment of individual carbon footprints by SIC classification all provide recognisable and easily achievable options for sectoral carbon footprint which is currently reliant only on accessibility to the data required to populate the calculations. The Local Carbon Framework research has already begun to establish how the carbon footprints of the remaining sectors (medical and health care, the creative industries, business services, marine and renewables and research and education) might be calculated and embedded in future growth projections.

Carbon Footprint : Public Sector

Plymouth City CouncilDevon & Cornwall Police Authority

Devon & Somerset Fire & Rescue (5)

Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust

http://www.swtourismalliance.org.uk/our-strategic-work/sustainability-work/reap-resource-and-energy-analysis-program/

http://www.swtourismalliance.org.uk/our-strategic-work/sustainability-work/reap-resource-and-energy-analysis-program/




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TAKING ACTION Local Carbon Framework Analysis of the research undertaken to support Plymouth’s Local Carbon Framework reveals a series of recommended actions within six key themes in support of the city’s low carbon economy. Driver for change ? Where are we now ? (Nov 2012) Target for 2020

Leadership

Overall approach and commitment

Review required. Limited signposting to the benefits of a low carbon economy and the action required to acknowledge and develop it.

Fair

Embedded low carbon principles at a strategic level; acknowledged and proven capacity for change within the priority sectors and individual businesses. Clear low carbon growth and job outcomes.

Excellent

Governance

Strategic engagement and allocation of developmental resources.

Minimal attention paid to low carbon potential within the majority of strategic plans and strategies. Therefore limited allocation of resources. Potential to improve through the Plymouth Plan and Low Carbon City Team at PCC. W

eak

Low carbon as a clear strategic focus or priority within citywide strategies for growth and employment, with measurable targets and proven outcomes. Clear leadership and proven use of the city’s identified potential over a number of years.

Good

Leadership

Economic development and regeneration activities

Limited acknowledgement of low carbon potential and role of carbon management as a factor in business performance but potential to develop identified.

Fair

Low carbon as a priority sector in the Local Economic Strategy and citywide plans. Strengthened partnership working to achieve positive outcomes. Proven investment in the low carbon sector.

Excellent

Leadership

Leadership potential Active engagement with the business sector and low carbon outreach work with some identifiable champions within leading businesses. Future Council role in outreach to be confirmed. Fa

ir

Proven leadership by example with clear citywide champions for low carbon and acknowledgement of the city’s profile as a low carbon city at Growth Board and LEP levels.

Excellent

Und

erstanding Business advice

provision and outreach (direct from the Council or through a 3rd party)

Active promotion of business related carbon management services and strong case made for local action. Strong commitment to outreach work to Autumn 2012. Review required of future plans. Fa

ir

Targeted involvement with local businesses with networks to promote available services and to identify opportunities and potential funding. Agreed levels of support through the Council (NB these services require support. They do not, necessarily, need to be delivered by the Council).

Excellent

Action

Procurement, supplies and logistics.

Low carbon acknowledged as a factor but little application of standards or checklists. Risk assessments required to established potential threats to energy security for the city. Potential to develop local supply networks for food, energy and commodities. Fa

ir

Use of procurement practice to specifically drive effective carbon management. Established risk management plans to tackle energy risks and rising costs. Proven application of local supply networks.

Excellent

Action

Co-ordination of district level activities and technical support.

Limited engagement with some co-ordination, mainly responsive to third party efforts. Under resourced support. Potential to develop expertise in sustainable construction, low carbon housing/building techniques and energy supply. Fa

ir

Proven partnership approach to the application of low carbon technologies against clear strategic plans and effective resource management goals. A recognised expertise in the application of legislation and planning policy to deliver low carbon housing and energy supply options.

Excellent

Com

mun

icating

Good quality communication that is informed by local concerns and actively promotes the city’s commitment to a low carbon economy.

Limited engagement at present. Little innovation or creativity applied. Potential, in consultation with the different sectors and leading projects, to establish Plymouth as the low carbon city of the South West and to use this profitably. Potential to use this to promote local understanding and awareness. Fair

A clear and creative vision for a low carbon city – possibly linked to a theme (Solar City) with an associated Communications Strategy to promote and support the city at local, regional and national levels. Proven case studies that lead by example. Vastly improved awareness of the strategic significance of the low carbon sector to jobs, skills and investment.

Excellent

Measuring

Reporting effective progress against adopted targets and agreement on formal reporting process (who to and when).

Targets Agreed 15 to 20% 20 to 35% 35 to 60% 60 to 80%

Footprint sought (tCO2 from 2005 DECC baseline published 2012) No more than 1,252,620 tCO2 No more than 1,178,936 tCO2 No more than 957,886 tCO2 No more than 589,468 tCO2

Per capita footprint (tpc) (from same baseline) 5.015 tpc 4.72 tpc 3.835 tpc 2.36 tpc

By (year) 2013 2020 2035 2050




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ACTIONS. MILESTONES AND DELIVERABLES Local Carbon Framework The following table sets out a summary of the recommendations suggested for Plymouth’s low carbon city partners.

Action for a low carbon Plymouth Actions required Outcomes sought By when ? Lead Organisation 1.0 : Recognition for the LCF 1.1 : Recognition of the LCF’s principles and recommendations and their integration into future strategic plans (including the Plymouth Plan. 1.2 : Ensuring that a simple low carbon message is reflected in the strategic plans of the city’s low carbon partners 1.3 : Continued review of Government announcements impacting on Plymouth.

Formal recognition of the LCF and its recommendations. Adoption of low carbon as a key factor in delivering growth targets.(Subject to Local Economic Strategy review). Legal compliance – meeting any policy demands made of local authorities in relation to tackling climate change. Subject to DECC decisions.

Spring 2013 By Dec 2013 Review regularly.

Climate Change Commission Plymouth City Council Plymouth City Council Plymouth City Council

2.0 : A Low Carbon Economy 2.1 : Full engagement with the low carbon sector by the Growth Board and LEP with contributions to relevant reviews and business planning initiatives.

Clear low carbon targets in local and regional business plans.

Confirmed by early 2014

Plymouth City Council Plymouth Growth Board Local Enterprise Partnership.

3.0 : Reducing emissions 3.1 : Recognition of the role of reduction targets and the development of a robust reporting process based on the actions taken to reduce emissions on a citywide and per capita basis.

Annual reductions in citywide emissions. Annual reductions in the per capita carbon footprint. Annual review, reporting structures and evidence of the value of reductions achieved.

Annual Plymouth City Council DECC (for annual statistics)

4.0 : Priority sectors. 4.1 : Calculation of the carbon footprint and contribution to climate wealth of at least two priority sectors. 4.2 : Completion of the remaining priority sector footprints. 4.3 : Incorporation of outcomes and evidence in to emerging business plans.

Footprints for all six priority sectors, for the public sector (as a key indicators) and for research and education. Evidence of their value in terms of climate wealth (£s) and emission reductions (tCO2).

Summer 2013 Dec 2013 Ongoing

Priority sector leads. Chamber of Commerce & Industry. Plymouth Manufacturers Group and other sectoral networks.

5.0 : Leadership 5.1 : Agree a local ‘champion’ for the low carbon sector.

Evidence of leadership at a local and regional level. A clear voice for the sector.

By Sept 2013.

Chamber of Commerce & Industry Plymouth City Council Local partnerships.

6.0 : Jobs and Value for Money 6.1 : Work with partnerships to identify how GVA can be increased by £127 million and 6.2 : Establish how the sector can support the additional 880 jobs by 2020.

Evidence of how the potential identified can be delivered and plans for delivery.

By Summer 2013 2020

Plymouth City Council (Plan for Jobs and Local Economic Strategy Review). Plymouth based partnerships.

7.0 : Training and awareness 7.1 : Agree a targeted outreach programme. 7.2 : Respond to Govt initiatives (Green Deal etc) 7.3 : Identify and target funding and investment.

A clear developmental outreach programme. A promotional drive for the involvement of local businesses.

April 2013 plus.

To be agreed.

8.0 : Procurement and Logistics 8.1 : Undertake a citywide risk assessment to identify where energy security and rising costs might hinder development. 8.2 : Include potential opportunities for local supply based projects (food, energy mutuals and commodities)

A clear understanding of the impact of climate change on business resilience and the actions that could be taken to mitigate these threats.

Summer 2013.

Plymouth City Council Sell2Plymouth and other purchasing and supply networks.

9.0 : Supporting Partnerships 9.1 : Agreement on the supporting roles of the city’s Climate Change Commission and 186 Low Carbon Network.

A strong, recognised and trusted network that can support investment and action with locally available but nationally recognised expertise.

Winter 2012

Climate Change Commission 186 Low Carbon network members Plymouth City Council.

10.0 : Communications 10.1 : Creation of a supporting Communications Plan designed to raise awareness of this sector and its potential.

Innovative and creative promotional opportunities and a positive relationship with the local media. Development of a ‘green city’ vision.

Summer 2013

Plymouth City Council Climate Change Commission GAIN/Dot by Dot




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THINKING AND DOING Local Carbon Framework Changing Behaviour The Local Carbon Framework recognises that, from adopting new skills to lifestyle choices, climate change will have an impact on our everyday lives. This impact need not, however, be negative. The potential for behaviour change in this respect is extensive; with the possibility of equally extensive and complicated outreach programmes. However, if managed well, the resources required to maintain the emphasis on awareness and opportunity need not be substantial. The focus here would be on creativity and innovation in terms of the messages given and their respective timings. To test this approach, the Local Carbon Framework commissioned a study of possible behaviour change from the Marketing Works. Their study suggested three sectors of the community that would benefit from the delivery of awareness programmes and interventions in response to the city’s Local Carbon Framework’s recommendations. The three sectors were : § Local residents – householders with personal

interests in budgets and pricing. § Private sector landlords – with legal

obligations and budget pressures that impact on refurbishment opportunities.

§ The micro-business sector – who face pressures from rising costs and legal obligations.

The study’s outcomes can be seen at http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/carbonreductionstudyresearchdebrief.ppt Consultation with each group revealed a series of shared drivers for change including : § Opportunities to save money § Pride in Plymouth – making it a better place to

live and work. § Easy access to trusted advice § Education and awareness – knowing what to

do and who to ask for help. These key drivers the led to ideas that can be used to inform future actions and outcomes; including :

§ Rewards and recognition for positive action –

the Green Plymouth Award. § Access to skills, training, advice on legal

obligations and experience that can be trusted.

§ An information line, website and themed networks.

§ More consultation and involvement and frequent knowledge transfer opportunities to keep up.

§ Buy in at senior management level – leading by example.

§ Guidelines that match policies (knowing why action needs to be taken ) and aspirations with realistic expectations.

§ Resources – including access to funding. Skills The Local Carbon Framework pilot also supported a task and finish group that brought together expertise on local jobs and skills with the aim of establishing the potential to deliver the 880 green collar jobs suggested by the University of Plymouth’s Low Carbon Economy Study. It was acknowledged that the low carbon sector will encompass advanced theoretical abilities as well as practical and everyday needs. The skills may be completely new or they may be additions to existing professions that have been identified as a means of updating local knowledge. The potential for Plymouth to meet these needs – through the City College, the University and existing apprenticeships and internships – was clear. Lastly the potential for a specific ‘green apprenticeship’ was discussed at length. Again it was found that many of the existing apprenticeships could contribute to the green economy and that duplication with a specific theme would not be effective. However, in Plymouth, it was suggested that each course could benefit from a compulsory ‘green’ element in the curriculum and that this concept is already being pursued in any of the vocational courses on offer and at the University by way of embedding sustainable thinking in undergraduate studies.

http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/carbonreductionstudyresearchdebrief.ppt

http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/carbonreductionstudyresearchdebrief.ppt




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CONCLUSIONS Local Carbon Framework It is clear that, for the last five years or so, Plymouth has been emerging as a city with an enhanced reputation for green and low carbon thinking. The theme is reflected in the establishment of the Marine Energy park and its focus on renewables and in the increasing number of high profile research and development projects hosted by the city’s academic institutions. The potential for a low carbon economy, the engagement of local businesses in tackling climate change and the application of practical carbon management are also recognised and were the key drivers for the award of the Local Carbon Framework pilot in 2010. Plymouth’s focus for the Local Carbon Framework was established as ‘the first steps towards a low carbon economy’ – a subject that is still in its infancy despite clearly identified opportunities and increasingly influential national policies. Initial responses to the legal obligations of the Carbon Reduction Commitment Energy Efficiency Scheme were increasingly supported by the impact of the recession and evidence of increasing costs and energy security fears. Throughout the project the incentives clearly changed from protecting the planet to protecting the pocket but, the focus on the role of environmental resources and the opportunities for investment they could bring to the city were never lost. If anything, they became more important to the project’s partners as the consultation developed. Some anomalies remain in the research. It is still proving very difficult, for example, to embed consideration of the impact of a low carbon economy in strategic thinking. Despite clear investment in related projects across the city, this is possibly related to a lack of clear guidance from the Government, changing priorities as a result of the economic crisis and, to date, a poor understanding of the theme’s implications. This remains a challenge for strategic development with the adoption of a citywide ‘green’ vision considered to be one of the biggest challenges for leadership. The Local Carbon Framework set out to identify two key pieces of evidence and, supported by clear evidence, baselines and values, it has achieved this. It has established a local carbon budget with clear targets for emission reductions and an understanding of the financial value of carbon accounting and it has established a series of recommended actions to enable Plymouth to take the next steps towards growth and investment. In doing so the city has created a national profile and is already the subject of national case studies and advisory networks. This summary is supported by substantial research and is recommended for adoption as a key piece of evidence for the city’s Plymouth Plan and future ambitions for growth, employment, prosperity and business resilience. Above all, it represents perhaps the first piece of integrated enviro-economic research to be completed for the city’s benefit and, as such, fulfils the original pilot projects aim of establishing how local authorities and their partners can address climate change to their benefit.




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THANKS Local Carbon Framework Acknowledgments The Local Carbon Framework project team would like to acknowledge the help and assistance we have received in researching this report. We are particularly grateful to the members of the city’s Climate Change Commission who have led the process from the outset and who contributed an Editorial Board that oversaw the production of the first and final drafts of the study. We would also like to thank the businesses of the Plymouth 186 Low Carbon Network for their frank and open exchange of ideas and views. Our thanks also goes to the city’s Chamber of Commerce and Industry, its Priority Sectors Co-ordinators and members, the Federation of Small Businesses, members of the Plymouth

Manufacturer’s Group and the LCF Skills Task Group for their contributions. We are extremely grateful to the Universities of Plymouth and Exeter for their research contributions and ongoing support, to The Marketing Works for their contribution on behaviour change and to Emma Whittlesea for her advice on the carbon footprint of the city’s tourism interests. Last, but definitely not least, we would like to thank colleagues at Plymouth City Council for their contributions on planning, economic development, transport, risk management, emergency planning, environmental protections and budget management.

References All of the related studies, including Plymouth’s current Climate Change Framework and Action Plan can be found on the LCF dedicated webpage at : http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/homepage/environmentandplanning/sustainableplymouth/susclimatechange/localcarbonframework.htm Climate South West’s review of the impact of climate change can be found at : Warming to the Idea 2010 : http://oursouthwest.com/climate/registry/warming-to-the-idea-2010.pdf Details of the UK Local carbon Framework Pilot studies in the UK can be found at : http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/tackling/saving_energy/what_doing/local_councils?carbon_frames/carbon_frames.aspx The UK Government’s Carbon Plan can be found at : http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/tackling/carbon_plan/carbon_plan.aspx The UK Climate Change Committee’s 2012 report on the role of local authorities in tackling climate change (that recommends the introduction of a legal duty to tackle emissions ) can be found at : http://www.theccc.org.uk/reports/local-authorities



http://oursouthwest.com/climate/registry/warming-to-the-idea-2010.pdf

http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/tackling/saving_energy/what_doing/local_councils?carbon_frames/carbon_frames.aspx

http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/tackling/saving_energy/what_doing/local_councils?carbon_frames/carbon_frames.aspx

http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/tackling/carbon_plan/carbon_plan.aspx

http://www.theccc.org.uk/reports/local-authorities

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