ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT

SOCIAL EQUITY

HUMAN HEALTH

BIODIVERSITY

CLIMATE CHANGE

Accelerated growth and development in the Puget Sound region has cumulated in an urgent need to address the critical regional challenges of biodiversity, human health, social equity, economic development, and climate change, possible through a robust green infrastructure system.

FIGURE 1: Addressing Regional Challenges through Open Space Analysis and Planning

Snohomish

Stillaguamish

Cedar-Sammamish

Kitsap

Nisqually

Green-Duwamish

Puyallup-White

PIERCE COUNTY

KING COUNTY

KITSAP COUNTY

SNOHOMISH COUNTY

Pacific Ocean

Strait of Juan de Fuca

The Central Puget Sound region comprises eight major watersheds and four counties in the Greater Seattle Metropolitan Area, stretching from the mountain crests to the shorelines of Puget Sound – and is expected to support 5 million residents by 2040.

FIGURE 2: Regional Open Space Study Area

VIS

ION +VALUES FOSTERING REGIO

NAL CO

MM

UN

ITY

A CELEBRATED

REGIONAL OPEN SPACE SYSTEM

THAT IS

ROBUST + CONNECTED DIVERSE + CO

ORDIN

ATED STEWARDED EQUITABLE +

MUL

TI-

IN

TER-

RESILIENT CONTEXTU

AL ACCESSIBLE

FUNCT

ION

AL

DEP

ENDE

NT

Conserves, enhances and manages regional open space assets and systems that are resilient to distu rbances and can evolve over time

Recognizes the mutualinterdependence of wilderness, rural and urban lands and the interface between people and the region’s land resources and waterways

Improves cross-jurisdiction institutional coordination of open space efforts to address landscape scale objectives and upgrade the effectivenessof the system

Improves accessfor all citizens without degrading resources

Connects and integratesopen space assets in terms of physical access to landscape and habitat types, ecological relationships, rural to urban geographies, and human to natural realms

Provides a variety ofprecious open spaces, marine and terrestrial landscape and ecosystem types, and functional systems tailored to different scales and community needs

Layers objectives to address ecological integrity, ecosystem services, human health, resource conservation, & community vitality. Incorporates benefits of Open space systems into other efforts such as transportation, economic development & infrastructure Fosters a culture of

stewardship with anappreciation of the value of regional open space

ECOSYSTEMS RURAL + RESOURCE LANDS

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT RECREATION + TRAILS

An interconnected network of public and private lands that represents the full suite of natural ecosystems and habitats of a size and character that maintains and enhances biodiversity; provides the essential benefits of nature and ecosystem services; and sustains the crucial ecological processes, structures, and functions upon which healthy ecosystems depend.

A diverse and resilient landscape of rural and resource lands owned and operated by those that live in or are connected to the region. This landscape provides the food, resources, and ecosystem services we need; supports active resource-based economies; fosters rural communities; contributes to the identity and health of the region; and preserves our legacy for future generations.

A complete, connected, diverse, financially viable, publicly embraced, and well managed open space system of appropriately scaled spaces that accommodates the needs of the environment and assures community health, personal well-being, and provides access for all members of the community regardless of their exact geographic location or income level.

A complete, context-sensitive, well-managed, and maintained system of land and water resources that promotes the full spectrum of human recreational activity, offering opportunities for all people, and contributing to the health and vitality of current and future generations. This system provides for the full continuum of communities urban to rural, alpine to marine, land and water.

The ROSS initially convened over 100 stakeholders to lay the groundwork for a long-range strategy, defining a vision for a robust regional open space system that is “diverse, connected, coordinated, resilient, multifunctional, equitably accessible, interdependent, and stewarded.”

FIGURE 3: Defining Vision and Values of the Central Puget Sound Regional Open Space Strategy (ROSS)

A full range of wilderness ecosystems, including prairies and forested lowlands, are essential for retaining the region’s biodiversity.

Aquatic systems are essential for the region’s ecological health which, in turn, is critical for the viability of human communities.

Walkable neighborhoods with parks and recreation opportunities are necessary for human health.

Parks, walkable streets, trees, green belts and other open space elements enhance the livability of urban communities, provide important green infrastructure functions, and encourage positive development.

For human and ecological health, aquatic systems requires continuity along the whole length and breadth of the watershed, including urban waterfronts.

Iconic natural features and intimacy between natural and human settings establish the region’s core identity and are important economic assets.

Resource lands supply a wealth of ecosystem services such as flood reduction, air and water purification, carbon sequestration, and recreation in addition to providing food, wood products, and jobs.

Industrial estuaries provide substantial opportunities for ecological restoration along with more efficient shoreline use.

Regional trails, if connected to local neigborhoods and regional attractions, provide transportation, recreation, and human health functions as well as incentives for attracting new businesses.

OPEN SPACE

SYSTEM

The Preliminary Strategy called for an integrated spatial vision that measures and optimizes open space benefits, applying landscape ecology and ecosystem services concepts to guide decision-making and promote open space conservation values, from urban to rural to wild.

FIGURE 4: ROSS Preliminary Comprehensive Strategy

AIR WATER WORK PLAY

TRANSPORTHEALTHSHELTERFOOD

ENERGY MATERIALS CULTURAL AESTHETIC

COMMUNITYEDUCATIONDISASTERMITIGATION

WASTE

Open Space Services CATEGORIES16

FIGURE 06. Categorizing Open Space Services

Staff and advisors identified 16 Open Space Services provided by landscapes that address critical regional challenges of climate change, biodiversity, health, equity and economic development. These categories more comprehensively represent the diverse values of landscapes than traditional “ecosystem services.”.

AIR WATER WORK PLAY

TRANSPORTHEALTHSHELTERFOOD

ENERGY MATERIALS CULTURAL AESTHETIC

COMMUNITYEDUCATIONDISASTERMITIGATION

WASTE

Open Space Services CATEGORIES16

FIGURE 06. Categorizing Open Space Services

Staff and advisors identified 16 Open Space Services provided by landscapes that address critical regional challenges of climate change, biodiversity, health, equity and economic development. These categories more comprehensively represent the diverse values of landscapes than traditional “ecosystem services.”.

AIR WATER WORKPLAY TRANSPORT HEALTHSHELTERFOOD ENERGY MATERIALS CULTURALAESTHETIC COMMUNITYEDUCATIONDISASTERMITIGATION

WASTE

1 3 65 7 842 9 11 1413 16151210

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Air Purification

Air Temperature (Urban Heating)

Noise Reduction

UV Radiation Reduction

Carbon Storage

Non-attainment Areas

Crops

Seafood

Meat/Game

Urban Gardens

Spices

Seed Dist.

Pollination

Genetic Resources

Geneticdiversity

Soil Fertility

H20 Storage - AGH20 Storage - IDDrinking Water

H20 Reg - Timing

Reduction of loss from Projected 2040 Inundation Areas

Reduction of loss from flooding

Moderate storm water runoff

H20 Reg - Conveyance

Water Quality

Lumber

Minerals

Habitat

Reduced Risk -HeatReduced Risk - Cold

Gaps in Access to Parks

Community GardensTrails

Regional Trail Gaps AnalysisWater-based Recreation Wide open space Recreation

Timber

Agriculture

Seafood

Ecotourism

Nursery

Real Estate

Gov’t - Reg

Fish - Creeks

Fish - Lakes

Fish - Rivers

Fish - Sound

Fish - Ocean

Transp - Boat

Transp - Cargo

Ppl - Trails

Ppl - Parkway

Ppl - Waterway

Bird - Forest

Bird - Canopy

Bird - Wetland

Bird - Waterway

Animal - Forest

Animal - Park

Animal - Yards

Medicinal

Exercise

Pest Control

Therapeutic

Mental Health

Disease Control

Genetic ResourceWellness

Healing/Therapy

Active Living

Hydropower

Biomass Fuel

Wood Fuel

Minerals

Wind Power

Decomposition

Detoxification

Filtration

Fertilizer

Stone

Minerals

Lumber

Fibers

Herbs

Natural Products

Carbon Stock

Sequestration

Flood Prevention

Landslide PreventionSoil Erosion

Soil Formation

View Point

View Shed

Meaning

Attachment

Healing

Therapy

Ornamental

Seafood

Habitat

Spices

Inspiration

Worship Space

Historical Space

Spiritual Space

Intrinsic

Future

Place Meaning

Attachment

Viewshed

Proximity to NatureIntrinsic

Stewardship

Governance

Stewardship

Social - Crime

Social - Safety

Social Equity

Place Meaning

Attachment

Livable Cities

Local Economies

Active Living

Safe Streets

16 OPEN SPACE

SERVICES

We developed an “Open Space Services” framework – based upon “ecosystem services” but broadened to more responsively incorporate cultural and social equity benefits – to guide measurement of the values provided by farms, forests, urban parks and trails, and sustainable infrastructure.

FIGURE 5: Defining Open Space Services

$2,000,000

Waste Play Aesthetics Disaster Air Shelter Water Health Materials Food

$4,000,000

$6,000,000

Waste Play Aesthetics Disaster Air Shelter Water Health Materials Food

4,034,301 2,633,343 2,293,975 1,860,499 422,203 73,984 62,605 41,168 23,279 12,587

4,568,983 4,132,675 9,509,713 4,194,473 529,187 111,407 1,925,347 50,352 155,093 86,472

$25,263,700$11,457,944

SERVICE

LOW

HIGH

TOTAL VALUE PER YEAR

$1,000,000

$3,000,000

$5,000,000

$7,000,000

HIGH VALUE

LOW VALUE

The Planning Team modeled the current economic contribution of select Open Space Services, concluding that the 4-county region’s open spaces contribute between $11. 4 and $25.2 billion to the economy annually, and are valued at approximately $825B.

FIGURE 6: The Value of the Region’s Open Spaces

$474.10

$1,043.46

$77.19 $10.22

$1,084.70

$398.00

$1,940.77

$48.18

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--

$3,809.71

$3,809.71

$6,177.61

$6,177.61

$1,209.10

$36.37

--

--

$7,397.64

$1,620.11

$4,487.12

SERVICE

LOW

HIGH

WETLAND GRASSLAND FOREST

$8,000,000

$6,000,000

$4,000,000

$2,000,000

$0

PROPOSED

PREVIOUS

0 3015

MILES

SUMMARY OF REGIONALCANOPY COVER

Source: The Trust for Public Land, National Land Cover Database 2011

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 3015

MILES

SUMMARY OF REGIONALCLIMATE INFORMED BLUEPRINT

Source: EcoAdapt, GEOS Institute

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 3015

MILES

SUMMARY OF REGIONALLOW IMPERVIOUS COVER

Source: National Land Cover Database 2011

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 3015

MILES

SUMMARY OF RIPARIANCLIMATE CORRIDOR INDEX

Source: WGA/LCC

0

1

2

3

4

5

REGIONAL TREE COVER REGIONAL LOW IMPERVIOUS CLIMATE INFORMED BLUEPRINT RIPARIAN CLIMATE CORRIDOR

Using the valuation, the ROSS team conducted economic analyses of open space services and return on investment of specific green infrastructure projects that were being considered for the “Green-Y” proposal, such as a levee setback for the Puyallup River.

FIGURE 7: Open Space Services Analysis

Pu

ge

t

So u n d

Snohomish CountyKing County

Ecosystem Services Intensity Value0

1

2

3

4

5

6

S n o h o m i s h R i v e r W a t e r s h e d ( W R I A 7 )

Ecosystem Services Intensity in Protected Open Space Lands

in the Snohomish River Watershed (WRIA 7)Source: Giurgiulescu, Mihai and Graywolf Nattinger, SpatialAnalysis of Ecosystem Service Intensity in the Snohomish Basin, Washington, University of Washington, August 2015. Additional data from King County, the Washington Department ofEcology, and Forterra.

¹

0 10 205 Miles

Pu

ge

t

So u n d

Snohomish CountyKing County

Ecosystem Services Intensity Value0

1

2

3

4

5

6

S n o h o m i s h R i v e r W a t e r s h e d ( W R I A 7 )

Ecosystem Services Intensity in Protected Open Space Lands

in the Snohomish River Watershed (WRIA 7)Source: Giurgiulescu, Mihai and Graywolf Nattinger, SpatialAnalysis of Ecosystem Service Intensity in the Snohomish Basin, Washington, University of Washington, August 2015. Additional data from King County, the Washington Department ofEcology, and Forterra.

¹

0 10 205 Miles

Pu

ge

t

So u n d

Snohomish CountyKing County

Ecosystem Services Intensity Value0

1

2

3

4

5

6

S n o h o m i s h R i v e r W a t e r s h e d ( W R I A 7 )

Ecosystem Services Intensity in Protected Open Space Lands

in the Snohomish River Watershed (WRIA 7)Source: Giurgiulescu, Mihai and Graywolf Nattinger, SpatialAnalysis of Ecosystem Service Intensity in the Snohomish Basin, Washington, University of Washington, August 2015. Additional data from King County, the Washington Department ofEcology, and Forterra.

¹

0 10 205 Miles

Pu

ge

t

So u n d

Snohomish CountyKing County

Ecosystem Services Intensity Value0

1

2

3

4

5

6

S n o h o m i s h R i v e r W a t e r s h e d ( W R I A 7 )

Ecosystem Services Intensity in Protected Open Space Lands

in the Snohomish River Watershed (WRIA 7)Source: Giurgiulescu, Mihai and Graywolf Nattinger, SpatialAnalysis of Ecosystem Service Intensity in the Snohomish Basin, Washington, University of Washington, August 2015. Additional data from King County, the Washington Department ofEcology, and Forterra.

¹

0 10 205 Miles

PLAY

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES

The Snohomish Basin has 60,000 acres of regionally significant forest land. Based on high interest from local stakeholders, we consolidated and evaluated coordinated recreation-based economic revitalization scenarios for open space benefits in the Snohomish watershed.

FIGURE 8: Ecosystem Services in the Snohomish Watershed

KING COUNTY

PIERCE COUNTY

PUGETSOUND

Green-Duwamish Watershed Boundary

0 5 10Miles°

10 River Mile

ELLIOTT BAY

Source: Data courtesy of the Puget Sound Regional Council, USGS, WashingtonState Department of Ecology, Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife,and King County. Map produced for the Regional Open Space Strategy project,University of Washington College of Built Environments Green Futures Researchand Design Lab, August 2015.

0

8070

605040

10

30

20

90

Parks and Open Space

Lakes

Rivers & Streams

Communities of Opportunity

Lowest Decile

Decile 2

Decile 3

Decile 4

Decile 5

Decile 6

Decile 7

Decile 8

Decile 9

Highest Decile 9/22/2015

Filename: GDWS_11x17.mxd

Topography and Floodplains The Green/Duwamish Watershed covers an impressive topographic gradient, gradually making its way from 1,700 feet at the foothills of the Cascades down to the Duwamish Estuary at sea level. The Green and Duwamish Rivers have carved their paths through this landscape, meandering over the seasons and through millennia, regularly overflowing across the lower reaches of the watershed. This meandering and flooding action has created low, flat elevations with fertile soil, ideal for human settlement. These areas still flood, however, and human settlements within these floodplains are at risk.

Communities of Opportunity The King County Communities of Opportunity initiative is working inthe 20% of census tracts that rank lowest on an index of the tenmeasures in the table below. This maps shows ranks for all census tracts available within the Green/Duwamish Watershed.

Life ExpectancyAdverse Childhood Experience

Frequent Mental DistressSmokingObesity

DiabetesPreventable Hospitalizations

Poor Housing ConditionLow-Income (Below 200% Poverty)

Unemployment

74 Years20%14%20%33%13%1.00%8%54%13%

Measure Lowest Decile Highest Decile

87 Years9%4%5%14%5%0.40%0%6%3%

In the Green-Duwamish watershed, a more inclusive and equitable planning process emerged as the most important need. This watershed strategy process focuses on coordinating across dozens of jurisdictional plans for more equitable access to open space.

FIGURE 9: Equitable Access in the Green Duwamish Watershed

58 WATERSHED OPEN SPACE STRATEGY / PUYALLUP-WHITE

Federal Way

Tacoma

AuburnAlgona

PacificMilton

Fife Edgewood

Sumner

Puyallup Bonney LakeEnumclaw

Buckley

South Prairie

Orting Wilkeson

Carbonado

Wa. Dept. of Ecology, GIS Technical Services 02/26/02 Land Use/Land Cover lc10a

Puyallup/White Water Resource Inventory Area (WRIA) #10

0 3 6

Miles

Geographically Linked Strategies

WRIA10

GENERALIZED AREAS

Lower Puyallup Green Core

White River Corridor

Greater Rainier Conservation and Recreation Initiative

Lower Puyallup Green Core

Greater Rainier Conservation and Recreation Initiatives

White River Corridor

Figure 43. Geographically Linked Strategies

The “Green-Y” Core is one of the three integrative strategies from the Puyallup-White WOSS which combines proposals to retain remaining farmlands, improve the river’s ecological functions, connect regional multi-purpose trails and give equitable access to parks and open space.

FIGURE 10: Puyallup-White Watershed Open Space Strateegy: Synthesized Proposals

To advance implementation of proposed action items, further planning analysis focused on the regulatory challenges and opportunities associated with maintaining and enhancing forestry and agricultural resource lands in the fast-urbanizing “Green-Y” area of the Puyallup-White watershed.

FIGURE 11: Regulatory Analyses

0 7 14 21 283.5Miles

¯

B-3B-2

B-4

B-5

B-6

B-1: Initiate a region-wide update/synthesis of existing biodiversity assessments to identify the most ecologically important areas, the relative threat to each, and the priority actions.B-2: Support the Pierce County Biodiversity Alliance efforts to implement the Lower White River Biodiversity Management Area Stewardship Plan. B-3: Support King County’s efforts to acquire and manage the Bass Lake complex.B-4: Snoqualmie Crossroads - Establish wildlife corridors and fish habitat restoration.B-5: Lower Snoqualmie Heritage Corridor - Fish restoration B-6: Critical riparian habitat protection area

Priority Habitat Areas onPublic Lands (B1)Areas with Specific Conservation Action Identified

Areas Identified as Having Significant Habitat Value Outside Public Lands (B1)

Areas Identified as Having Significant Habitat Value

0 7 14 21 283.5Miles

¯

A-13

A-12

A-11

A-10A-9

A-4A-3

A-5

A-7

A-8

A-6

A-4

A-2A-1: Continue efforts to construct setback levee(s) with shoreline restoration in lower Puyallup River.A-2: Protect the White River Corridor. A-3: Coordinate the numerous shoreline restoration projects on the Duwamish and Lower Green River.A-4: Coordinate stormwater management, flood surge protection and environmental enhancement efforts in the Duwamish and Lower Green Rivers.A-5: Restore the lower Green River while upgrading the levees in the Kent Valley.A-6: Take land use and environmental management steps to protect water quality and habitat in the Soos Creek basin. A-7: Address development impacts to water quality around Black Diamond.A-8: Work with farmers in the Newaukum Creek basin to identify watershed friendly field drainage techniques.A-9: Restore the lower Cedar River shoreline. A-10: Take land use steps in uplands to maintain high water quality along the Cedar River.A-11: Snoqualmie Crossroads - Manage for fish habitat and flood control.A-12- Lower Snoqualmie Heritage Corridor - Manage for fish habitat and flood control.A-13: Critical riparian conservation area.

A-14

Shoreline Restoration

Stream Protection or Purchase

Rivers

Flood Hazard and Stormwater Management

Land Use Measures to Improve Aquatic Systems

0 6 12 18 243Miles

¯Areas with lower access to health and recreation assets

Areas where open space can be used as an economic asset

Opportunity for an unique recreational resource

CD-7

CD-2

CD-3

CD-6

CD-5

CD-8

CD-1 CD-2

CD-4

CD-1

CD-9

CD-10

CD-11

CD-1: Address the open space deficiencies and health impacts in the lower Green River Valley.CD-2: Identify strategies for providing open spaces and recreation resources in rapidly growing communities,CD-3: Provide community open spaces near the Highway 99 corridor in Snohomish County.CD-4: Establish a "Greater Rainer" Coalition.CD-5: Establish a Snoqualmie Valley Coalition.CD-6: Utilize the Scenic River Designation along this stretch of the Skykomish and finalize the Sky to Sound water trail.CD-7: Establish a Stillaguamish Valley coalition.CD-8: Build on the open space resources in theHansville/Kingston/Port Gamble vicinity as a regional recreational and scenic amenity attractions along that corridor.CD-9: Establish a "Hanging Gardens" Park in the Green River Gorge between Flaming Geyser Park and Kanaskat-Palmer State Parks.CD-10: Incorporate agriculture and tourism in appropriate ways.CD-11: Establish more recreational water accessopportunities.CD-12: Establish a "Snoqualmie Crossroads" withwildlife corridors, local trail connections, and heightened recreational capacity.

CD-12 0 7 14 21 283.5Miles

¯

T-8

T-6T-7

T-4T-5

T-3T-3T-2

T-1

T-9T-10

T-9

Improvements to trails with missing links

Proposed new trails or connections

Existing Trails

Recreational Opportunities

Sky to Sound and Scenic River Designation

T-1: Connect Green River Trail and Cedar River Trail near and in Renton.T-2: Connect Green River Trail. East Lake Washington Trail and theCedar River Trail near and in Renton.T-3: Continue constructing the Mountain To Sound Greenway Trail across Bellevue to and other missing sections.T-4: Continue constructing the Eastside Trail.T-5: Construct MTS missing link around Beacon Hill and industrial area.T-6: Connect the Centennial Trail to the Snoqualmie Valley Trail.T-7: Complete missing links in the North Interurban Trail to connectEverett and Seattle.T-8: Connect the Centennial Trail to the Snoqualmie Valley Trail from Snohomish to Monroe.T-9: Connecting Arlington to Darlington.

!(

0 6 12 18 243Miles¯

!( Critical Shoreline Restoration Project

Integrated Shoreline Restoration

Protection of Riparian Corridors (Purchase or Agreement)

Rivers

Fish, Flood, and Farm Protection with Recreation and Wildlife Focus

Scenic River Designation Opportunity (Sky to Sound)

Need for Forest Management for Climate Change Concerns

Land Use Measures to Protet Aquatic Functions

Agricultural Land Cover

Communities of Opportunity (Lowest Decile Ranking)

Pierce County Biodiversity Network

Roads

Existing Trails

Improvements to Trails with Missing Links

Proposed New Trails or Trail Connections

Surface Water (Including Puget Sound, Lakes, and Rivers)

Wilderness Areas, Protected Areas, and Parks

Private Land Uses (Devoted Primarily to Growing and Harvesting)

Public Land Uses

Urban Areas

Rural Areas

Economic Development Opportunities

Need for Recreational Public Water Access

Working between watershed and regional scales, the Team employed GIS data, planning documents, interviews and workshops with experts to identify the most important landscapes to conserve and enhance. Recommended actions address agriculture, forests, recreation, community, trails and habitat.

FIGURE 12: Regional Strategies and Priority Actions

The ROSS team utilized video and 3-D modelling at the regional level to show how the green infrastructure system can address interconnected priorities. The narrative, rather than prescriptive, approach to a regional vision enabled collaboration between planning efforts.

FIGURE 13: Communicating a Regional Vision

FIGURE 14. GIS Portal Prototype

The research team created a prototype interactive online GIS tool to model the capacity of open space conservation and enhancement scenarios to confront identified regional challenges, based upon predicted open space services provided by various scenarios.

The ROSS team and partners created a prototype online GIS tool to model the capacity of open space conservation and enhancement scenarios to confront identified regional challenges. The completed interactive tool will be available in the coming year.

FIGURE 14: Ecosystem Service Planning Tool Development

Feds

Watersheds of

Central Puget Sound

Puget Sound Partnership

New Non-Profit Foundation

Puget Sound Regional Council

Pierce County

and Cities

King County

and Cities

Snoho-mish

County and Cities

Kitsap County

and Cities

New Non-Profit Coordinating Alliance

Farmers, Land Owners, Businesses, Tribal Nations, NGOs, Foresters, Governments –

Federal, State, PSP, PSRC, Counties, Cities

Existing Non-Governmental Organizations1

Federal $

State $

1Existing NGOs operate as usual and still receive funding from state and federal governments.

Loca

l Prio

ritie

s Local Government Comp Plan Process

New connection between local government and WRIA planning

Regi

onal

Prio

ritie

s

New

Rel

atio

nshi

p

$$

$$

New Relationship

New Relationship

Existing Relationship

Exist

ing

Rel

atio

nshi

p

The ROSS team worked with governmental and NGO leaders to craft an organizational strategy to expand, fund and implement the regional green infrastructure system, working in both sectors to coordinate open space and land use decisions across jurisdictional boundaries.

FIGURE 15: Regional Governance and Funding