Climate change

Climate change and agricultureTHE ISSUES FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AND FOOD SECURITY

December 2009

ClimateChangeandAgricultureTheissuesfortheenvironmentandfoodsecurity

CIRAD,December2009

CONTENTSINTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 3ADAPTATIONOFCULTIVATEDPLANTSTOCLIMATECHANGE...................................................7 PLANTGENETICIMPROVEMENTANDAGROBIODIVERSITYMANAGEMENT...................................9CHARACTERIZATIONOFENVIRONMENTALSERVICESANDINDICATORSOFECOSYSTEMFUNCTIONING......................................................................................... 11GLOBALENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENTOFAGRICULTURALANDFOODPRODUCTSOFTROPICALORIGIN..................................................................................................... 15CLIMATECHANGEANDEMERGINGANIMALDISEASES...........................................................17CLIMATECHANGEANDPLANTHEALTH..............................................................................19ADAPTINGIRRIGATEDCROPPINGSYSTEMS........................................................................21ADAPTINGAGRICULTUREANIMALPRODUCTIONSYSTEMS....................................................23ANIMALPRODUCTIONANDCLIMATECHANGE....................................................................27BIOMASSENERGY........................................................................................................ 31CLIMATECHANGEANDFOODSECURITY............................................................................35CLIMATECHANGEANDPAYMENTSFORENVIRONMENTALSERVICES........................................37CLIMATECHANGEANDNATIONALANDLOCALCAPACITYBUILDING.........................................39INTERNATIONALTALKSANDNATIONALCLIMATEPOLICIES.....................................................41

CiradClimatechangeDecember20091

ThisreportwascompiledbyaworkinggroupcomprisingPatrickCaron(EnvironmentandSocietiesDepartment);

MichaelDingkuhn(AgroecologicalAdaptationandVarietalInnovationResearchUnit);SylvieLewickiDhainaut(AgroecologicalAdaptationandVarietalInnovationResearchUnit);

BrunoLocatelli(TropicalForestGoodsandEcosystemServicesResearchUnit);ChristineNouaille(CommunicationService);

HubertOmont(OfficeoftheDirectorofResearchandStrategy).Translation:HelenBurford.

CIRAD,2009,OfficeoftheDirectorofResearchandStrategy


Introduction

Climatechange isaglobalprocess,of recentorigin in itscurrent form,and largelymanmade. In thenearfuture,thedynamicofwhichitisapartissettocauselonglastingchangesinglobalagriculture.Atthesametime, agriculture is recognized to be one of the main manmade causes of the process. The expectedexhaustionof fossil fuel resources,populationgrowth,and the rapiddevelopmentof certain countries inwhich demand for energy is high (China, Brazil, India, etc) have triggered behaviour that has onlymademattersworse. The emergence of bioenergies as amajor new agricultural outlet and the land grabbingphenomenon areboth signsof and exacerbating factors in the shortages affecting food security and theenvironmentandtheverystabilityofsocietiesandthemajorglobalequilibriaandcompoundthethreatslinked to climate change. This iswhy climate change calls for unprecedented efforts on the part of theinternationalscientificcommunity.

Themainchallengeisensuringthefoodsecurityoftheworldspoorestpeople.However,itisimportantnottorestrict thedebate to the issues traditionallyaddressedby research fordevelopment,or tobecontentwithmerelyproposingmoreefficientproductiontechnologies,suchasthoseofthegreenrevolution,orthedoublygreen one, in order to ensure ecological intensification. Technology transfers and economic support fromNorthtoSouthwillbenotonly inadequate,butsimply largely irrelevant. Ineffect,theexpectedchangeswillbe trulyglobal, radicaland structural,andwill forcea fundamental rethinkof theparadigms thatguideresearchfordevelopment.CIRAD,with itsglobalnetworkofpartners inmorethan90countries, istakingupthischallenge.

>CIRADandtheclimatechangeissueCIRADisaFrenchresearchcentreworkingwithdevelopingcountriestotackleinternationalagriculturalanddevelopment issues. With those countries, it works to generate new knowledge, support agriculturaldevelopment,andcontributetothedebateonthemainglobalissuesconcerningagriculture,foodandruralterritories.Theissueslinkedtoclimatechangearethusattheheartofitsmandate.

Its research structure incorporates various disciplinesand expertise, in support of its scientific strategy:biotechnologies, genetic improvement andecophysiology of cultivated plants; agronomy andagroecology of production systems; ecology andfunctioning of forestry, agropastoral and animalproduction systems; plant and animal pathology;human and social sciences and the sciences ofcomplexity. This experience enables it to address arangeofissuesontherelevantlevel,frommoleculetoagriculturalpolicy.

Ciradinanutshell- 800researchers,including200expatriatesand200 fulltime post equivalents ofmissions inmorethan90countries;

- researchcentres inMontpellier,Guadeloupe,FrenchGuiana,Martinique,Mayotte,RunionandNewCaledonia;

- six priority lines of research: Ecologicalintensification; Biomass energy and societiesintheSouth;Accessible,qualityfood;Animalhealth and emerging diseases; Public policy,poverty and inequality; and Agriculture, theenvironment,natureandsociety;

- 25researchplatformsinpartnershipoverseas;- anannualbudgetof203millioneuros.

Asaresultofitshistoryanditsinternationalmandate,CIRAD has developed a unique philosophy ofpartnerships with public and private organizations: alargeproportionof itsstaff isassigned to itspartners,creatinga research infrastructure that isveryclose tothe reality in the field, backed up by advancedlaboratoriesinFrance.

CIRADisplayinganactiveroleinbuildingtheFrenchandEuropeanagriculturalresearcharea.Inparticular,itis a driving force in the emergence of networks between research and training establishments anduniversities. It has built scientific partnershipswith international organizations specializing in agriculturalresearchandwithregionalandnationalorganizationswithin25researchplatformsinpartnershipoverseas,andhassevenscientificcentreswitharegionalvocation intheFrenchoverseasregions.Asaresult, it isamajorplayer in thedialoguebetweenEuropeanddevelopingcountries. It is involved in largescalemultipartnerprojectsrelatingtoclimatechangeissues,inparticularfundedbytheEuropeanUnion;withinthese


projects,itsexcellentrelationswithitspartnersprovideaglobaldimensionthatisofvitalimportancetothisuniversalchallenge.Thispartnerbasedinfrastructureandmultidisciplinaryexpertisearetheidealconditionsinwhichtodevelopandimplementinnovativeapproaches.CIRADisusingtheseassetstotacklethechallengeofclimatechange.CIRADsoperations as regards climate changearepresented in the sheets in this report. Inparticular, theycover:

- assessmentoftheimpactofclimatechangeonagriculture,theenvironmentandruralsocieties;- genetic improvement of cultivated plants, to ensure better adaptation to environmental constraints,notably intermsoftemperatureandwater,associatedwithclimatechange;operationsarebackedupby indepth genetic and agroecological studies, and by indepth analyses of in situ and ex situagrobiodiversity;

- adaptationofproductionsystems,withtheaimofreducingthevulnerabilityofthesesystemstoclimatechange;

- development and assessment of possibly radical technical and institutional innovations aimed atalleviating the impact of climate change on production system performance, and notably at betteranticipatingtherisksandmanagingthemmoreeffectively;

- thenegativeandpositiveeffectsoffarmingpracticesonclimatechange;- development and assessment of agroenvironmental innovations (such as agroecological techniquesthatfostercarbonsequestration)andinstitutionalandpoliticalinstruments,soastoreducetheadverseeffectsoffarmingpracticesonclimatechange;

- support of the implementation of such approaches so as to assess and structure the supply,maintenanceandfundingofenvironmentalservices,andassessmentofthe impactofthatsupportonthestateoftheenvironmentandondevelopment,followinginthefootstepsoftheCleanDevelopmentMechanismsrelatingtocarbon.

This is a constantly changing field. Operations will be adapted to the new research for developmentparadigms thatwillemerge from thedebateunderwayatCIRADand itspartners, takingaccountofandintegrating the discussions at themain international conferences, particularly in Copenhagen, and alsocontributingtothem.

>RethinkingtargetedresearchstrategiesinlinewithforecastedchangesRethinking targeted research strategies and objectives in line with the constraints (and opportunities!)linked to thenextmajor transition inglobalagriculture isnoeasy task.Tobeginwith, itmeansadetaileddiagnosis of the state of thinking, the received or generally accepted ideas sometimes prompted by aconservative instinct,andthefactorsdrivingcurrentorfuturetransitions,ananalysisthatcannotaffordtorestrictitselftothedirecteffectsofclimatechangeoncrops,productionsystemsandmarkets.Thefollowingfactorsneedtobetaken intoaccount:retroactions intheformoftacticalandstrategicadjustmentstothesystems concerned, and interactions with the other factors driving agricultural transitions (new supplychainssuchasbiofuels, landgrabbing,etc),whichaffectmarketsandproductionconditions.Eachofthesefactors is associated with uncertainty and a degree of variability, both of which are often difficult toquantify. However, each and every stakeholder will base their decisions on their perception of thatuncertaintyandtheiranalysisoftheirenvironment.Infact,climatechangedoesnotonlyaffectaveragebiophysicalconditions(temperature,rainfall),butalsointraandinterannualvariabilityandtheoccurrenceandfrequencyofextremeevents.Theincreaseintherisksassociatedwithanydecision,whetherbyaproducer,an insurerorapolicymaker, isanargument infavourofimplementingneweconomicandbiophysicalresiliencemechanisms.Anintegrative,systemicapproachistheonlywayofdrawingupeffectivedevelopmentstrategiesinthelightof climate change and the factors associatedwith it. Targeted scientific researchwill have to bemorerelevant if its operations and outputs are to contribute to changes on the part of decisionmakers andproducers.Itwillsystematicallyhavetotakeaccountoftheuncertaintyofandthemethodstobeusedforforecasting, simulating and conducting foresight studies of complex systems. Strategies, objectives andmethodswillhavetochangeifwearetoensurefoodsecurityandsustainableagroecosystems.


>ProspectsThe targeted researchprospects forCIRADhingeonananalysisof the issues,projectsandoperationsbyother stakeholders in relation to this issue, and the investments already made (scientific projects,partnerships, human and material resources). Even though the distinction between mitigation andadaptation isrelevantasregardsthebiologicalandecologicalprocessesatplay,and isthususefulfromananalytical point of view, although it involves distinct scales, it is not always relevant in determining thefuturetopics inwhichto invest. Infact, it isnotalwaysthekeytosupportingorevendesigning innovationprocesses.Conversely, it is importanttotakeaccountofthecomplexityoftheproblemandmakeuseofarangeofheterogeneousknowledgeandinformation.Thisdebateisbeingtackledfromfourangles,ondifferentscales(supplychains,regions,ecosystems,etc),andalsothroughtransverseapproaches:

- understandingtheprocessesatplay,particularlythebiologicalandecologicalprocessesinvolvedintherelation between agricultural change and climate change; thiswill also concern economic and socialmechanisms;

- rethinking technical action, and its technical and organizational aspects, on different scales, bydeveloping the capacity toassess theperformanceof and theeffects generatedby actions aimed atmanagingthelivingworld(criteria,indicators);

- supporting the organization of environmental supply chains by producing or testing standards,certificationprocedures,stakeholdercoordinationmechanisms,political frameworks,andmechanismsenablingpaymentforenvironmentalgoodsandservices,takingaccountoftherelationsbetweenfoodsupplychainsandenvironmentalsupplychains;

- coveringthe interactionsgeneratedwithotherconcerns,andtheway inwhichtheclimateagriculturepairingcontributestothem,inparticularinthefieldsofhealthandenergy.


Adaptation of cultivated plants to climate change

The ability of plants to adapt to climate change has long beenexploited by farmers. However, in the light of current risks andincreasinglyfrequentextremeevents,thought isbeinggiventonewapproaches.

I

TerracedricefieldsinBaliG.Trebuil/CIRAD

ContactMichaelDingkuhn:[email protected]

Theoriginof theadaptationmaybegenetic (used inbreeding),agronomic(management), geographical (zoning) or temporal (cropping calendars,ideally backed up by climate forecasts decision support tools). CIRADsresearchaims toboostourknowledgeof the relationsbetweenplantsandtheir environment on a plant, crop and, by extrapolation, regional level.Modelling,backedupbyfieldandcontrolledexperiments,servestointegratethevariousscalesandprocessesandexpressthemintermsofimpactinthefield. Thefactorswiththegreatestimpactarewaterstress(primarilydrought,butalsoexcesswater)andtemperaturestress(heat,cold).Waterstressdisruptsphenology (leaf formation, flowering, etc), growth and filling. Temperatureaffectsphenology (cycle length,etc)andpotentialyields (numberof fertileflowersorears,fruitorgrainsize,quality,etc).Research isfocusedonrice,sorghumandoilpalm.Adaptationtodroughtisalsobeingstudiedindetailinrubber,citrusfruits,etc.Research on the effect of atmospheric CO2 on plants implies the use ofspecificexperimentalstructures,establishedincollaboration.Somework isalsogearedtowardsclimatechangemitigation:theSweetFuelproject(FFF[FoodFeedFuel]multiuseplants),for instance, is lookingatthepotentialofenergycrops(asalternativestofossilfuels)thataretolerantofbothheatanddrought.

>Activitiesandresults- Detailed analysis of adaptation characters: functioning, genetic

control,interactionswiththeenvironment;- Phenotypingof thosecharacters tocharacterize thegeneticdiversity

andidentifygenesandallelesofinterest,andusefulmarkers;- Modellingthosecharactersontherelevantscales(plant,plot,etc)to

measuretheiradaptiveandagronomicvalue;- Comparing virtual plants (improved ideotypes) with regionalscale

climatechangescenariosthroughmodelling;- Practical applications: developing new varieties and introducing

agriculturalforecastingtools.- Products:- operationalknowledgeofthebiologicalbasesofadaptationtoclimate

change;- toolsforbreeding(molecularandphysiologicalmarkers);- newvarietiesbetteradaptedtoclimatechange.

CIRADClimatechangeDecember20097

SorghumvarietiesM.Dingkuhn/CIRAD

PublicationsKouressyM.etal.(2008).Adaptationtodiversesemiaridenvironmentsofsorghumgenotypeshavingdifferentplanttypeandsensitivitytophotoperiod.Agr.ForestMeteorol148:357371BaronC.etal.(2005).FromGCMgridcelltoagriculturalplot:Scaleissuesaffectingmodellingofclimateimpact.PhilTransRSocLandBiolsc.360:20952108SultanBetal.AgriculturalimpactsoflargescalevariabilityoftheWestAfricanmonsoon.Agr.ForestMeteorol128:93110Seealsohttp://publications.cirad.fr

>Researchprojects- Adaptationofagricultureandmanmadeecosystemstoclimatechange

(ADAGE,Frenchproject,ANR);- DevelopmentofFFF(FoodFeedFuel)sorghumssuitedtodryenviron

ments(SweetFuel,EUFP7project);- Multidisciplinary analysis of the African monsoon (AMMA, EU FP6

project);- Analysis andmodelling of rice and sorghum adaptation to climate

changefactors(RISOCAS,GermanGTZBMZproject);- Phenotyping and genetic analysis of rice adaptation characters to

waterandtemperaturestress(ORYTAGE,CIRADthematicaction);- Phenotypingandgeneticanalysisofriceunderwaterstress(GenPhen

GCP,CGIARGenerationChallengeProgram).

>Partners- Adaptationofplants throughgenetic improvement,CGIAR institutes:

International Rice Research Institute (IRRI); International CropsResearch Institute for the SemiArid Tropics (ICRISAT); Africa RiceCentre (WARDA),Centre InternationaldAgricultureTropicale (CIAT);InstitutdEconomieRurale(IER,Mali);

- FFF plants adapted to drought: Empresa Brasileira de PesquisaAgropecuria (EMBRAPA, Brazil); Corporacion Colombiana deInvestigacinAgropecuaria(CORPOICA,Colombia);Germany;Italy;India;Mexico;SouthAfrica;Mali;

- Modellingofplantadaptation:UniversitiesofHohenheim(Germany),Wageningen (Netherlands),Queensland (Australia), Tuskuba (Japan);Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization(CSIRO, Australia); China Agricultural University (CAU) and ChinaAcademy of Science (CAS); WARDA (Senegal); National Centre ofAppliedResearch andRuralDevelopment (FOFIFA,Madagascar); IER(Mali),etc;palmoilproducersinSoutheastAsia;

- Modellingonaregionalscale:AGHRYMET,aComitpermanentinterEtatsdeluttecontrelascheressedansleSahel(CILSS)centre.

>Prospectsx Improved knowledge of the genetic control of adaptation characterswillmake it possible to

developmorerobust,productivevarieties.x Radical new technologies, such as adapting entirely new plants for cultivation, are to be

developed.x Bymodellingtheeffectsofclimatechangeoncropsmoreprecisely,itwillbepossibletopropose

new plant improvement strategies. It is also important to adapt decision support systems tocurrentissues.

x ThenewCGIARChallengeProgram,ClimateChange,AgricultureandFoodSecurity(CCAFS)isoneoftheemergingnetworksinwhichCIRADisinvolved.


Plant genetic improvement and agrobiodiversity management It isbymaking intelligentuseofplantgeneticdiversity thathumansocieties have succeeded in adapting to the changes andunforeseeable variations in climatic conditions. Integrative biology,backedupbythegenomicsand informaticsrevolution,shouldmakeitpossibletocontinuethatadaptation.

ResearchintodroughtresistancemarkersinriceE.Guiderdoni/CIRAD

ContactNourollahAhmadi:[email protected]

Making intelligentuseofplantgeneticdiversityhasalways reliedonat leasttwocomponents: the intrinsicadaptivevalueofeachplant,varietyandcropspecies,whichislinkedtotheirgeneticheritage,andtheadaptivevalueoftheirspatiotemporalorganization,whichrelatestoagrobiodiversitymanagement.Improvedknowledgeof thebiologicalandmanmadeprocesses thatgovernthese adaptive valueswillmake itpossible to create varieties anddevelopagrobiodiversity management methods tailored to the effects of climatechange, whether the effects be predictable (water stress, highertemperatures,etc)orlessso(pathogencycles,soilsalinity,etc).Theaimistoforecast the negative impacts of change, notably water and temperatureconstraints,onplantphenology,biomassproductionandharvest index,andon product organoleptic and technological quality. There is a secondobjective:torationalizehowplantvarietiesandspeciesareorganizedintimeandspace,soastoboosttheresilienceofagrariansystemsinthefaceoftheeffectsofclimatechange.

>ActivitiesandresultsAtCIRAD,adaptationtowaterandtemperatureconstraints isbeingstudiedforawiderangeofannualplants(groundnut,cotton,rice,sorghum,etc)andperennial plants (citrus fruits, banana, coffee, rubber, eucalyptus, etc) onvariousscales, frommolecule toplantstand throughcell, tissue,organandindividual.Thestudiesinvolve:

- phenotyping and genotyping of genetic resources (panel ofaccessions representative of the diversity of the species, crossprogenies, mutants, etc) suitable for the genetic breakdown ofadaptiveresponses(almostalltheplantsquotedabove);

- analyses of differential gene expression, in the absence and thepresenceoftheconstraintunderstudy(citrus,coffee,rice,etc);

- analysesofthegeneticandevolutionarybasesofadaptation linkedtotheheterogeneityofselectionpressure(spatial,temporal)withinmanmadeecosystems(rice,sorghumetc);

- studiesoftheevolutionofgenomesandcomparativegenomics;- bioinformatics research, which, through mass representations of

informationanddata,facilitatemultiscaleintegration:genome,cell,plant,populationandenvironment.

Genetic resources that carry adaptive characters and genomic regionsinvolved in the expression of those characters have been identified, alongwith the underlyingmetabolic pathways and the ways in which they areregulated.The knowledge acquiredwill be reused to speed up the creation of new,betteradaptedvarietiesundertheprogrammesCIRADisconductingwithitsAfrica,AsianandSouthAmericanpartners.


PublicationsCourtoisB.etal.(2008).Thericerootsystem:fromQTLstogenestoalleles.InSerrajR.(ed.),Droughtfrontiersinrice:cropimprovementforincreasedrainfedproduction.Singapore:IRRI,WorldScientificBooks:171188.BezanonG.etal.(2009).ChangesinthediversityofcultivatedmilletandsorghumvarietiesinNigerbetween1976and2003.GRCE:223236.KhongN.G.etal.Modulatingricestresstolerancebytranscriptionfactors.InHardingS.(ed.),BiotechnologyandGeneticEngineeringReviews.Volume25.Nottingham,UK:NottinghamUniversityPress:381404.JotT.etal.(2010).Influenceofenvironmentalfactors,wetprocessingandtheirinteractionsonthebiochemicalcompositionofgreenArabicacoffeebeans.FoodChem,118:693701.

Seealsohttp://publications.cirad.fr

>Researchprojects- Phenotypicplasticityandresponsetowaterstressofperennialcrops

(CIRADPTA);- Pangenomic association study for rice adaptation to water and

temperaturestress(CIRADPTA);- Improving riceproductivity in lowlandecosystemsofBurkina Faso,

Mali and Nigeria throughMarker Assisted Recurrent Selection fordroughttoleranceandyieldpotential;

- (GCPRiceChallengeInitiative);- Improvementofsorghumproductivityforsemiaridenvironments in

Mali,bymarkerassistedrecurrentselection(GCPSyngenta);- Enhancing sorghum grain yield and quality for the SudanoSahelian

zoneofWestAfricausingtheBackcrossNestedAssociationMapping(BCNAM)approach (GCPSorghumChallengeInitiative);

- Sustainablemanagement of agricultural biodiversity in the farmingsystemsofMali(FFEM);

- DissectionofthegeneticbasesofdroughttolerancewithinthegenusArachis. Construction and characterization of a population ofchromosomesegmentsubstitutionlines(GCPCIRAD);

- Crop adaptation to climate change: genetic and evolutionaryprocesses involved in the phonological response of Medicagotruncatula,milletandrice(FondationAgropolisCIRAD);

- Developing droughttolerant cereals to support efficient watermanagement in the Mediterranean area (EU Cedrome project015468);

- Genetic transformation of cotton for resistance to drought andsalinity(EurekaCottonStressproject,CIRADEvogne);

- QTL approach regarding the genetic determinism of growth, latexproductionandquality(Genmap).

>Partners- Varietal improvement: CGIAR centres (CIAT, Africa Rice Centre,

ICRISAT);regionalresearchcentres(CATIE,CARBAP);nationalcentres(FOFIFA,Madagascar; IER,Mali; ISRA, Senegal; CENARGEN, Brazil;IRAD,Cameroon;INRAB,Benin;IAN,Paraguay;RRIT,Thailand;IBRIEC,Indonesia) agricultural interprofessional organizations (ITBANUGPBAN,Guadeloupe; Domaines Kabbage,Morocco); private firms(Evogne,Israel;Ecom,MexicoandNicaragua);

- Geneticsandgenomics:Frenchpartners,Europeanuniversities(IVIA,Spain; CSIC, Spain; CRA, Italy), international research centres (IRRI,CIAT, ICRISAT);otheruniversitiesand researchcentres (NIAs, Japan;BRI,China;INAT,Tunisia).

>ProspectsThe extent of the current changes and future requirements,which are difficult to predict,mean thatgeneticimprovementneedstobemoreflexible,preciseandrapid.Understandingtheadaptationdynamicsofcultivatedplantsduringthedomesticationprocesswillmakeitpossibletosupportfutureadaptationoperationsmoreeffectively.Integrating knowledge obtained through functional analyses of adaptive characters on various scales,throughouttheplantlifecycle,willservetospeeduptheidentificationofcharactersandgenesofuseinadaptationtoenvironmentalconstraints.Intraspecific diversitywill probably not be sufficient to satisfy all the new requirements generated byclimatechange.Thoughtshouldbegiventousinggenetictransformation.


Characterization of environ-mental services and indicators of ecosystem functioning

Howcantheservicesrenderedbytreecropplantationsandtropicalnatural forests be boosted sustainably? These ecosystems play amajorroleincarbonsequestrationandthewatercycle.

CoffeeunderIngadensiflora(legume),CostaRica

JM.Harmand/CIRADContactJeanPierreBouillet:[email protected]:[email protected]

Tropical planted ecosystems, forest and rubber plantations, agroforestrysystems and tropical natural forests can play a major role in mitigatingclimatechange.Furthermore,naturalforestsandagroforestsoftenharbourabroaddiversityofspecies,andarean importantsourceof income for localpeople. Climate change and land use pressure risk causing the rapiddegradationandfragmentationoftheseecosystemsand,inturn,thelossofthefunctionsandservicestheyensure.Themain issue for research is understanding the biological, physical andsocioeconomic laws thatensure the sustainabilityof theseecosystemsandtheirfunctionalities.There isasecondchallenge:characterizingthechangesintheirfunctioningasaresultoftheglobalchangesieclimateandlandusechangesthat have affected them, or are likely to in future, on varioustemporalandspatialscales.Knowingmoreabouttheecologyoftheplantspeciesthatformthebackboneof natural forests, and thus their susceptibility to global change, is aprerequisitefordevelopingadaptationstrategiesforforestareas.Asregardstree crop ecosystems, progress is expected from complex plantings,associating species or genotypeswith complementary properties so as toboostwateruseefficiencyandmakesuchagrosystemsmoreresilient.

>Researchprojects- CIRAD is leadingoneof the fewAfrican sites (Congo,eucalyptus)at

which flux measurements and greenhouse gas balances are beingrecorded: Quantification, understanding and prediction of carboncycle, and other GHG gases in SubSaharan Africa (Carboafrica, EUFP62005STREPproject);

- Replacementofcokewithcharcoalforsteelmills(caseofeucalyptusplantationsinCongoandBrazil)water,carbonandmineralbalances,froma local level (plot)toaregional level (millionsofha):UltraLowCO2Steelmaking(ULCOS,EUintegratedproject);

- Evaluationand indicatorsof theenvironmental services renderedbycoffee agroforestry systems: Sustainability of Coffee AgroforestrySystemsinCentralAmerica:coffeequalityandenvironmentalimpacts(CASCA, EU INCODev/2001 project). Coffee agroforestry in CentralAmerica, East Africa and India (CAFNET: followup to CASCA, EUEuropeAid/ENV/2006project);

- Impactofpastclimatechangeonthestructureandfunctioningofthedense forestsoftheCongoBasin,theworldssecond largesttropicalrainforest (CoForChange, EU ERANET Biodiversa project, Agencenationaledelarecherche);

- CarbonsequestrationcapacityoftheforestsoftheCongoBasin.Thework isbackedupbya longtermresearch installation intheCentralAfricanRepublicandthesupportprojectforthepreparationofforestmanagementplans(PARPAF);


NaturalforestinIndonesia

(Kalimantan)CIRAD

Bilateral projects: Soil and carbon balance of rubber ecosystems(HubertCurienpartnership,Thailand);water,Candmineralbalancesin eucalyptus plantations (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Brazil andEucflux Brazilian firms); evaluation and optimization of cocoaagroforestry systems (Grand Sud Cameroun research platform inpartnership);developmentofenvironmental impact indicators foroilpalm(plantationfirms).

>ActivitiesandresultsA unique network of sites is being used for studies of the key processesinvolvedincarbon,waterandnutrientfluxesintreebasedcroppingsystems(Congo eucalyptus/acacia plantations compared to savannah grasslands;Brazil eucalyptus/acacia plantations; Vanuatu coconut plantations;Thailandrubberplantations;Indonesiaoilpalmplantations;CostaRicacoffeeagroforestrysystems;Camerooncocoaagroforestrysystems):

- studiesofthebioticandabioticfactors influencingwaterandcarboncyclesandGHGemissions (sensitivityofprimaryproductionand soilrespiration to climate change, role of plant species, soil organisms,management and logging practices in stabilizing or degrading soilorganicmatter,etc);

- studyof thebioticandabiotic factors influencingnutrient cycling toensure more efficient use of soil resources (role of plant species,mixed cropping systems andmanagement in nutrient bioavailabilityandinchangesinmineralbalances,etc);

- optimization of cropping practices in tree crop ecosystems (egfertilizationtobalancemineraloutputs);

- modellingof soilplant system functioningunder theeffectofglobalchangeandmanagementpracticesandspatializationofC,waterandnutrientbalances.

Fornaturalforests,researchisaimedat:- identifying the relations between plant communities, environmental

factorsandpastdisruptions;- explainingandpredictingthepossiblechangesinAfricantropicalforests;- studyingtherelationsbetweenenvironmentalfactors,disruptionsand

carbonsequestrationbyforests;- developing decision support tools so as to mitigate the effects of

globalchange.CIRADstropicalsitesarearare,highlysoughtafterresourceforcontinentalandglobalanalysesandmodellingofGHGemissions,astheymakeitpossibletoextendtheanalysisrangetocovertheworldsmostextremebiomes.Examplesofresults

- Thewaterandnutritionalefficiencyofeucalyptusplantationscanbeincreased:topreserveresources,itisbettertoplantonsmallerareaswithsufficient fertilization than tomaintainextensiveplantationsonlargerareas.

- InBrazil,evapotranspirationineucalyptusplantationsaftertwoyearsis equal to rainfall: as in natural forests, the quantity of watertransferred to the atmosphere is significant, but water tablereplenishment has decreased in relation to the original vegetation(degradedpasture);thereforenonwoodedareasbetweenplantationsneedtobemaintainedinordertoreducethisadverseeffect.

- In the Sahel, African acacia species boost carbon and nitrogensequestrationinthesoilandnitrogenbioavailability.



PublicationsFisherJ.B.etal.(2009).Thelandatmospherewaterfluxinthetropics.GlobalChangeBiology,15:26942714.Hergoualc'hK.etal.(2009).TheutilityofprocessbasedmodelsforsimulatingN2Oemissionsfromsoils:acasestudybasedonCostaRicancoffeeplantations.SoilBiologyandBiochemistry,41:23432355.LaclauJ.P.etal.(2009).BiogeochemicalcyclesofnutrientsintropicalEucalyptusplantations.MainfeaturesshownbyintensivemonitoringinCongoandBrazil.ForestEcologyandManagement,Sp."Productivityoftropicalplantations.MarsdenC.etal.(2008).TwoindependentestimationsofstandlevelrootrespirationonclonalEucalyptusstandsinCongo:Upscalingofdirectmeasurementsonrootsversusthetrenchedplottechnique.NewPhytologist,177:676687.


- Coffee agroforestry systems, which serve to buffer temperaturevariations at coffee plant level and to maintain soil fertility, aretheoreticallymoreresilientthanpureplantations.

- Moreproductivecoffeevarietiessuitedtohighertemperatures,withgoodcupquality,havebeenbred.

>Partners- European research organizations: Max Planck Institute (Germany);

University of Tuscia (Italy); Edinburgh Centre for Ecology andHydrology, University of Leeds and University of Wales (UnitedKingdom); Ecole polytechnique fdrale, Zurich (ETH, Switzerland);University of Wageningen (Netherlands), Swedish Faculty ofAgriculturalSciences,etc;

- Outside Europe: North Carolina State University, United StatesDepartmentofAgriculture;

- Indeveloping countries:national research centres (CRDPICongo, IRETGabon, RRITThailand, EMBRAPABrazil, IRADCameroon), regionalresearchcentres(CATIE,CostaRica),internationalresearchcentre(TSBFCIATKenya, ICRAFKenya), universities (So PauloBrazil, KasetsartThailand,BangaloreIndia,GadjahMadaIndonesia).SomeareinvolvedinCIRAD research platforms in partnership (Hevea Research Platform inPartnership,Thailand;AgroforestrySystemswithPerennialCrops,CostaRica; Centre de recherche sur la durabilit et la productivit desplantationsindustrielles,Congo;PCPGrandSudCameroun);

- Developmentpartners:MinistriesofWaterand Forestsand forestryconcessionholders (CentralAfricanRepublicandCongo);Eucalyptusfibre Congo; PTSM/IPEFBrazil, ORRAFThailand; PromecafeCentralAmerica;CRFEastAfrica,CBIIndia;plantation firms: Indonesia, IvoryCoast,Ghana,Nigeria,Cameroon,Brazil,EcuadorandColombia,etc;

- TheCoForChangeprojecthas14partners:sevenEuropean(UniversitiesofAberdeenandOxford,FacultdessciencesuniversitairesdeGembloux,DGJRC ISPRA, IRD, CNRS, FRM), six African (Universities of Bangui,Yaounde I,MarienNgouabi,DG Recherche Congo, CRDPI, Congo, IRETGabon),andoneinternational(CIFOR).

- Nationalandinternationalnetworks:OreFORET,exCIFORnetworkSite management and productivity of tropical plantation forests,Fluxnet,AsiaFlux,CarboAfrica,IRRDB,NGARA.

>Prospects- Evaluationofenvironmentalservices (hydrologicalandcarbonsequestration)onacatchmentarea

level;- Developmentofanecologicalapproachofsoilfunctioningfocusingontheroleofsoilorganismsand

plantsinthemainbiogeochemicalcycles;- Optimizationofmanagementpracticesintreecropecosystems,combiningproductivity,reductionof

environmentalimpacts,andsocialacceptability;- Couplingofcarbon,waterandnutrientcyclinginfunctionalmodelsoftreecropecosystemsatplot

scaleandupscalingtobroaderscales;- ExtensionofworkonforeststothenaturalforestsofWestAfrica:buildingbridgeswithprojects in

Amazonia (inparticularwithUMRECOFOG, IRDand INRAon thehistoryof the forestsofFrenchGuiana);

- StrengtheningCIRADs involvement in continental and globalnetworks (CarboAfrica, Fluxnet, etc)andmetaanalyses(comparisonofsitesonaregional,majorbiomeandglobalscale)concerningCO2andH20flux.

Global environmental assessment of agricultural and food products of tropical origin Ofallthehumanactivitiesthataffecttheenvironmentair,soilandwater,foodproductionisthemostimportant.Thatproductionwillhave to grow by 57 to 100% between now and 2050. CIRAD hasdecided to invest massively in studying these impacts, using aninternationalprocedure:lifecycleanalysis.

MangoCIRAD

ContactClaudineBassetMens:[email protected]

Understandingand if possible quantifyingthe effects of our foodproductionandconsumptionhabitsontheenvironment,intermsnotonlyof the greenhouse effect but also of more local effects (ecotoxicity,eutrophication,wateruse,etc) isnow vital ifwe are to changeour foodsystems. France recently embarked upon an environmental labellingprogramme for all the products sold in supermarkets (Grenelle delenvironnement).Within this framework, environmental assessments offoods,whetherproduced inFranceor imported (tea, coffee, cocoa, freshandtinned fruitsandvegetables,cotton,meat,etc)havetobeconductedasconsistentlyaspossible.

The Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)method is now an international reference,coveredbyanISOstandard(14044,2006),whichservestomakeanoverallassessment of the functions necessary toman. This powerful conceptualframeworkencompassesthenotionsoffunction(andfunctionalunity),thelifecycleofafunction,andmulticriteriaanalysis,andmakes itpossibletoshowpossiblepollutiontransfersbetweentwostages inthe lifecycleofaproduct,orbetween two environmental impacts (eg greenhouseeffect eutrophication).However,usingitforagriculturalandfoodsystems,whichare particularly complex and variable, poses various scientific challengesthat researchhasbeen tackling foroveradecadenow. Itsapplication totropicalsituations ismorerecentandevenmorecomplex,duetothe lackof available data on these systems (shortage of publications on LCA oftropicalproducts),andalsotothe lackoffundamentalknowledgeoftheirinteractionswiththeenvironment.

CIRADhasdecidedtoinvestmassivelyinthisnewchallenge,inanattempttoanswerthescientificquestionsposedbyapplyingLCAtotropicalagriculturalandfoodproductsystems:- Inviewof the lackofdataand theextremevariabilityof the systems

concerned,howcanwedefine,designanddescribetypicalagriculturalandfoodsystemsthatarerepresentativeonagivenscale?

- Howcanweconductreliableenvironmentalinventories?- How canwe adapt environmental impact characterizationmodels to

tropicalsituations?- What indicatorsare there for thepredominant impactcategories that

areneverthelessnotusually taken into account, such asbiodiversity,wateruse,soilqualityandlandscapes?

- HowcanwetakeaccountofandquantifytheuncertaintylinkedtoLCAresults?


PublicationsBassetMensC.etal.,2009.UncertaintyofglobalwarmingpotentialformilkproductiononaNewZealandfarmandimplicationsfordecisionmaking.Theinternationaljournaloflifecycleassessment,14(7):630638.BassetMensC.etal.,2007.Methodsanddatafortheenvironmentalinventoryofcontrastingpigproductionsystems.Journalofcleanerproduction,15(15):13951405.


>ActivitiesandresultsCIRADs operations as regards global environmental assessment of foods,withthedevelopmentoflifecycleanalysismodels,havebegunwiththemainstandardproducts(tomato,citrus,banana,palmoil,rice,coffee,cocoa,etc),identifyingthemethodologicalissuesspecifictothefieldsofapplication,andthe establishment of projects in partnership. It is important to note themultidisciplinaryaspectoftheprojectscurrentlybeingoralreadyestablished.Moreover, cohesion and internal supervision are ensured by buildingtransverse projects; a project is being established to acquire LCA data foreachmajorsupplychainanddevelopanLCAdatabasefortropicalproductsatCIRAD.

>Researchprojects- Promotion of supply chains that fit inwith sustainable development,

usingadecisionsupporttoolthatcombinesthreekeyelementsofthefruit and vegetable market: environmental sustainability, nutritionalquality,socioeconomicaspects(FLONUDEP,ANRproject);

- African Food TraditionRevisitedbyResearch (AFTER, EU FP7project,20092013);

- Environmental assessment by LCA of some of the major tropicalproducts imported intoandconsumed inFrance (fruits,coffee,cocoa,Thai rice,palmoil) (AgriBALYSEproject:within the frameworkof theenvironmental labelling project included in the Grenelle delenvironnementADEMEfunding).

>Partners- Europe:Agroscope laboratory, Zrich (Switzerland), Swedish Institute

for Food and Biotechnology (SIK), Institut de Recerca i TecnologiaAgroalimentaries(IRTA,Spain);

- Asia:Asian InstituteofTechnology (AIT),UniversityofKasetsart (Thailand);

- LatinAmerica:partners in theEcoALCUEFOODproject: InstitutoNacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA, Argentina), CentroAgronomico Tropical de Investigaciones y Ensenanza (CATIE, CostaRica);

- ScientificCommitteeofan internationalconference:LifeCycleAssessmentintheAgrifoodSector,2224September2010,Bari,Italy.

>ProspectsLifecycleanalysis isapowerfultoolforcomparingdifferenttypesofagriculturalpracticesandfortheecodesignorapriorianalysisofprospective,innovativesystems.Aharmonizedlifecycleanalysisdatabasefortropicalproductsiscurrentlybeingcompiled.Theeffectsoftoxicityincrops,notablyonhorticulturalproducts,aretobegivengreaterconsideration.


Climate change and emerging animal diseases Diseases transmitted by vectors (insects, ticks, molluscs, rodents,bats, etc) are highly susceptible to environmental change, as arethose forwhichwildlifeactsasa reservoir (avian influenza,bovinetuberculosis,Africanswine fever,etc).CIRADs role is tounderstandthe epidemiological dynamics at play so as to offer ways ofpreventing,monitoringandcontrollingsuchdiseases.

Commercialcattleherdina

temporarypondinFerlo,aseatofRiftValleyfever

transmissionR.Lancelot/CIRAD

ContactDominiqueMartinez:[email protected]:[email protected].(2009).Populationsizesanddispersalpatternoftsetseflies:rollingontheriver?MolEcol,18:27872797;

Climate change has a direct effect on the habitat andmovements ofman,animals,pathogensandtheirpossiblevectors.Atthesametime,todaysworldismarkedbyunprecedentedpopulationgrowthandanimalproduction,andalsobyhealthcrises linkedtoemergingdiseases.Socialandenvironmentalchangeandincreasedtravelandtrademeanamorerapidspreadofsuchdiseases,andareexacerbatingtheirsanitaryandeconomicimpact.Everycountryworldwideis concerned,butdeveloping countries,with their limitedhealth systemsandeconomicresources,areparticularlyvulnerable.In this context, CIRADs role is to understand the biological and ecologicalprocesses at play, and determine the corresponding climatic, environmental,economic and social factors. Understanding the interactions between hosts,vectors andpathogens, combinedwithanalysesofepidemiologicaldynamics,servestoprovidesolutionsforpreventing,monitoringandcontrollingemergingdiseases.Modelling those processesmakes it possible to test environmentalchangescenariosandassessonacomputertheeffectofcontrolmeasures.Theaimsaretoprovidepartnerswithbettercontrolandsanitarydecisionsupporttools and methods: vaccines, diagnostic tests, surveillance methods, healthnetworksandongoingobservatoriesofemergencerisks.Capacitybuilding (teaching, training)hasa fundamental role toplay,asdotechnologytransfer (diagnostickits,vaccines,models,etc)and internationalexpertise(referencelaboratoriesfordiagnosisandepidemiologyofemergingdiseases,mobilisationofexpertiseintheeventofacrisis).

>Researchprojects- Scientificand technicalsupport inanimalhealthagreementwith the

Directiongnraledelalimentation,20082011;- Montpellier vector and emerging disease network (StateRegion

projectcontract,20072013);- Emergingvectorbornediseases inachangingEuropeanenvironment

(EDEN:24countriesinEurope,NorthAfricaandsubSaharanAfrica);- BiologyandcontrolofvectorborneinfectionsinEurope(EDENext:46

participantsinEurope,NorthAfricaandsubSaharanAfrica);- Climate change and impact research: theMediterranean environment

(CIRCE):casestudyofbluetongueandAfricanhorsesickness;- Epizooticdiseasediagnosisandcontrol(EPIZONE),Europeannetwork

ofexcellenceonanimaldiseases;- SurveillancenetworkofbluetongueandAfricanhorsesickness,inthe

Mediterranean basin and Europe (MEDREONET, FP6), on diseasestransmittedbyCulicoides;21countriesinEuropeandNorthAfrica;

- Project on the ecology and epidemiology of avian influenza andNewcastledisease(GRIPAVI,FrenchMinistryofForeignandEuropeanAffairs),ninepartnersforsixobservatories insubSaharanAfricaandSoutheastAsia;

- Ecology of influenza viruses and surveillance: RIVERS and ECOFLUprojects,SoutheastAsia;


TheSahelianpartofAfricaisparticularlysusceptibleandexposedtoclimatechange

R.Lancelot/CIRADPublicationsDesvauxS.etal.(2009).Highlypathogenicavianinfluenzavirus(H5N1)outbreakincaptivewildbirdsandcats,Cambodia.EmergInfectDis,15(3):475478.LancelotR.etal.(2009).ChangementsenvironnementauxetmergencesdemaladiestransmissionvectorielleenEurope:commentamliorerlasurveillanceetlagestiondesrisques?BullAcadVetFr,162:8188.MinetC.etal.(2009).InfectionsMorbilliviruschezlesruminants:lapestebovineenvoiedradicationetlapestedespetitsruminantsenextensionverslenord.Virologie,13(2):103113.Seealsohttp://publications.cirad.fr

- Ecologyof rodentbornediseases inSoutheastAsia (CEROPATH,ANRproject20082010);

- EpidemiologyofRiftValleyFever(RIFTOI)inIndianOcean.

>Activitiesandresults- EstablishmentandcoordinationofthenationalCulicoidessurveillance

network,whichservestodeterminetheperiodsofvectorialinactivityfor bluetongue and thus to authorize commercial live animalmovements;

- Establishment and contribution to coordinating regional vector andemergingdisease surveillancenetworksandobservatories (SouthernAfrican, Caribbean, Indian Ocean, EuroMediterranean, SoutheastAsiananimalhealthnetwork,etc);

- Establishmentandcoordinationofanetworkofobservatoriesof theecology and epidemiology of birdborne diseases (influenza, WestNile)insubSaharanAfricaandSoutheastAsia;

- Epidemiology and modelling, surveillance and risk analysis of RiftValleyFever,WestNilevirusandanimaltrypanosomiases;

- Ecological and epidemiological studies onWildlifeLivestockHumaninterfacesinSouthernAfricancountries;

- EcologyofrodentandbatbornediseasesinAsiaandAfrica(Gabon).

>Partners- International: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United

Nations (FAO),World Organization for Animal Health (OIE),WorldHealthOrganization(WHO),nongovernmentalorganizations,etc;

- Europe:nationalandinternationalinstitutionsin20countries;- Africa:NorthAfrica(Tunisia,Algeria,Morocco)EuroMediterranean

animalhealthnetwork; subSaharanAfricaCentre Internationalderecherchedveloppementsur l'levageenzonesubhumide(CIRDES),Ecole inter Etats des sciences et mdcine vtrinaires de Dakar(EISMV, Senegal), Centre international de recherches mdicales deFranceville (CIRMF, Gabon), research centres in Senegal, Mali,Ethiopia,Cameroon;southernAfricaZimbabwe,SouthAfrica;IndianOceanCentredeRechercheetdeVeillesurlesmaladiesmergentesdansl'OcanIndien(CRVOI),Madagascar,ComorosandMayotte;

- Asia: InstitutPasteur inCambodia,UniversityofKasetsart (Thailand);GREASE, joint skills network on management of emerging risks inSoutheastAsia;

- Caribbean: CaribVet network and INRACIRAD animal health andemergingdiseaseobservatory,basedinGuadeloupe.

>ProspectsBuildingskills,methodsandgenerictoolstocopewithemergingandreemergingdiseases;StrengtheningsurveillanceandhealthnetworksinEuropeandtheSouth:EuroMediterraneananimalhealthnetwork,EuropeanCentreforDiseasePreventionandControl(ECDC)VBorNetnetwork,regionalanimalhealthcentres(Africa,MiddleEast,SoutheastAsia)andinternationalnetworks(OIEFAOnetworkofexpertiseonanimalinfluenza,OIEFAOWHOGlobalEarlyWarningandResponseSystem,etc);ConsolidatingallianceswiththemainEuropeanteams;Strengtheningnational platforms,networks and alliances, since France isparticularlywellplaced in thisfield,withtheMontpelliervectorsandemergingdiseasesnetwork;Formalizing and coordinating a network of transdisciplinary observatories of climate change andenvironmentalservicesencompassing,amongotherthings,emerginganimalandzoonoticdiseases.


Climate change and plant health On a global level, the areas occupied by pests and diseases areexpected to spread, or even to shift, leading to the colonization ofnew regions, or localmodifications. CIRADs geographical structureenables it to monitor the spread of pests on a global level anddevelopwaysofmanagingtheriskstheyrepresent.

Bactrocerainvadensfruitflyonmango

JF.Vayssires/CIRAD

ContactJeanLouisSarah:[email protected]

Thelocalemergenceofnewcroppestsanddiseasescanhaverepercussionsfor human health, for instance due to increased pesticide use, out ofignorance.Furthermore, inviewof the fragilityofdevelopingcountries,wecanexpecttherisksoffoodshortagestobecomemoreacuteintheeventofthearrivalofparticularlyaggressivepests.CIRADsbases throughout the tropicsmake itaprimeplayer in studyinganddeveloping toolsandmethods fordiagnoses,modellingepidemics, integratedpestmanagement,etc,inarangeofsituations.Theaim istobuildsubstantial,appropriate capacity to anticipate (warningprevention), so as to respondrapidlytoproblemsassoonastheyemerge.Inthisrespect,theapproachesandpartnerships favoured by CIRAD enable it to implement predictive andpreventiveoperations.

>MainactivitiesandresultsResearchcentresonunderstandinghowpestsanddiseasesadapttoclimatechange and chemicaltype selective constraints within agrosystems. Theapproachesadoptedandthepartnershipsbuiltfavourpredictiveoperations(notablymodelling).The main models of fungal pests on which CIRAD is working concern thedynamicsofMycospharellafijiensisonbananaandMagnaportaeoryzaeonrice.ThemodelsconcerningvectorinsectsarelookingatthespreadacrossAfricaandtheMediterraneanof fruit fliesof thegenusBactrocera, and the spreadanddiversityofBemisiatabacci,thetomatoyellowleafcurlvirus(TYLCV)vector.Thesestudiescallforthedevelopmentofdiagnostictoolsandapproachesformodellingepidemicsandpopulationdynamics(evolutionarypotential),soastodevelopintegratedpestmanagementstrategiesforvarioussituations.ThisresearchisenablingCIRADtobuildusefulwarningandpreventionskillsthatshouldallow it to find relevant, sustainable responses topestproblemsassoonastheyemerge.

>Researchprojectsandpartnerships- Diversifying crop protection (Endure, EU FP6 network of excellence,

20072010): Associated partners in the South: Zhejiang Academy ofAgricultural Science (ZAAS, China), Instituto Nacional de TecnologiaAgropecuaria (INTA, Argentina), Institut national de la rechercheagronomique(INRA,Morocco),CentreRgionalBananiersetPlantains(CRBP, Cameroon), Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuria(EMBRAPA,Brazil);

- Analyses of phytosanitary risks: Enhancements of pest risk analysistechniques (PRATIQUE, EU SCP consortium). Twelve Europeancountries+CRCNPB(Australia)andBioprotection(NewZealand);

- Understanding the emergence of plant fungal diseases: towards anestimateoftheriskslinkedtoglobalchange(Emerfundis,ANRproject,20082010);


PublicationsDuyck,P.F.,P.David,etal.(2006).ClimaticnichepartitioningfollowingsuccessiveinvasionsbyfruitfliesinlaRunion.JAnimEcol,75:518526;Reynaud,B.,H.Delatte,etal.(2009).Effectsoftemperatureincreaseontheepidemiologyofthreemajorvectorborneviruses.EurJPlantPathol,123:269280.


- Studiesofinferentialandsoftwaremethodsforevolution(EMILE,ANRproject,20092012);

- Phytosanitarycriseslinkedtobioinvasions:theemblematiccaseoftheBemisiavirusriskinshelteredcroppingsystemsintheMediterranean(Bemisiarisk,ANRproject,20072009);

- Better understanding the biological and molecular factors andmechanisms involved in theemergenceofplantbacteriaandviruses(on three models: Ralstonia, Xanthomonas and TYLCV) (RunionregionalBioriskproject,ERDF,20082010);

- Diversity and evolutionary history of geminivirus populations in theislands of the southwestern Indian Ocean: a study model for theemergence of pathogens transmitted by vectors (EmerGe, CRVOIregionalfunding,20082011).

>ProspectsThe Mediterranean is a particularly strategic zone for both Europe and France. An integratedMediterraneanprotectionnetwork is currentlybeingbuiltwith the InternationalCentre forAgriculturalResearch intheDryAreas(ICARDA)andnationalresearchorganizations inSyria,Lebanon,Tunisia,AlgeriaandMorocco;thisinitialhubistobeextendedtootherMediterraneanpartners(LaunchmeetinginAleppo,1September2009).Modelling and sanitary risks in theMediterranean (animalhealth andplanthealth) (Emergences,CIRADproject,20102012)arebeingaddressedthroughapartnershipwith INRA,AFSSAandthe InstitutPasteur(France)andresearchorganizationsintheMediterranean.CIRAD is involved incontinuingtheactivitiesoftheENDUREnetworkbeyond2010: it ishelpingtosetupregionalnetworks(includingtheMediterranean,butalsoChina,SouthAmerica,subSaharanAfrica,etc).Ithas launchedathinktankwithaviewtounderstandingtheeffectsofpathogenbiodiversityoncrops inthelightofclimatechange.Ithassubmittedaprojectaimedatstudyingtheimpactofagricultureonplantvirus biodiversity in awild ecosystem, Cape fynbos (South Africa), and understanding how the existingbiodiversityshouldbetakenintoaccountindiseaseemergenceinneighbouringagrosystems(FYNBOS,FRB2009call forproposals). ItspartnersaretheUniversityofSouthAfrica,theCNRS,theCEAandtheNobleFoundation(USA),thecurrentleadersinthisfield.


Adapting irrigated cropping systems Climate change evolution scenariosaremuch lessprecisewhen itcomestowaterthantheyarefortemperatures.Generallyspeaking,however, the irrigated agriculture sector will have to adapt toconditionsinwhichwaterisincreasinglyscarce,withmorefrequentuncertainties (droughts, floods).CIRAD involves stakeholders in itsresearchinordertoexploreacceptablesolutions.

IrrigationcanalinNorthAfricaCIRAD

ContactJeanYvesJamin:[email protected]

Crop evapotranspiration andwater requirements increasewith temperature.Furthermore, extreme events, such as droughts and floods, are becomingincreasingly frequent. However, there is still considerable uncertainty aboutfuturerainfalllevelsinmanyregions,includingthemostfragileandvulnerable,suchas theSahel.Farmersareaboveallmarkedbyextremeevents (drought,flooding),whichvaryconsiderablyfromoneregionstoanother.Inthiscontext, irrigation isonewayofmakingagriculture lessvulnerabletoclimatichazardsbysecuringaccesstowater.ThiswasshowninNorthAfrica,whererainfalllevelshavefallensteadilyoverthepasttwentyyears,whileinWestAfrica,thegreatdroughtsofthe1970s80spromptedthedevelopmentof smallscale irrigation. However, irrigation also implies intensification ofagriculture,whichmeans that extreme eventsmay in some case bemoreharmfulthaninnonirrigatedareas.Other changesarealsounderway,andaremuchmore rapid than climatechange; urbanization, industrialization, development of tourism orhydroelectricity all significantly reduce the amount of water available foragriculture.Thesesectorsoftentakepriorityinmostcountries,anditisthusagriculture that is expected to reduce its water requirements, whilemaintainingorevenincreasingthefoodproduction.These modifications are prompting the use of new water resources:alongside surface water (rivers and reservoirs), it is underground water(naturalor refilledwater tables) and alternativewater resources (reuseofwastewater,desalination)thatarenowbeingcalledupon.Lastly, irrigated agriculture alsoplays a role in climate change,particularlyirrigatedricepaddies,duetomethaneemissions.CIRADisinvolvingstakeholdersinthesearchforsolutionsthatrespondbothto global and national issues (producingmore with less water) and localobjectives(improvedincome,employment,etc).

>ResearchprojectsInternational:CIRAD is involved in theCGIARChallengeProgramonWaterandFood,throughtwoprojects:

- Toolsforintegratedwaterresourcesmanagement:implementationinLimpopo,MekongandNigerbasins(EchelEau,CPWF,FrenchMinistryofForeignAffairsprioritysolidarityfund[FSPMAE]);

- Paymentforenvironmentalservicesaimedatencouragingfarmerstoadoptmoreenvironmentally friendlypractices in theMekong region(PESMekong)(CPWF).

IntheMediterranean:- Waterdemandmanagementknowledgebase for theMediterranean

(WADEMED,EUproject,20032006);


CIRAD,M.Kuper

PublicationsSupplement:IrrigationManagementinNorthAfrica.Irrigationanddrainage,Vol58IssueS3,PagesS231S369(July2009);

BurteJ.etal.(2009).Simulationsofmultipurposewateravailabilityinasemiaridcatchmentareaunderdifferentmanagementstrategies.AgriculturalWaterManagement,96:11811190;

HammeckerC.etal.(2009).SimulatingtheevolutionofsoilsolutionsinirrigatedricesoilsintheSahel.Geoderma,150:129140.


- Mitigation of water stress problems through new approaches tointegrating management, technical, economic and institutionalinstruments(Aquastress;EUproject,20042008);

- WatereconomyinirrigationsystemsinNorthAfrica(SIRMA;FSPMAEbilateralproject,20042009);

- Participatorydesignofadaptivegroundwatermanagementstrategiesand instruments inMediterranean coastal water scarce areas as aresponsetoclimatechange(Aquimed;ERANETproject).

InIndonesia: Organization of a platform for industrialistfarmer consultations on

watermanagement(DanoneIndonesia).Participationinother,moregeneralprojects:

- ADAGE (Foresight workshop on the adaptation of agriculture andmanmadeecosystemstoclimatechange);

- AMMA(multidisciplinaryanalysisoftheAfricanmonsoon).

>MainactivitiesandresultsWaterresourcegovernance:mechanismsforresourcesharingandnegotiationbetween different sectors of activity (agriculture, industry, drinking water,tourism,mining)competingforwater(egSouthAfrica,Indonesia).Irrigation techniques that save water (for instance conversion to dripirrigationinNorthAfrica).Support of technical change by facilitating the creation and training ofagricultural cooperatives and irrigation associations; dissemination ofinnovations(egNorthAfrica,Mali,Runion).Useofgroundwaterresources(egNorthAfrica,Brazil).Results:significantimprovementsinirrigationperformancearepossible,buttheymeanconsidering thewholeof the irrigationsystem,andnot just the technicalaspects of water consumption. It is crucial to involve farmers and otherstakeholders intheseprocesses inordertoensurethat innovationsareadoptedanddisseminated.Groundwaterresourcegovernancerequiresspecifictools,sincethoseresourcesareinvisibleandfarmersknowlittleabouthowtheyfunction.

>PartnersInternational centres (IWMI, IRRI, ADRAO) and international educationalestablishments(2iE,IWEGA,AIT,IAVHassanII).ChallengeProgramonWaterandFood(CPWF)network.National centresanduniversities in theSouth (Brazil,SouthAfrica,BurkinaFaso, Ethiopia, Mali, Mozambique, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Vietnam,Thailand,Indonesia).UniversitiesintheNorth(Wageningen,Leuven).

>ProspectsOneofthemainchallengesintheearlyyearsofthiscenturyisimprovingwaterresourceavailabilityanduseand fostering the development of additional resources (UNWater, 2009). CIRADs work is devoted toachievingtheseaimsinMediterraneanandtropicalcountries,notablybyworkingon:analysingthechangesinwaterresourcesanduseinthelightofglobalchange;stakeholderbehaviourandvulnerabilityinthefaceofrisks;multicriteriaandmultiscaleanalysesofirrigatedsystemperformance;analysesofphysicalprocesseswithaviewtodesigningirrigationequipmentthatsaveswater;operationalmanagementofirrigationschemes;supportoftechnicalandinstitutionalinnovationsinirrigatedareas;debateonpublicaction,regulationandgovernanceoneverylevel.


Adapting agriculture-animal production systems Pressure on the resources available to agropastoral and agrosilvopastoralecosystems increasestheirvulnerability.Furthermore,such ecosystems contribute to climate change, due to their highgreenhousegasemissions.Work isunderwaytofindconservatorymethodssoastoreducelosses

Draughtanimalsinacottonplanting.CIRAD,M.Berger

ContactFlorentMaraux:[email protected](2009).Analysedesfluxd'eaudanslessystmesdeculturesouscouverturevgtaleenzoneSoudanosahlienne:casducotonsemaprsuneculturedesorgho/BrachiariaausudduMali.Montpellier.PhDthesis:Soilsciences.Agronomy.

A large proportion of rural inhabitants in poor countries80% inAfricadepend on rainfed agriculture. In such systems, carbon losses as aresult of deforestation, erosion and leaching, along with fragility and soilfertility,areamajorproblem.Organicmatterdecompositiongenerateslargequantitiesofgreenhousegases(CO2,methane,nitrogenprotoxide).Agricultural research is helping to identify biophysical and socioeconomicindicatorsofthevulnerabilityofsuchecosystemsandtheruralsocietiesthatliveinthem.Croppingandanimalproductionsystemsvaryaccordingtotheirperformance,resilienceandeffectsonthewater,carbonandgreenhousegasbalance. It is therefore important to understand how crop and animalfarmersperceiveclimatevariabilityandchange,makedecisions,andmanagenatural resources, on an individual farm level (soil fertility management,tillage, animal feeding, fertilization) and a community level (grassland andcommunalforestmanagement,socialnetworks).Tomitigatetheeffectsofsuchsystems,carbonsequestrationandstorageinthesoil isapriority.Some techniqueshavealreadyproved theirworth in specificsituations(conservationagriculture).Itisnowvitaltoadaptthesetechniquestoa range of situations and to assess them, in collaborationwith stakeholders(farmersandnaturalresourceandservicemanagers).Themethodsused leaveample room forobservation, surveys,processanalysesandmodelling,withaviewtointegratingvariousqualityandquantityaspects,scalesandplayers.It isapparentlyessentialtodesignaneconomy linkedtocarbonmanagement,but this is a difficult undertaking. It assumes the existence of technical andinstitutionalcapacity,knowledgeofthereality,andanabilitytorepresentthatrealityusingreliabletools(maps,indicators,etc).Researchhastocomeupwithsuchtoolssoastosupportpublicpolicyandgovernancestructures.

>Researchprojects- Perception, adaptation and support of populations facedwith climate,

environmental and social change (PAAPCES, AIRD project, RIPIESCAprioritysolidarityfund,MAE);

- Notillsystems,Brazil,Madagascar(PEPITES,ANR);- SmallholderConservationAgriculturePromotion inWesternandCentral

Africa(SCAP,AFDMAEmultipartnerproject);- Information system on pastoralism in the Sahel (SIPSA, MAE project,

Chad,Niger,BurkinaFaso,Mali,Senegal,Mauritania);- Assessment of the impact of mulchbased planting systems on farm

performance. Multicountry support programme for agroecology(PAMPA,AFDMAE,Madagascar,Cameroon,Brazil);

- Modelling polycultureanimal production farm functioning in cottongrowingregions(CORUSbilateralproject,MAEBurkinaFaso);

- Foresight workshop on the adaptation of agriculture and manmadeecosystemstoclimatechange(ADAGE,ANR,2009);


Publications

Corbeelsetal.(2008).Stockagepotentieldecarbonedanslessolsavecdesystmesdecultureensemisdirectaveccouverturevgtale(SCV)danslesCerradosbrsiliens.In:SminaireInternationalLessolstropicauxensemisdirectsouscouverturevgtale,20071203/20071208,Antananarivo,Madagascar.Terremalgache(26,sp):58.

DeCaoetal.(2008).AninformationandearlywarningsystemdesignedforSahelianpastoralsystems:TheexampleofSIPSAimplementationinSenegal.JournalofagricultureandEnvironmentforInternationalDevelopment,102:141159.

MaltasA.etal.(2009).CovercropandnitrogeneffectsonmaizeproductivityinnotillagesystemsoftheBrazilianCerrados.AgronomyJournal,101:10361046.

TittonellP.etal.(2008).Yieldgaps,nutrientuseefficienciesandresponsetofertilisersbymaizeacrossheterogeneoussmallholderfarmsofwesternKenya.PlantandSoil,313(12):1937.

Lahmaretal.(2006).Opportunitsetlimitesdel'agriculturedeconservationenMditerrane.LesenseignementsduprojetKASSA.In:ThirdMediterraneanMeetingonNoTillage,Zaragoza:CIHEAMIAMZ,1118.

- Carbon in the pastures of French Guiana and greenhouse gases:characterizationofcarbondynamics,changesinfertilityandGHGfluxingrassland systems, inassociationwith forestareas (CARPAGG,EUERDFproject,20072013;

- Animalproduction,climateandsocieties(ECliS,ANRproject,20092011).

>ActivitiesandresultsCIRADsworkhasshownthatitshouldbepossibletoimprovedcarbonratesin tropical soils, notably by reducing, if not eliminating, tillage and usingmulchbased systems (conservation agriculture or CA).Water andmineralbalancescanalsobeimprovedusingCA.The potential of CA techniques to improve water storage in the soil byreducing runoff, and to increase annual biomass production, has beenconfirmedinBrazilandAfrica.Returningamajorshareofbiomasstothesoilcan improve nitrogen availability to crops and contribute to nett carbonsequestrationinthesoil.However, the performance of such systemsmay fall short of local systems,dependingonsoilandclimateconditions,particularly ifwater isnotthemainlimiting factor. The effects of other techniques practised at the same timeshouldalsobetakenintoaccount,forinstanceantierosiontechniquessuchasridging.Furthermore,littleisyetknownabouttheopposingeffectsofstoredC(positiveeffect)andN20emitted (negativeeffect). InAfrica,oneof themainchallengesinstoringmorecarboninthesoilistomaintainharvestresiduesonthesoilsurfaceinplots:theresiduescannolongerbeusedtofeedanimalsanddepriveanimalfarmersandmixedfarmersofafoddersource.Acceptable comprises therefore have to be found. In complex agriculturallandscapes,largequantitiesofCarestoredintheperennialvegetationfoundon small subsistence farms. On such farms, there is a strong correlationbetweencarbonsequestrationinplantbiomassandplantbiodiversitylevels.Thisfactorthereforealsoneedstobetakenintoaccount.Practical toolsarenowavailable to farmers, includinganeducationalkitonhow tomanagemulchbased cropping systemsand supply fodder fordairycows,producedanddistributedinMadagascar.Lastly,informationsystemsareavailabletolocalcommunitiestopredictshortterm climatic crises and analyse longterm trends in the agrosilvopastoralsystemsoftheSahel.

>Partners International centres: International Maize and Wheat ImprovementCentre (CIMMYT), Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility (TSBF), InternationalCentre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF), International LivestockResearch Institute (ILRI), InternationalCenter forAgriculturalResearch inthe Dry Areas (ICARDA), Centro Agronmico Tropical de Investigacin yEnseanza(CATIE); National centres: Institut d'Economie Rurale (IER, Mali), Institut del'environnementetde recherchesagricoles (INERA,BurkinaFaso), InstitutnationalderechercheagricoleduBnin(INRAB,Benin),InstitutNationaldeRecherchesAgronomiquesduNiger (INRAN,Kenya),AgriculturalResearchInstitute (KARI), Kenya Sugar Research Foundation (KESREF), SavannaAgricultureResearchInstitute(SARI,Ghana),EmpresaBrasileiradePesquisaAgropecuria (EMBRAPA, Brazil), Institut de Recherche Agricole pour leDveloppement (IRAD, Cameroon), National Centre of Applied ResearchandRuralDevelopment(FOFIFA,Madagascar),CommonwealthScientific




nsortiumforSouthernAfogy and Fertility (AfNET),

>Prospects

andIndustrialResearchOrganisation(CSIRO,Australia),AgResearch(NewZealand);

Internationalnetworks:ACT,SoilFertilityCorica (SOFECSA), African Network for Soil BiolCANSEA,ConservationagriculturenetworkinSouthEastAsia;Universities:Wageningen(Netherlands),Zimbabwe,Kenyatta(Kenya).

Searchingforsustainablewayso intensifyingagricultureinthebufferzonesaroundthemainbiodiversityfreserves(transcontinentalproject).Developing amodel of pastoral vulnerability in the Sahel, so as tomonitor and target themost atriskpopulations.Characterizingthechangesinthemobilityofpastoralsystems,andtheircapacitytoadapttocrises.Analysingthecontributionmadebypublicpolicytothefightagainstruralinhabitantsvulnerability.UsingthecaseofRunionforaglobalstudyofcarbonsequestrationintropicalagroecosystems,withthesupportofspatializationandmodellingtoolsincludingurbanaspects.U litydegnderstanding soil ferti radation in the cottongrowing zones in crisis in central andWestAfrica:establishmentofwinwincollaborationsbetweentheworldofmineralfertilityandthatoforganicmatter.

Animal production and climate change


Animalproductionwillhavetodevelop inordertosatisfygrowingdemandfromconsumersintheSouth.Thismeansadaptingsystemson a territorial scale.On a global scale,mitigating the impact ofanimalproductiononresourcesandtheclimateisamajorchallengeforscientists

SemiintensivechickenrearinginCambodia

M.Berger/CIRAD

ContactPhilippeLecomtephilippe.lecomte@cirad.frSummaryAdaptationauchangementclimatiqueBiomesprairiessavanesetfilireslevage(ARPAGE,15p.)

PublicationsVayssiresJ.etal.(2009).Gamede:AglobalactivitymodelforevaluatingthesustainabilityofdairyenterprisesWholefarmdynamicmodelInteractivesimulationofvariousmanagementstrategieswithdiversestakeholders.AgriculturalSystems,101:128151.

Withregardtoclimatechange,theglobalanimalproductionsectordirectlyorindirectlyaccounts for18%ofglobalgreenhousegasemissions,according totheFAO.

Animalproductionsystemsworldwidevarysignificantly,andensurearangeoffunctionsandservices(food,capital,cashflow, labourforce,fertilization,religion,donations,etc).Theymakeamajorcontributiontopooreconomies.With a view to sustainable development, boosting animal productionwillmeanadaptingsystemsonaterritorialscale.Thetendencytoconcentrateanimalproductionoperationsinperiurbanareashas led to surpluses and latent pollution. Conversely, in cropping systems,carbonandsoilfertilitylosses,thefragilityofthesystemsandthedemandfororganic inputsarestillamajorproblem.Increasedfertilizercosts,greenhousegas emissions for production and transport, and the increasing scarcity ofresourcessuchasphosphorusareallargumentsinfavouroflookingforwaysofintegratinganimalproductionandagriculturemoreclosely.As regards climate change,animalproduction isnotdirectlya carbon sink.However, itcancontribute indirectly to itssequestration if thesystemusescovered cultivated areas and grasslands. According to working groups onclimatechange,Csequestrationinsoilshasthehighestpotentialforreducingemissions(90%)intheagriculturalsector.GrasslandsandrangelandshaveaCstoragecapacityofaround0.9 tonneperhectare,peryear,although thisvariesdependingonthefarmingmethod,regionandclimaticconditions.

>ResearchprojectsForesight workshop on the adaptation of agriculture and manmadeecosystemstoclimatechange(ADAGE,ANR,2009);Animalproductionsystemsandsustainabledevelopment(SPADD,ANR,20072010);Guide: Fodder, notill, mulchbased systems and dairy farming in thehighlands ofMadagascar (FourragesMada; IO interregional project, 20072009);Adaptationofperimediterranean fodder and animalproduction systems toclimatechange(Climfourel,Stateregions,20082010);EnvironmentalimpactofcamelrearinginTassili(MAE,20092012);Environmental efficacy and animalproduction for sustainabledevelopment(EPAD,ANRproject,20092013);Workshop on foresight study and adaptation of agriculture andmanmadesystemstoclimatechange(DAGAR,ANR,2009);Carbon in thepasturesofFrenchGuianaandgreenhousegases (CARPAGG,EUERDFFrenchGuianaOPproject,20072013;Research inpartnershipto improve foodsecuritybyboostingsoil fertility inTuyprovince(FertiPartenaire,EUproject,20082012);

PublicationsVigneM.,etal.(2009).Energyuseefficiencyandgreenhousegasesemissionsofdairyfarmsofanisolatedterritory:caseofReunionIslandfrom2000to2007AgSAPConference1012/032009,EgmondaanZee,theNetherlands.p.430431.

ProceedingsoftheLivestock&GlobalClimateChangeInternationalConference,Hammamet,Tunisia,1720May,2008281pp.Online.

DutillyDianC.,etal.(2007).CouldpaymentsforenvironmentalservicesimproverangelandmanagementinCentralAsia,WestAsiaandNorthAfrica?Washington:IFPRI,42pp.(CAPRIWorkingpaper,62)

DutillyDianC.(2006).EconomicsofpastoralismStudyofcurrentpracticesinNorthAfrica(WISPOutcome1).Finalreport.

Educationalkit:Conduitedessystmesdeculturesurcouvertsvgtauxetaffouragementdesvacheslaitires:guidepourlesHautesTerresdeMadagascar.PublishedbyARP,90pp.,7posters,9thematicsheets.


Integratedmanagement of farms and animal production chains (CIEEL, EUERDFRunionOpproject,20082013);Animal production, climate and societies (ECliS, FrenchANR project, 20092012).

>ActivitiesandresultsAssessments,impactsCIRAD has 120 experimental plots in Runion for longterm research (Nrecycling,effluentandC sequestration ingrasslands). Itestablishesenergy,carbonandgreenhousegasemissionbalances foranimalproductionchains(180balancesestablished,CIEEL2,Runion).Toolsformodellingbiomass,greenhousegasandcarbonfluxonanimalfarms.Databasesforpredictingmethaneproductionusingthenearinfraredspectraofruminantdigestatesintropicalenvironments.Functioning indicators (carbon sequestration in soils and biomass, fertilitymaintenance).UseofemissionfluxmeasuringequipmentandCsequestrationprotocolforgrasslandsinFrenchGuiana.Assessment of the impact of dairy cattle in polycultureanimal productionsystemsinMadagascar:biomassfluxmodelling.Economicmodellingofinteractionsbetweencroppingandanimalproductionsystemsonafarmandterritorialscale(RunionandMadagascar).AdaptationofsystemsMulticriteriaassessmentofthesustainabilityofMediterraneanandtropicalpastoralanimalproductionsystems:methodologicalresearchandcomparativeapproachforsystemsandterritories(INRACIRAD).Interactionsbetweendecisionmakingpracticesregardingmanagementandenergyfluxinlocalizedanimalproductionsystems:caseofdairyfarmingincontrastingsituations(INRACIRAD).Genetics and adaptation of species and landraces: characterization of heatadaptationphysiologicalresponsesinpigs(INRACIRAD).DraftingofprotocolsinGuadeloupeandRunion.EstablishmentoftheAnimalChangeConsortium:integratingmitigationandadaptationoptionsforsustainablelivestockproductionunderclimatechange(EUFP7KnowledgeBasedBioEconomyproject).

>Partners International: Centro Agronmico Tropical de Investigacin y Enseanza(CATIE),Centre InternationaldeRechercheDveloppementsur l'ElevageenZone Subhumide (CIRDES), European Association for Animal Production(EAAP), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO),International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), International Center forAgriculturalResearchintheDryAreas(ICARDA);Nationalcentres:AgResearch(NewZealand),Centrewallonderecherchesagronomiques (CRAW, Belgium), Consejo Superior de InvestigacionesCientficas, (CSIC, Spain), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial ResearchOrganisation(CSIRO,Australia),EmpresaBrasileiradePesquisaAgropecuria(EMBRAPA, Brazil), National Centre of Applied Research and RuralDevelopment (FOFIFA, Madagascar), ISRA (Senegal), Institut d'conomierurale(IER,Mali),UniversityofWageningen(Netherlands).


>ProspectsOnan international scale, in recentyears,animalproductionand itsmarketprospects, rolesandeffectshave raisednewquestions thatpose challenges for research and call for substantialnew investment inresearchandtrainingintheSouth.Thenational structuresmainasset is itsalmostunique researchanddevelopmentpotential in termsofanimal production issues. Few countries have such significant human resources available to addressquestionsrelatingtoanimalproductioninwarmregions,intermsofeitherresearchorappraisals.Demandforknowledgeconcerningthemajorissueofadaptinganimalproductionsystemsandtheirroleinmitigatingclimatechangeiscertaintogrow.


Biomass energy Primary energy consumption depends on biomass (nonfossilsource) inmanydevelopingcountries.Howcantheproductionandrenewal of this resource be fostered while ensuring that thisbenefits people in those countries, where consumption is set toincreasesignificantly?

EucalyptusnurseryCIRAD

ContactChristianSaleschristian.sales@cirad.frSylvieMourassylvie.mouras@cirad.frPublicationsFassinouW.F.,VandeSteeneL.,ToureS.,VolleG.,GirardP.(2009).PyrolysisofPinuspinasterinatwostagegasifier:Influenceofprocessingparametersandthermalcrackingoftar.FuelProcessingTechnology,90(1):7590.

Developingcountriesconsumejust35%ofprimaryenergyworldwide,whereasthey account for more than 75% of the population. Many experts areforecastingthattheirconsumptionwillrisesignificantlyinthenext50years.Fuelsproducedfrombiomass,alloriginscombined,accountforamajorshareofdomesticenergy:upto90%insubSaharanAfrica,70%inruralhouseholdsinChina,andbetween30and90%inLatinAmerica(IEA,1997).Thissituationhasresulted inpressureonresourcesandforestdegradation,particularly intheareassupplyingtownsandcities.However, in countrieswithavailable landand the rightclimatic conditions,biomass can be a good opportunity for rural populations to develop newactivities,includingforusesotherthandomestic.Nevertheless,suchaswitchwillhaveconsequencesforresourcemanagement(biomass,water,soils,etc)andleadtocompetitionbetweenactivities.Onaglobal level,biomasscansatisfyrequirementsand increasetheenergyselfsufficiencyoftropicalcountries,withalimitedimpactonclimatechange.Furthermore, local development of economic activities relating to biomassenergy production and use can improve living conditions in rural areas.CIRADswork consists inoptimizingproductionprocesses anddefining theoptimum conditions for the development of such a production chain indevelopingcountries.

>ActivitiesandresultsCIRAD hasmade biomass energy one of the priority lines of research in itsscientific strategy. It is looking at how to ensure that the emergence anddevelopmentofbioenergiesbenefitspeople indeveloping countries, inotherwords:resource availability: estimating the areas available worldwide, indepthanalysisofthreeglobalregions;genetic improvement and agronomy of dedicated energy crops: sorghum,physicnut,sugarcane,forestplantations;sustainable management of producing forests, rehabilitation of degradedforests;studies of production organization systems (family agriculture, industrialcrops) and fuelwood supplies to towns; assessmentof their socioeconomicimpact;environmentalimpactsofproductionchains,carbonbalanceanalysis,studiesof access to Clean DevelopmentMechanism (CDM) or Reducing EmissionsfromDeforestationandDegradation(REDD)typefunding;development of appropriate technologies for the different resources, byoptimizing energy yields and minimizing environmental impact:thermochemicalconversionprocesses,optimizingtheuseoffirstgenerationbiofuels;public policy elements to be put in place for fair, sustainable bioenergydevelopment.


PublicationsPikettyM.G.,WichertM.,FallotA.,AimolaL.(2009).Assessinglandavailabilitytoproducebiomassforenergy:ThecaseofBraziliancharcoalforsteelmaking.BiomassandBionergy,33:180190.

BroustF.,GirardP.,VandeSteeneL.(2008).Biocarburantsdesecondegnration(RefRE110).Techniquesdel'ingnieur.Bioprocds.

FallotA.,GirardP.(2008).Elmentsd'valuationconomiquedeshuilescarburants.In:RoussetPatrick(ed.).Guidetechniquepouruneutilisationnergtiquedeshuilesvgtales.Montpellier:CIRAD,273287.

BedrossianC.,VaitilingomG.(2008).Extraction,conditionnementetutilisationdeshuilesvgtalespurescarburant.In:RoussetPatrick(ed.).Guidetechniquepouruneutilisationnergtiquedeshuilesvgtales.Montpellier:CIRAD,207272.

SalesC.(2007).Energie,lespromessesdelabiomasse.LaRecherche(406,su):2425.


>ResearchprojectsAnalysis of global lignocellulose biomass potential for biofuel production(withTotalSA,20082010);Community forest management for timber and fuelwood production inMadagascar(EUproject,20062010);Fuelwoodsupplies to the townofKinshasa (EUandDemocraticRepublicofCongo,20092012);Developmentofmodels forrobust,genericestimatesof fuelwoodpotential(ANR,20082011);Assessment and optimization of the potential for developing physic nutcultivation(AgrognrationSAandEnerbio,20072010);Analternativeenergyplant:sweetsorghum(EUproject,20082013);Producinglipidbiofuelsusingmicroalgae(ANR,20072010);Environmental impact of replacingmineral charcoalwith plant charcoal inBraziliansteelworks(EUandArcelorMittal,20042010);ImprovingcarbonizationprocessesinMadagascar(EUproject,20062008);DecentralizedruralelectrificationinMadagascar(EUproject,20082011);Preconditioningbiomassbytorrefaction(EUproject,20062009);Preconditioningbiomassbyflashpyrolysis(ANR,20062009);Physicochemicalcharacterizationofpyrolysisoils(Enerbio,TuckFoundation,20082010);Study of gasification tar cracking in fluid bed systems (Fonds uniqueinterministriel,20102013);Characterization of different types of biomass with a view to producingbiofuelsusingthermochemicalprocesses(ANRFINEP,Brazil,20092011);Building the capacity ofWest African countries in terms of energy (ACPEuropeenergyfacility,20072010).

>PartnersAfrica: dedicated crops and processing techniques Institut internationald'ingnieriedel'eauetdel'environnement(2IE,BurkinaFaso),InternationalCrops Research Institute for the SemiArid Tropics (ICRISAT,Mali); forestbiomass management and use, decentralized electrification Agence dedveloppementdel'lectrificationrurale(ADER,Madagascar);Latin America: thermochemical processes to give Amazonian communitiesaccesstoenergyFrancoBraziliancooperation(SFB),EmpresaBrasileiradePesquisa Agropecuria (EMBRAPA) and the University of Paran (Brazil);energyandadaptationofagriculturetoclimatechangeCentroAgronmicoTropicaldeInvestigacinyEnseanza(CATIE);Africa: dedicated crops and processing techniques Institut internationald'ingnieriedel'eauetdel'environnement(2IE,BurkinaFaso),InternationalCrops Research Institute for the SemiArid Tropics (ICRISAT,Mali); forestbiomass management and use, decentralized electrification Agence dedveloppementdel'lectrificationrurale(ADER,Madagascar);Oceania:ensuringtheenergyselfsufficiencyofPacificislandsbydevelopingthe copra oil production chain for electrification and transport (territorialauthorities);


Electricity generation fromwoodinaruralenvironment

P.Girard/CIRAD

Europe:CIRADistheFrenchrepresentativeinseveralnetworks,notablywith:Aston University, UK (flash pyrolysis processes); BFH, Hamburg, Germany(chemicalanalysesofpyrolysisoilsandbiomassgasificationtar);UniversityofWageningen(Netherlands);France: scientific partnerships with: INRA (Institut Carnot 3BCAR project,VegA/biomass of the future foresight workshop), the IFP and the CEA(thermochemical processes), the Ecole des mines in Albi and the UTCompigne(thermochemicalprocesses),theInstitutPrismeattheUniversityofOrlans(biofuelcombustion);Industrial partnerships in the form of research projects or study services:Total (global biofuel resource potential), EDF (state of the art in terms ofgasification technologies), GDFSuez, Volia, Areva (energy supplies forminingactivities).

>ProspectsForthepoorestcountries,greateraccesstoenergycouldfosterthedevelopmentoffoodproduction,butthisremainstobedemonstratedinseveralpracticalcases.Improvingnutritionnecessarilymeanssatisfyingbasicenergyrequirements.Theenergyquestion isnot limitedtothefuelusedforvehicles,whichaccountfor justaquarterofglobalconsumption. It isstaticcalorificenergyproduction,and itsconversion intodrive force,thataccountsformostoftheworldsenergyconsumption,inwhichcoal,naturalgasandoilplayanequalrole.Itisthusnotessentialtoproducealiquidfuel.Energiesofplantoriginmaytakevariousforms,notablysolidorgas,thatarejustasusefulastheliquidform,whichisusuallypreferredbecauseitiseasytotransportandstore.Forinstance, CIRAD is working on an agroenergy concept aimed at designing and promoting electricitygenerationfromsugarcane,selectedandgrownspecificallyforthatpurpose.Forfirstgenerationfuels,therearenownomajorobstaclesattheprocessingstage,exceptfortheethanolesterificationofvegetableoils.Themaindifficultiesareencounteredattheproductionstage,becauseofinterferencewithotheractivities,intermsofmanagementandlandoccupation.Basedoncurrentdemandandforeseeabletrends,agrofuelswillonlybeabletocoveralimited,ifsignificant,shareofrequirements,evenindevelopingcountrieswiththerightconditionsforproduction.Secondgeneration fuels seem to have greater potential, in view of the lignocellulose biomass reservesituation.What remains is todevelop spatial anddynamicmethods for identifyingbiomass and its trueavailability.The rules for itsusealsoneed tobe setoutandvalidated. In termsofprocessing,CIRAD iscentringitsresearchondevelopingsmallandmediumcapacityunitsfordecentralizedproduction,possiblywith intermediate storage and conditioning, to promote transport of already processed, concentratedenergy products. It has opted for the thermochemical conversionmethod (torrefaction, pyrolysis andgasification),whichmakesitpossibletousethewholeplantwithoutresortingtoheavychemicalprocessesatsuchunits.


Climate change and food security Productioninstability,morefrequentfoodcrisesandpricevolatilityareboundtoaffecttheworldsmostvulnerablepeople.Managingthese instabilities is now a major challenge for the economicsciences.

CIRAD

[email protected]

Climate change will inevitably have two types of consequences: themultiplicationandexacerbationofclimaticaccidents(drought,flooding),andachangeinlanduseasaresultofhighertemperatures.Weneedtobeabletomodelthesechangesinordertoassesstheirconsequencesforagriculturalproduction.

The direct consequence is increasingly unstable production levels, andsubsequently foodavailability.Wecanexpectamultiplicationof local foodcrises and an increase in food price volatility, which will hit the mostvulnerableconsumers.This increaseduncertaintywillalsocurb investmentonthepartof farmers,whoare reluctant to take risks,and thus limit theabilityof theagriculturalsectortorespondtofuturegrowthindemandforfood.Inviewofthis,managing instability isnowastrategic issueforresearch.Asfar as economic sciences are concerned, the aim is to assess thedifferentpossiblewaysofcopingwiththisinstability.

>ResearchprojectsOntheconsequencesoflandusechanges(UMRCIRED):- Energyfoodcompetitionforlanduse(ConseilfranaisdelEnergie[CFE]

project,20062009);- Autrement:adjustinglandandenvironmentalresourceusebymodelling

manmadeecosystems(ANR,20072010).- Onmanagingpriceinstability(UMRMOISAandURARENA):- Tools to manage agricultural price instability (Agence franaise de

dveloppement[AFD],20082009);- Projectontheefficacyoffoodpricestabilizationpolicies insubSaharan

Africa:thecaseofMali(FARMFoundation,2009);- Characterization of price instability on food product markets in sub

SaharanAfrica(FARMFoundation,2009).

>ActivitiesandresultsOntheconsequencesoflandusechanges(UMRCIRED):Retroforesightstudyofglobalfoodbiomassproductionanduse;Hybridmodellingofthepartialequilibriumofavailableland;Development of an integrated agronomyvegetationglobal economyenforcedbyclimatemodellingplatformenabling: yield simulation for the main agrosystems (crops, animal production,forestry); assessments of the impact of land use changes (land occupation andmanagementparameters)onyieldsandclimate;calculationofaoptimumsolutionforchanginglanduse.


PublicationsBricasN.(2008).Nourrirlemonde:retourauxfondamentauxdel'humanit.Diplomatie:affairesstratgiquesetrelationsinternationales33:5862.

BricasN.(2008).Attentesetresponsabilitdesconsommateurs.OCL.Olagineuxcorpsgraslipides,15(2):142144.

BricasN.,DavironB.(2008).Delahaussedesprixauretourdu"productionnisme"agricole:lesenjeuxdusommetsurlascuritalimentairedejuin2008Rome.Hrodote:revuedegographieetgopolitique(131):3139.


Onmanagingpriceinstability(UMRMOISAandURARENA): Theoreticalandfieldassessmentofmeasuresaimedatcopingwithprice

instability, either by seeking to mitigate price fluctuations throughmarket regulation, or by attempting to mitigate the adverseconsequencesoffluctuationsforvulnerablepopulations,orboth.

Characterizationofthefactorsbehindprice instability,making itpossibletodistinguish between instability linked to climate and instability linked tomarketfunctioning.

>PartnersNational Resources Institute (United Kingdom), University ofWageningen(Netherlands), Institut d'Economie Rurale (Mali), Rseau desObservatoiresRuraux(Madagascar).

>ProspectsEstablishment of a World Food Observatory to monitor the changes in household vulnerability andresilience in the face of the instability of their environment (climate crises, economic crises and publichealthcrises).



Climate change and payments for environmental services Ecosystems play a major role in mitigating climate change bysequesteringcarbon.However,theyalsohaveotherfunctions,whichservetomakepeoplelessvulnerableandthusfostertheiradaptation.

Fortsetrgulationhydrologique.

B.Locatelli/CIRAD

ContactBrunoLocatelli,[email protected].,LocatelliB.,MartinezC.,ImbachP.,2009.Ecosystembasedadptationtoclimatechange:whatroleforpolicymakers,societyandscientists?MitigationandAdaptationofStrategiesforGlobalChange.doi:10.1007/s1102700991936

Carbonsequestrationisanenvironmentalservice:ithelpstoreducegreenhousegaslevelsintheatmosphereandthistomitigateclimatechange.Thisrolehasbeenrecognizedbyinternationalinstitutions,andcarbonpaymentmechanismsareinplace(CleanDevelopmentMechanism,orCDM,forafforestationandreforestationprojectsindevelopingcountries)orarebeingdiscussed(ReducingEmissionsfromDeforestationandDegradation,orREDD).

However,ecosystemsdonotonlyplayaroleinmitigation,theyalsoprovideservicesona localor regional level thathelpmakepeople lessvulnerable,andthusfostertheiradaptation,toclimatechange.Forinstance,forestscanreducewindandwavestrengthincoastalareas,reducetheairtemperatureduringheatwaves inurban areas, and regulatewaterquality and lowflowduringdroughts.Paymentsforenvironmentalservicescanfosterthemaintenanceofservicesthat are vital in the fight against climate change.PESs assume a voluntarytransactionbetweenaserviceprovider(forinstanceanecosystemmanager)andabuyer(for instanceafirmkeentooffset itsgreenhousegasemissionsor a town wanting to protect its water resources). PESs are currentlybooming,whichisraisingnumerousscientificquestions

>ScientificquestionsandactivitiesThe firstgroupofquestionsconcernsthecharacterizationofenvironmentalservices:howcansuchservices,and theircontribution tohumanwellbeingandadaptation,beevaluated?Whatare thesyn

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