Climate Change Professor Matthew England Climate and Environmental Dynamics Laboratory
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Climate Change Climate Change
Professor Matthew EnglandProfessor Matthew England
Climate and Environmental Dynamics Laboratory Climate and Environmental Dynamics Laboratory
School of Mathematics, Faculty of ScienceSchool of Mathematics, Faculty of Science
The University of New South WalesThe University of New South Wales
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Causes of climate change
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CO2 Concentration is Rising
190
290
1959
2004
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
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Why is Venus hotter than Mercury?
Mercury temperature = ~85C
Venus temperature = 500 C
Answer -
The Greenhouse Effect!
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NH air temperatures since 1000 A.D.
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Global 20th Century Temperature Trends
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Is the Antarctic changing?… observations
Larsson-B Ice Shelf Collapse 31 January to 7 March 2002
http://nsidc.org/iceshelves/larsenb2002/animation.html
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Twentieth Century Land-Ice Changes
Davis et al., Vaughan; Science, 2005
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Melting of the Greenland Ice-sheet
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Australian temperature trend, 1950 – present day
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Australian rainfall trend, 1950 – present day
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Total annual inflow into Perth Dams
IPCC-WG2 [2007]
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Southern Annular Mode
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Southern Annular Mode
… trend due to ozone delpletion & greenhouse gas increases
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How much will our climate change in the future?
… models
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Climate Modelling
Governing equations
Forcing conditions
Initial conditions Model
output
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Models of the ocean and atmosphere
• Solve governing equations over a discrete grid
• Use (sparse) observations in forcing functions
• Integrate solutions forward in time
• Assess simulation vs. observed fields
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1000 20001500500Year
The Past and the Future
Instrumental Data Proxy Reconstructions Model Simulations
2100
5.8
IPCC highand lowprojection
1.4
Spörerminimum
Maunderminimum
Daltonminimum
0
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
0.4
∆T
-0.8
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Rahmstorf et al.
We are currently tracking at the very high end of emission scenarios and temperature projections
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Annual mean change in temperature (colour shading) and its range (isolines) (Unit: °C) for the SRES
scenario A2, showing the period 2071 to 2100 relative to the period 1961 to 1990.
Annual-mean temperature change predicted for 2070-2100 in IPCC Third Assessment Report models
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Climate Change simulation to year 2054
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IPCC-WG1 [2007]
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Figure 1. Model Simulation of Trend in Hurricanes (from Knutson et al, 2004)
CONTROL
2050
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• The planet has seen substantial climate change in the past century
• These changes cannot be explained by known modes of natural variability (i.e., solar cycles, …)
• A manifestation of climate change can easily be found in air temperatures, rainfall, ocean properties, land-ice, sea-level, winds, storm tracks, …
• These changes will accelerate over the coming decades/century unless we adopt aggressive response strategies
CONCLUSIONS
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• The planet has seen substantial climate change in the past century
• These changes cannot be explained by known modes of natural variability (i.e., solar cycles, …)
• A manifestation of climate change can easily be found in air temperatures, rainfall, ocean properties, land-ice, sea-level, winds, and storm tracks
• These changes will accelerate over the coming decades/century unless we adopt aggressive response strategies
CONCLUSIONS
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• The planet has seen substantial climate change in the past century
• These changes cannot be explained by known modes of natural variability (i.e., solar cycles, …)
• A manifestation of climate change can easily be found in air temperatures, rainfall, ocean properties, land-ice, sea-level, winds, and storm tracks
• These changes will accelerate over the coming decades/century unless we adopt aggressive response strategies
CONCLUSIONS
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• The planet has seen substantial climate change in the past century
• These changes cannot be explained by known modes of natural variability (i.e., solar cycles, …)
• A manifestation of climate change can easily be found in air temperatures, rainfall, ocean properties, land-ice, sea-level, winds, and storm tracks
• These changes will accelerate over the coming decades/century unless we adopt aggressive response strategies
CONCLUSIONS
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Some issues re. climate science
• Climate scientists are well aware of natural variability
• Climate scientists have no “conflict-of-interest”
• Climate science must undergo rigorous peer-review
• Climate scientists should not prescribe policy
• Inexpert debate - unlike any other science
• Opportunities for innovation and economic growth
• We have succeeded before: CFC’s, …
• Climate scientists are your best source of information for climate science
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Physical oceanography and climate science
The study of the physics, properties, and dynamics of the oceans and coupled climate system
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Some issues re. climate science
• Climate scientists are well aware of natural variability
• Climate scientists have no “conflict-of-interest”
• Climate science must undergo rigorous peer-review
• Climate scientists should not prescribe policy
• Inexpert debate - unlike any other science
• Opportunities for innovation and economic growth
• We have succeeded before: CFC’s, …
• Climate scientists are your best source of information for climate science
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Some issues re. climate science
• Climate scientists are well aware of natural variability
• Climate scientists have no “conflict-of-interest”
• Climate science must undergo rigorous peer-review
• Climate scientists should not prescribe policy
• Inexpert debate - unlike any other science
• Opportunities for innovation and economic growth
• We have succeeded before: CFC’s, …
• Climate scientists are your best source of information for climate science
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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
http://www.ipcc.ch
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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
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Some issues re. climate science
• Climate scientists are well aware of natural variability
• Climate scientists have no “conflict-of-interest”
• Climate science must undergo rigorous peer-review
• Climate scientists should not prescribe policy
• Inexpert debate - unlike any other science
• Opportunities for innovation and economic growth
• We have succeeded before: CFC’s, …
• Climate scientists are your best source of information for climate science
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Some issues re. climate science
• Climate scientists are well aware of natural variability
• Climate scientists have no “conflict-of-interest”
• Climate science must undergo rigorous peer-review
• Climate scientists should not prescribe policy
• Inexpert debate - unlike any other science
• Opportunities for innovation and economic growth
• We have succeeded before: CFC’s, …
• Climate scientists are your best source of information for climate science
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Some issues re. climate science
• Climate scientists are well aware of natural variability
• Climate scientists have no “conflict-of-interest”
• Climate science must undergo rigorous peer-review
• Climate scientists should not prescribe policy
• Inexpert debate - unlike any other science
• Opportunities for innovation and economic growth
• We have succeeded before: CFC’s, …
• Climate scientists are your best source of information for climate science
![Page 48: Climate Change Professor Matthew England Climate and Environmental Dynamics Laboratory](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070416/56815275550346895dc0a380/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Some issues re. climate science
• Climate scientists are well aware of natural variability
• Climate scientists have no “conflict-of-interest”
• Climate science must undergo rigorous peer-review
• Climate scientists should not prescribe policy
• Inexpert debate - unlike any other science
• Opportunities for innovation and economic growth
• We have succeeded before: CFC’s, …
• Climate scientists are your best source of information for climate science
![Page 49: Climate Change Professor Matthew England Climate and Environmental Dynamics Laboratory](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070416/56815275550346895dc0a380/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Some issues re. climate science
• Climate scientists are well aware of natural variability
• Climate scientists have no “conflict-of-interest”
• Climate science must undergo rigorous peer-review
• Climate scientists should not prescribe policy
• Inexpert debate - unlike any other science
• Opportunities for innovation and economic growth
• We have succeeded before: CFC’s, …
• Climate scientists are your best source of information for climate science
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Climate Change Climate Change
Professor Matthew EnglandProfessor Matthew England
Climate and Environmental Dynamics Laboratory Climate and Environmental Dynamics Laboratory
School of Mathematics, Faculty of ScienceSchool of Mathematics, Faculty of Science
The University of New South WalesThe University of New South Wales
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Milankovitch Forcing: Variation in Incident Solar Radiation Due to Natural Variations in Earth’s Orbit
• Eccentricity:100,000 Year Cycle
• Obliquity:41,000 Year Cycle
• Precession:26,000 Year Cycle
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Simulation: Global Warming Scenario
(Rahmstorf & Ganopolski, Clim. Change 1999)
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Antarctic Circumpolar Current
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Southern Ocean water-massesSouthern Ocean water-masses
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The Greenhouse fingerprint