Climate Change Policies and Actions in the Ocean and...
Transcript of Climate Change Policies and Actions in the Ocean and...
Lee Suk Hui
Korea Marine Environment Management Corp.
Climate Change Policies and Actions
in the Ocean and Fisheries Sector of
the Republic of Korea
THE EAST ASIAN SEAS CONGRESS 2015
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Contents
1. Global and Regional Level Climate Change Trends
2. Climate Change Response Efforts of Korea
3. Ocean and Fisheries Sector Implementation Practices
Workshop Title:Managing Risks in Climate Change and Disasters in the Seas of East Asia
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Global and Regional Level Climate
Change Trends
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Observations and projections of global climate change under IPCC AR5
Global mean temperature has increased by 0.85 ℃ over the period between 1880 to 2012.
Sea surface temperature has increased by 0.11℃ per decade over the period between 1971 to 2010.
Sea level rose by 19cm over the period between 1901 to 2010.
Workshop Title:Managing Risks in Climate Change and Disasters in the Seas of East Asia
“Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed
changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.”
“Continued emissions of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and changes in all
components of the climate system. ”
Scenario Global, ℃ Ocean , ℃ SL rise, cm Remark
RCP4.5 1.8[1.1-2.6] 1.5[0.9-2.2] 47[32-63] 538ppm in CO2 (stabilization scenario)
RCP8.5 3.7[2.6-4.8] 3.1[2.1-4.0] 63[45-82] 936ppm in CO2 (no-climate policy
scenario)
* 2081~2100 global mean relative to the reference period between 1986~2005
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Workshop Title:Managing Risks in Climate Change and Disasters in the Seas of East Asia
Observations and projections of global climate change under IPCC AR5
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Observations of Climate change in Korea
Temperature and sea level in the Korean peninsula and surrounding
ocean area have risen
Temperature increased by 1.2℃ over the period between 1981 to 2010
Sea surface temperature increased by 1.3℃ over the period between 1968 to 2008
Sea level rose by 8cm over the period between 1964 to 2006
The surface layer acidification has been reported to be in progress
within the East Sea
Workshop Title:Managing Risks in Climate Change and Disasters in the Seas of East Asia
Sea level rise
over the period 1993 to 2008
p CO2(a) and pH(b) in the East sea
over the period 1995 to 2004
Sea surface temperature
over the period 1880 to 2009
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Projections of climate change in Korea
Workshop Title:Managing Risks in Climate Change and Disasters in the Seas of East Asia
Source) KMA, 2012
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Scenario Mean temp. Sea level rise in the
East sea*
Sea level rise in the Yellow
and South sea*
RCP 4.5 3℃ 74cm 53cm
RCP 8.5 5.7℃ 99cm 65cm
Projected sea level rise
for the period of 2006-2099
* 2071~2100 mean relative to the reference period 1981-2010
The mean temperature rises faster in Korea than the global and East Asian region by 20 and 40 %,
respectively
2011-2040 (2041-2070)2071-21002041-2070
Annual mean temperature in Korea
for the period of 2011-2100
RCP 4.5
RCP 8.5
Climate Change Response Efforts of
Korea
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National Policies and Actions
Internationally,
Reducing greenhouse gas voluntarily as a leading developing country
Suggested NAMA(Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action) scheme
Announced voluntary mitigation target by 2020 in 2009
Proactive movements such as establishing the Global Green Growth Institute(GGGI),
attributing GCF secretariats, and stronger involvement within the IPCC
Domestically,
Constituted government-wide task force to cope with UNFCCC mandates and
established a comprehensive plan every 3 years (’98-’08)
Enacted the ‘Framework Law of Low Carbon Green Growth’ in 2010
Specific targets identified in 2011
Launched a nation-wide emission trading scheme in 2015
Workshop Title:Managing Risks in Climate Change and Disasters in the Seas of East Asia
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National Efforts to contribute UNFCCC
INDCs of Korea
Reduce GHG by 37% from the BAU level (850.6MTCO2 eq.) by 2030
How to reduce GHG?
14.7% through implementing sectoral GHG reduction plan such as increasing renewable
energy supply, introducing average fuel consumption standard for automobiles, energy-
efficient building design etc.
4.5% through reducing coal-based power generation, introducing energy management
system(EMS) to industrial plants and commercial buildings etc.
6.5% through Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS), green car, nuclear power etc.
11.3% through international carbon market
How to adapt?
Developed national climate change adaptation plan in 2010
Implementing strategic actions to strengthen adaptive capacity in subnational and local
level
Workshop Title:Managing Risks in Climate Change and Disasters in the Seas of East Asia
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Ocean and Fisheries Sector
Implementation Practices
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Master plan for climate change response within the ocean and fisheries sector
1st plan to cope with climate change within the ministerial level (’01)
4 parts 19 projects (monitoring and projection / greenhouse gas reduction / impact and
response / enhancing international cooperation)
Based on MOF’s existing projects and objectives
2nd plan to strengthen research & development, capacity building aspects (’07)
5 parts 15 strategic projects (adaptation in coastal areas / adaptation to the changes
in fisheries resources / greenhouse gas reduction / strengthen scientific basis on
ocean climate change / capacity building to cope with climate change)
15 detailed strategies linked with 15 research projects
Divided into two sectors : ocean sector as a part of the MLTM’s climate change response
plan(’08) and the fisheries sector as a part of the MIFAFF’s climate change response plan
(’11)
Workshop Title:Managing Risks in Climate Change and Disasters in the Seas of East Asia
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Framework of the 2nd master plan to cope with climate change in ocean and fisheries sector
Workshop Title:Managing Risks in Climate Change and Disasters in the Seas of East Asia
2nd master plan
Management of - Coastal land and industry- Maritime logistics scheme- Environment and ecosystem
Coastal adaptation
- Observation and projection of fisheries’ change-Managing fisheries resources- Food security and fisher protection
Fisheries adaptation
-Ocean renewable energies-GHG storage and sink-GHG inventory - Energy efficiency
GHG reduction
Developing technologies for -observing ocean changes - projections- Technology management and utilization
Strengthen scientific basis
-Developing human resources-Enhancing international co.-Integrated management system
Capacity building
• Management of coastal environment and ecosystem
• Projection and mitigation of coastal changes
• Preventing coastal vulnerability
• Observation and projection of the change of fisheries resources
• Technologies to manage natural resources
• Technologies to manage aquaculture resources
• Ocean energy development
• Technology development for offshore CO2storage
• Technology to reduce CO2emission
• Observation of ocean circulation and sea level change
• Projection of physical ocean changes
• Observation and projection of ocean ecosystem changes
• Developing ocean climate change awareness contents
• Developing Adaptation inventory
• Establishing GHG inventory
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Implemented Policies
Workshop Title:Managing Risks in Climate Change and Disasters in the Seas of East Asia
MOF
• coastal disaster vulnerability assessment
• Coastal inundation mapping
• coastal sensitivities to climate change
• Making a safe port from disasters
• preventing coastal erosion
• coastal adaptation certification program
• guideline for coastal spatial planning
…
Coastal adaptation
• projection of ecosystem impacts
• Productivity assessment of tidal flat
• Monitoring of red tide, harmful organisms and reducing impact
• Strategy for fisheries response
• assessing aquaculture environment
…
Fisheries adaptation
• Ocean CCS• Developing
ocean energy• Making green-
port• Green-ship
certification• GHG
management in coastal shipping
• Substituting lamp of fishing vessel to LED
• Developing ocean sink
…
GHG reduction
• Projection of ocean climate change in the North Pacific
• Ocean ecosystem changes and finding causes
• technology dev. to cope with climate change in Port
• reduction technologies to reduce GHG emission from ship
• delicate analysis of sea level shift
…
Strengthen scientific basis
• developing ocean climate change awareness contents(online simulators, textbooks)
• Knowledge sharing through workshop, seminars etc.
• GHG inventory of fisheries
…
Capacity building
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Actions : Mid-term Projections of Ocean Climate Change in the North Pacific
2001-2050 projections of climate change in the North Pacific and marginal seas around the
Korean Peninsula(based on the IPCC AR4 A1B scenario)
Ocean temperature in the East Sea is projected to rise due to the increase of heat carried
by the Tsushima warm current into the East Sea
Workshop Title:Managing Risks in Climate Change and Disasters in the Seas of East Asia
Item North Pacific East Sea Yellow Sea East China Sea
Sea Surface Temp., ℃ 1.55 2.02 1.95 1.56
Sea Surface Sal., psu -0.196 -0.128 -0.184 -0.182
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2001-2050 response prediction of coastal areas or estuaries to change in offshore forcing
item Ulsan Gwangyang Remark
Avg. watershed temp. , ℃ 1.5 1.3
SST increase, ℃ 0.8~0.1 0.1 Considering 50cm
SLRSaturation Strengthened
Intrusion of salt wedge Moves to upstream
within 2~4km
Actions : Ocean temperature projections in Korean seas
Workshop Title:Managing Risks in Climate Change and Disasters in the Seas of East Asia
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Sea temperature changes for the period of 2001-2050
(surface, 50m, 100m, 500m depth)
Actions : Ecosystem changes in the Korean southern ocean
Workshop Title:Managing Risks in Climate Change and Disasters in the Seas of East Asia
A. Japonica in Jeju island
Tropical blacklip pearl oyster habitation in Jeju island
Alveopora japonica, subtropical coral species, has expanded
around the Jeju island showing increased skeletal growth
rate, annual recruitment rate etc.
Ocean temperature will increase 2~3℃ by strengthened
Tsushima warm current in 2100(physical model)
Fisheries resources will decrease over 4% in 2100 by
decreasing total biomass of invertebrate and fish group over
5%, 10% respectively(ecosystem model)
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Actions : Coastal vulnerability assessment(Ongoing)
Implementation of the Coastal Disaster
Assessment System(CDAS)
Three coastal vulnerability indices; Coastal
Hazard Vulnerability Index(CHVI), Coastal
Environmental Vulnerability Index(CEVI),
and Coastal Sustainable Development
Index(CSDI) were developed to assess the
coastal vulnerability quantitatively.
Coastal vulnerability assessment has
completed for 115 local areas considering
sea level rise, intensification of typhoons or
hurricanes due global warming and climate
change etc.
Conducted coastal inundation mapping for 141
local areas(51 local governments) considering
surge with frequency of 50yrs, 100yrs, 150yrs,
and 200yrs etc.
Workshop Title:Managing Risks in Climate Change and Disasters in the Seas of East Asia
Coastal inundation map of Busan
present(left) / mid-21st(center) / late-21st(right)
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CHVI of Busan(left) and Yeosu(right)
Actions : Coastal sensitivities to climate change in southern Korea
Climate change is on going
Warming rate is different in each site
In the Gamak, Gwangyang bays
Sea temperature increased during the last
15 years
Biomass and species of phytoplankton have
increased
In the Deukryang, Wando.doam bays
Sea temperature increased relatively slow
Workshop Title:Managing Risks in Climate Change and Disasters in the Seas of East Asia
Sea temperature changes in Gamak bay
0
50
100
150
200
250
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
출현
종수
연도
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
겨울 봄 여름 가을 여름 가을 겨울 봄 봄 여름 가을 겨울
1994 - 1997~1998 - 2009~2010
개체수
(×10
3cells/ℓ)
조사시기(연도)
Species and biomass(cells) changes of
phytoplankton in Gamak bay
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Gamak bay
Gwangyang bayDeukryang bay
Wando∙Doam bay
Actions : Prevention of coastal disasters
Introduction of a management program for coastal erosion zones through amending the
coastal management law
Port design amendment relating to ocean climate change
Recalculation of wave height for designing port and coastal facilities etc.
Developing technologies and guidelines to improve existing port design manual
Safety evaluation and wave height review for 82 harbors
Increased the wave-heights for design in 49 harbors
Additional coverings to withstand powerful typhoons
Making a safe port from disasters(ARAMIR Project)
Prevention planning for disasters in 22 ports
Mitigating inundation by installing disaster prevention facilities such as gates, dune,
seawall
Upgraded dikes for vulnerable ports from inundation
Creating waterfront space for ports
Workshop Title:Managing Risks in Climate Change and Disasters in the Seas of East Asia
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Actions : Offshore CO2 storage (Ocean CCS)
Mapping storable areas for CO2 stream and selecting
demonstration site
Process design for transportation and injection for ocean CCS
project
Technology development for safety assessment
Establishing monitoring methodologies and technologies to
identify stored CO2 behaviors
Developing technologies to evaluate environmental hazard of
offshore CO2 storage
Workshop Title:Managing Risks in Climate Change and Disasters in the Seas of East Asia
[우선고려국내실용화방안]
Practical scenarios for ocean CCS
Schematic image of ocean CCS
CO2 storable area in the ocean
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Transportation injection storage monitoring
Kunsanbasin
Jeju basin
Ulleungbasin
China(Bohai bay)
Actions : CO2 emission reduction using ocean resources
Ocean energy utilization
Technology development and demonstration for
tidal power, sea current power, wave power,
offshore wind power, OTEC etc.
Plan to occupy 4.7% of national new and renewable
energy supply by 2030
Ocean biomass energy utilization
making biodiesel from seaweed, algae etc.
producing biogas(H2) using thermophillic marine
bacteria(ex, thermococcus onnurineus NA1)
Marine afforestation
5,908ha afforestation over the period between 2009-
2014 to improve fishing as well as CO2 sink
Future expansion plans to 54,000ha by 2030
Workshop Title:Managing Risks in Climate Change and Disasters in the Seas of East Asia
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Marine afforestation
Actions : CO2 emission reduction from ship or shipping
Implementing ‘energy and GHG target management system’ for coastal shipping
Setting targets submitting implementation plan MRV(Measurement, Reporting,
Verification) adjusting targets for next year
2 coastal shipping companies which emits over 50,000t CO2 eq. are undergoing TMS
Plan to reduce 181,000t CO2 eq. by 2020
Building Green Ports : gas reduction, energy efficient, and nature-friendly ports(Busan, Incheon
etc.)
Using electric yard crane, LNG yard tractor etc.
Switching to energy conserving lamps(LED lamp)
Inducing AMP(alternative maritime power) during
anchoring in the port
Dissemination of LED lamps to fishing vessels as a source of saving energy
Developed energy conserving, high performance LED lamps targeted for fishing anchovy,
squid etc.
Expect to conserve 30,240tons of fossil fuel used by 1,200 fishing vessels (‘20)
Workshop Title:Managing Risks in Climate Change and Disasters in the Seas of East Asia
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Diesel Y/T to LNG Y/T
Improvement of sectoral policies and actions
Revising the 2nd plan to strengthen governance 3rd master plan for coping with climate
change in ocean and fisheries sector (‘15)
Performance analysis of the 2nd plan implementation
Review policies, actions, governances of other countries as well as different sectors
Analysis of environmental management and outlook
Establishing the long-term action plan(20 yrs) for cost-effective climate change
response
Workshop Title:Managing Risks in Climate Change and Disasters in the Seas of East Asia
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As wrap up,
All countries(developing and developed) need to participate in GHG emission reduction and
adaptation depending on the decision of COP21(new protocol for post-2020)
Improve projection for regional level by strengthening cooperation in climate change
monitoring and information sharing
Cooperate to develop and disseminate good practices for climate change adaptation in
coastal communities as well as reducing GHG emission within the ocean and fisheries sector
Thank you for your attention
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