Climate Change and Water Security: South Sudan’s perspective · 2019-08-28 · Facts about South...
Transcript of Climate Change and Water Security: South Sudan’s perspective · 2019-08-28 · Facts about South...
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Climate-induced insecurity: Lessons learned from South Sudan
By Alier Oka
Undersecretary, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation,
Republic of South Sudan.
World Water Week, Stockholm: 25th - 30th August 2019
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Presentation Outline
•Basic Facts about South Sudan
•Climate and hydrology
•Key Water Resources Management Challenges
• Impacts of Increased Vulnerability to Water-related Disasters
•Ongoing partnership projects
•Climate Outlook
•Conclusions
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Republic of South Sudan
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Facts about South Sudan• South Sudan gained independence
from Sudan on 9th July 2011 (54th in Africa and 193rd in the world),
• Total area 644,329 sq. km
• Bordered by 6 countries: Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, DR Congo and Central Africa Republic
• Population: 8.26M (2008) and 13M (2017)
• Population growth rate: 3.53%
• Economy largely dependent on oil exports
• Subsistence agricultural practices
• Weak infrastructure
• Life expectancy (2014): 55 years
• Youth comprise 70% of the population
• 2/3 of the Population under 30 years
• Rural 81% Urban 19%
• Infant mortality (2013): 64 deaths/1000 live births – 9th highest in the world
• Under 5 mortality rate: 99 deaths/1000 live births
• Maternal mortality rate: 2,054/100,000 live births – world’s highest
• Primary school attendance: 41% (Girls 34%)
• Households: 6.5-10 persons living together
• 99% of Households use solid fuels
• Poverty line = SSP 73 (US$ 0.25) per month
Source: South Sudan First State of Environment and Outlook Report (UNEP, 2018)
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Average annual rainfall
Climate:• Hot and dry, with
seasonal rains.
• Temperatures : 25 - 40°C
• Rain typically falls
unevenly across the
country; the northeast
drier and precipitation
increases towards the
southwest
Source: (MOE, 2015).
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Hydrology
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Key Water Resources Management Challenges
• Substantial water resources but unevenly distributed
• Increased rainfall variability (onset and length of season)
• Lack of storage
• Frequent disasters (Droughts and Floods)
• Pollution and environmental degradation (natural and man-made)
• Weak knowledge base (inadequate hydromet network)
• Weak institutions
• Lack of skilled personnel/skill drain
• Insufficient government funding
• Difficulties of integration and coordination across sectors
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Saingata River (seasonal)
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Water supply problems
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Charcoal business
Clearing teak plantation/Timber business
Watershed destruction
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Aweil, 16 August 2019
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Bor, 14 August 2019
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Effects of increased vulnerability
On People:
• Increased local conflicts over land use and resources between and among famers and pastoralists
• Displacement and migration (environmental refugees)
• Increased water-related diseases for human (malaria, hepatitis, typhoid, diarrheal diseases), livestock diseases and crop pests
• Increased poverty
On the Environment:
• Depletion of natural resources - (food and energy insecurity)
• Ecosystem and environmental degradation (reduced wetlands and watershed functions)
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Partnership between the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Government of South Sudan (2013-2019)
IWRM Project with 3 interrelated components
• Component 1: IWRM of the Kenneti Catchment in Eastern Equatoria
• Component 2: Conflict sensitive management of water for productive use contributing to increased and sustained productivity, value addition in agriculture, horticulture and livestock
• Component 3: Safely managed and climate-resilient drinking water services and improved sanitation and hygiene
The project contributes by enhancing local resilience through market-driven approaches and supporting water and farm services centres
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A new partnership making a positive impact on local livelihoods
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Safe water supply
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Nkurmai Haffir
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Women engage in vegetable irrigation in Lakes
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Partnership between the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Government of South Sudan:• Enhancing local resilience through
market-driven approaches by supporting water and farm services centres (Water for Eastern Equatoria, 2019)
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Climate Outlook: Projected changes in temperature for South Sudan:1960-2039. Source (USAID, 2016)
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Climate Outlook: Projected change in precipitation for South Sudan: 1960-2039. Source (UNEP, 2011)
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Conclusions To achieve sustainable and climate-resilient development:
• Involve all stakeholders at all levels, particularly local communities, to ensure protection and restoration of wetlands and watershed to perform their natural functions. Scale-up successful pilots
• strengthen institutions and improve mechanisms for collaboration across sectors
• Establish early warning systems for floods and droughts and strengthen hydrometnetwork to improve knowledge generation and sharing
• Ensure integrated and coordinated approach to aid driven activities to achieve lasting impact and to ensure that humanitarian interventions cushion for enhancing recovery, ownership and resilience
• Improve access to funding for climate change adaptation measures to reduce human vulnerability to disasters
• Enhance networking for capacity building through existing national, regional and transboundary centres and institutions e.g. NBI, ICPAC, etc.