Climate Smart Agriculture: Opportunities and Stumbling blocks
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Transcript of Climate Smart Agriculture: Opportunities and Stumbling blocks
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Climate Smart Agriculture: Opportunities and Stumbling blocks
Maurits van den Berg
Institute for Environment and SustainabilityJoint Research Centre
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Overview• Context: What are we talking about
• Farm management practices associated with CSA
• Effects (advantages and
disadvantages)• Interrelations
• Adoption of CSA
• Enabling policies
• Take-home messages
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What are we talking about?
The three pillars of climate smart agriculture:
• Sustainably increasing agricultural productivity and incomes
• Adapting and building resilience to climate change
• Reducing and/or removing greenhouse gases emissions, where possible
(FAO, 2013)
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Global population billion
Non-OECDOECD
Animal productsOther cropsOil cropsCereals
Food consumption per capita kcal per capita per day
(Source: PBL, 2010)
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5April 14, 2023(Source: van den Berg et al., 2011)
Agricultural land use in 2000
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Project land use change (business as usual scenario)
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Agricultural land use in 2050, business as usual scenario
(Source: van den Berg et al., 2011)
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Adapting and building resilience to climate change
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Trend, change in temperature (°C, 1901 to 2012)
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Change in average precipitation (1986-2005 to 2081-2100)in two distinct emission scenarios
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(Source: EDGAR dabase, courtesy G. Maenhout-Janssens, JRC; LULUCF: IMAGE Calculations)
Agriculture
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Climate smart agriculture
To sustain the three pillars:
• Increase in crop yields and animal feed use efficiency
• Minimise conversion of (semi-)natural land to arable land
• Improve/sustain soil health and biodiversity to adapt and build resilience to climate change
• Efficient use of inputs (water, fertilizers, agrichemicals)
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Examples of measures• Adapted/more productive/resilient crop varieties or animal breeds
• Adapted crop calendar
• Crop rotation / Intercropping (especially with N-fixing crops)
• Minimum soil disturbance (e.g. no till or minimum tillage)
• Crop residues left on the land
• Semi-natural vegetation intertwined with cropland
• Better irrigation practices
• Smarter use of chemicals (only when needed, at the right place and the
right time; biological pest control when possible)
• Rehabilitation of degraded land
• Improved animal husbandry
• Better integration of animal manure in crop production
• Minimise harvest and post harvest losses 11
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Example 1: Conservation agriculture
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Example 1: Conservation agriculture• Crop rotation (e.g. soybean - wheat)
• Minimum soil disturbance (direct drilling, no-till)
• Crop residues left on the land after harvest
Advantages:
• High yield potential thanks to improved soil-health and water conservation
• Less need of fertilisers
• Higher C-storage in the soil
• less CO2 from field machinery use
• Less labour requirements
Stumbling blocks:
• Crop residues left on the land cannot be used for other purposes
• No-till can pose difficulty to crop emergence (esp. during transition phase)
• New pest/diseases may appear (esp. during transition phase)
• Weed infestations
• Lack of local knowledge farmers, suppliers, extension officers
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Example 2: Intertwine semi-natural vegetation with cropland
vs
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Example 2: Intertwine semi-natural vegetation with cropland• A coherent network of semi-natural features (hedgerows, buffer strips, flower strips,
woodlots, semi-natural grasslands etc.) in agricultural areas
Advantages:
• provides corridors for species migration,
• Pollination
• Bioogical pest control
• Erosion control
• Opportunities for supplementary income (e.g honey, agritourism)
Stumbling blocks & drawbacks:
• Loss of crop land area
• Implementation costs
• Use of heavy field machinery restricted
• New pest/diseases may appear (esp. during transition phase)
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Example 3: Better irrigation practices
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Source: van den Berg et al., 2011
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Example 3: Better irrigation practices• Reduce losses from reservoirs and channels
• Efficient, properly maintained equipment (e.g. drip, central pivot, short furrow)
• Improved irrigation scheduling
Advantages:
• Higher yields can be obtained with same amount of water
• Less negative off-site effects
• More efficient nutrient use
• Energy savings (from pumps)
Stumbling blocks:
• Initial investments at farm and catchment level
• Only works if water is valued
• Lack of knowledge / awareness
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Deficit irrigation: substantial amounts of irrigation water can be saved with minor yield penalty
Full irrigation Deficit irrigation
Source: JRC (CAPRESE project)
Irrigation water requirements:
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Example 3: Better irrigation practices• Reduce losses from reservoirs and channels
• Efficient, properly maintained equipment (e.g. drip, central pivot, short furrow)
• Improved irrigation scheduling
Advantages:
• Higher yields can be obtained with same amount of water
• Less negative off-site effects
• More efficient nutrient use
• Energy savings (from pumps)
Stumbling blocks:
• Initial investments at farm and catchment level
• Only works if water is valued
• Lack of knowledge / awareness
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Common features• Fairly simple measures (more sophisticated measures also exist)
• Approaches can be applied to many environments, but local adaptation is required
• Measures tend to enhance each other (synergy)
• Drawbacks tend to be strong during initial phase
• Action required at farm and higher levels
• Costs tend to be concentrated on farmers, benefits for society as a whole
• Policies are required to overcome drawbacks
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Enabling conditions for adoption• Prices of produce and inputs are fair and fairly predictable
• Markets are reliable
• Land tenure is secure
• Credit to invest in long-term land productivity is available and accessible
• Training opportunities
• Trust that adoption will improve stakeholders’ livelihoods
• Low yield risk; or technologies/insurance mechanisms are available to cope with risks
• Incentives exist to safeguard public goods and services
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Climate risk management – Need for innovative financing mechanisms
• Agricultural insurance as means to reduce risk;
• Traditional insurance schemes are not fit for climate-related risk;
• Weather index-based insurance schemes provide interesting alternative;
• Many pilots in developing countries
• Additional benefit: Farmers are exposed to intensive and better use of climate information in the decision making process;
DOI: 10.2788/713
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The 3 measures are: Maintaining permanent grassland (National, or Regional, or farm)
Annual decrease of “Area grassland/total agriculture area” < 5%
Crop diversification (farm level)At least 2 crops when arable land > 10 haAt least 3 crops when arable land > 30 ha
Main crop cover < 75% of arable land, two main crops < 95% of the arable land
Ecological focus areas of at least 5% of the arable area of the holding (farms with area >15 hectares)
EFA: field margins, hedges, trees, fallow land, landscape features, biotopes, buffer strips, afforested area
This figure will rise to 7% after 2019 (after impact assessment in 2017)
NB: Organic farms, some Agri-environment schemes already compliant
CAP Direct Payments (Greening)
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Take-home messages• Implementation of climate smart agriculture is an issue of today
• Suitable approaches are available; many are based on simple technologies
• Climate smart agricultural practices tend to be synergistic. Synergism cannot be taken for granted.
• Diverse pathways of climate smart agricultural development; no one-size-fits-all solutions.
• Common stumbling blocks to adoption:
Initial investments and practical difficulties during transitional period
Costs mainly faced by farmers; benefits shared among wider community
Difficulty to achieve concerted action at several organisational levels
Minimum set of enabling conditions is often not in place
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www.jrc.ec.europa.eu
Serving societyStimulating innovationSupporting legislation
Thank you for your attention!Acknowledgements:Frank DentenerFrançois KayitakireNeil HubbardHervé KerdilesGreet MaenhoutJean Michel TerresMaria Luisa ParacchiniAndrej Ceglar
www.jrc.ec.europa.eu
Serving societyStimulating innovationSupporting legislation
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Reserve list
April 14, 2023
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Sustainably increasing agricultural productivity
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Detection of semi-natural vegetation in agricultural areas at the European scale and its impact on ecosystem services C. García-Feced, C.J. Weissteiner, A. Baraldi, M.L. Paracchini, J. Maes, G. Zulian In preparation
Example 2: Intertwine semi-natural vegetation with cropland
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Wheat – best adaptation (%)
Source: JRC, PESETA II Project
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Wheat – best adaptation (%)
Source: JRC, PESETA II Project
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Irrigation water requirement
Relative difference in maize productivity
Analysis of different irrigation strategies for growing maize in Europe
CAPRESE project impact of different irrigation strategies
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Source: van den Berg et al., 2011
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Source: van den Berg et al., 2011
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Source: van den Berg et al., 2011