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Climate Change and the Urban Poor in

Khulna Presentation on the Existing Situation and Outlook

S.M. Mehedi Ahsan Urban Governance and Development Expert

Good Urban Governance Program, GIZ Bangladesh

Friday, 3 June

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Content

Climate Change & Urbanization in Bangladesh

- Impact of Climate Change

-Bangladesh

-Coastal Region

-Khulna City

Khulna City

-Introduction

-Climate Vulnerabilities of Khulna City

-Potentials

German Development Cooperation’s support to

KCC for Climate Adaptive Urban Development

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- Himalaya to the north

- Bay of Bengal to the south

Bangladesh…

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56% children suffering from malnutrition

Low literacy rate (53%)

High Population density 840 people /Km2

Low per capita

income

Agro-based economy

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Projected Future Sea Level Rise in the Bay of Bengal

Sea level rise

2030 2050 2080

A2 (High

Emission

Scenario)

14 cm 32 cm 62 cm

B1 (Low

Emission

Scenario)

2 cm 8 cm 15 cm

Source: IPCC fourth assessment report, 2007

Climate is Changing…

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River Erosion

Facing various natural disasters:

Cyclone

Drought

Salinity

Waterlogging

Flood

Climate is Changing…

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Extreme Event: Cyclone SIDR

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Extreme Event: Cyclone AILA

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Destroy

Everything of

Life…

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Growing at a rate of 4% annually… Urb

aniz

ation

in

Ba

ng

lad

esh

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- An estimated total

Population of

Bangladesh is now160

mio.

-More than 5.5 mio

people is living in Urban

Areas.

Level of Urbanization in Bangladesh

0

5

10

15

20

25

1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1974 1981 1991 2001

% o

f T

ota

l P

op

ula

tio

n

% of total

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…Bangladesh’s cities and towns account for a rapidly increasing national GDP

However, the rapid pace of urbanization remains mainly unplanned, un-responded and un-recognized, resulting in negative impacts in the urban areas.

An estimated

6 million people live in

urban poor settlements commonly known as

“slums”

Urb

aniz

ation

in

Ba

ng

lad

esh

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Governance and Climate Change

Impacts of climate change affect the governance mechanism

and on the other hand proper climate change

adaptation/resilience need good governance;

•the effectiveness and efficiency of LGs are directly

affected

• climate change adaptation needs good governance

The impacts of climate change and variability in Bangladesh

are felt through a number of complex and linked factors such

as-

•weak governance

•lack of capacity to adapt

•poverty

•inequality

•legacy of past conflicts

•political instability etc

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Governance and Climate Change

Responses to climate change must take account of the

broad dimensions of what makes people resilient for

example–

•not just drought-resistant crops and embankments

to protect them from floods

•but also the interlinked factors of livelihood options,

good infrastructure, social inclusion and effective

governance

Interlinked Problems Require Interlinked Solutions.

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- Khulna City Corporation is functioning under Local Government

Division under Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development

and Cooperatives.

-Khulna is the third largest city of Bangladesh having around 1.5 mio

population and aprox. 2.3 mio in the urban agglomeration.

-Accommodating climate migrants of south-western coastal zone.

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Major Challenging Issues of Khulna City Corporation

-Weak Administrative and Financial Capacity.

-Highly dependent on Central Government for major

infrastructure improvement/development and financial

decision making.

-Poor Coordination between Khulna Development Authority; a

city development authority under Ministry of Housing and

Public Works.

-Khulna is a low-lying city which has developed in a linear

pattern alongside the Bhairab and Rupsha rivers in south

western Bangladesh. The whole city area is only 2.5 meters

above the mean sea level.

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Map of Khulna City…

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Climate Change and it’s impact on Khulna City…

-Inundation & Waterlogging

-Tidal River System and storm water drainage congestion.

-Salinity intrusion and it’s threat on potable drinking water.

-Destroy the infrastructure.

-Urban Poor's are severely affected.

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River Network in South

West part of Bangladesh

-Due to Ganges barrage the

sweet water flow has

decreased significantly

caused the salinity

intrusion.

-Salinity of Water and soil is

allready increased.

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Impact of

Climate Change

on Khulna City…

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Figure 5.2: Water

logging scenario for

Base Condition in 2010

Source: IWM (2010)

Impact on

Drainage System

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Figure: Water logging Map

for 2030 (A2 Scenario with

Climate Change)

Source: IWM (2010)

Impact on Drainage

System…

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Figure: Water logging

Map for 2050 (A2

Scenario with Climate

Change)

Source: IWM (2010)

Impact on Drainage

System…

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0

10

20

30

40

50

Percentage Migrating

Source: Interim Report, Volume II, Population and Urbanization, Preparation of

structure plan master plan and detailed area plan of Khulna city

The probability of

increasing the

contribution of these

reasons is high as the

population exposed to

the natural disasters

are increasing due to

climate change.

Figure: Causes of migration towards Khulna city According to Khulna Master

Plan-2002

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Migration towards Khulna

city

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

Base Condition Year 2030

Migrated Population

Migrated Population

Figure: Comparison between projected migration and

migration at base condition

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Nationally over 9,000 slums

were identified of which 520

were located in Khulna

where they were found

throughout the urban area.

In 2005, the slum population of Khulna was just under 189,000 living in 37,826 households[1] – around 20% of Khulna’s population in 2005. This also implies that around another 20% of households lived in poor housing outside defined slum areas.

In 2005, the slum population of

Khulna was just under 189,000

living in 37,826 households –

around 20% of Khulna’s

population in 2005.

This also implies that around

another 20% of households

lived in poor housing outside

defined slum areas.

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Khulna City Corporation requested German Development

Cooperation to develop Khulna as a Resilient City.

GIZ is supporting Khulna City Corporation through Good

Urban Governance Program

Technical Cooperation focused on:

- Capacity Development of Khulna City Corporation for improved

service delivery. i.e, safe drinking water supply for floating and

slum people and Urban Management issues covering technical

management, ICT, installation of GIS Lab in KCC. (contribution to

digital urban sector).

- Develop institutional capacity for functional coordination between

Khulna City Corporation & Khulna Development Authority.

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- concepts for alternative Water and Sanitation

approaches.

-concepts for Resilient cities (climate adaptation /

mitigation) and access to funds for climate change.

-Preparation of Strategic Urban Development Plan

including Land Use Plan for addressing Climate Change

impacts and reducing urban poverty.

Capacity Development in preparation and implementation of

urban development plans:

- sustainable, propoor urban transportation plan (CDIA/KfW)

- urban poverty reduction strategy

- concepts for planned urban growth

- concepts in SWM / composting / biogas plants,

with Public Private Partnerships

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Thanks a lot

Q&A