Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Chapter 7. 7-1 What Factors Influence Climate? Concept 7-1 An...
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Transcript of Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity Chapter 7. 7-1 What Factors Influence Climate? Concept 7-1 An...
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Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity
Chapter 7
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7-1 What Factors Influence Climate?
Concept 7-1 An area's climate is determined mostly by solar radiation, the earth’s rotation, global patterns of air and water movement, gases in the atmosphere, and the earth’s surface features.
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Weather is a local area’s short-term physical conditions such as temperature and precipitation.
Climate is a region’s average weather conditions over a long period of time.
“Climate is what we expect, weather is what we get.”
-- Mark Twain
7-1 What Factors Influence Climate?
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Climate varies from place to place because the air circulation in the lower atmosphere due to:
1. Uneven heating of the earth’s surface by the sun
2. Rotation of the earth on its axis
3. Properties of air, water, and land
7-1 What Factors Influence Climate?
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1. Uneven heating of Earth’s surface by the sun:• Equator vs. poles – round planet• Earth’s tilt – 23.5º• Albedo – how strongly it reflects light• Insolation – solar radiation received
by a given area in a given time (kWh/m2/day)
7-1 What Factors Influence Climate?
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7-1 What Factors Influence Climate?
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2. Rotation of Earth on its axis:• Rotation is FASTER at equator than poles…
causes the Coriolis Effect – the deflecting of air masses by the rotation of the Earth
• Also causes complex global air circulation• Wind belts produce ocean surface currents
7-1 What Factors Influence Climate?
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If the Earth didn’t rotate, we could expect wind to flow in the following manner…
7-1 What Factors Influence Climate?
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Instead it looks like this…
7-1 What Factors Influence Climate?
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3. Properties of air, water, and land:• Convection cells form due to
interaction between air/water/land
7-1 What Factors Influence Climate?
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7-1 What Factors Influence Climate?
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Heat and moisture are distributed over the earth’s surface by vertical air currents, which form six giant convection cells at different latitudes.
7-1 What Factors Influence Climate?
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Ocean Currents are caused by:• Prevailing wind belts• Earth’s rotation
7-1 What Factors Influence Climate?
Ocean currents influence climate by distributing heat from place to place.
The temp. of the water affects the temp. of the air
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Generalized Map of the Earth’s Current Climate Zones
7-1 What Factors Influence Climate?
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The Greenhouse effect keeps the entire planet warmer than it would be without it
Greenhouse gases: • Water vapor – H2O
• Carbon Dioxide – CO2
• Methane – CH4
• Nitrous Oxide – N2O
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The Rain Shadow Effect
Interactions between land and oceans and disruptions of airflows by mountains and cities affect local climates.
Microclimate – local and regional climates different than the larger regional climate
7-1 What Factors Influence Climate?
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7-2 How Does Climate Affect the Nature and Locations of Biomes?
Concept 7-2 Differences in average annual precipitation and temperature lead to the formation of tropical, temperate, and cold deserts, grasslands, and forests, and largely determine their locations.
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Climate Affects Where Organisms Can Live
Biomes – large terrestrial regions characterized by similar climate, soil, plants, and animals
• Biomes vary by, and are determined by:
• Latitude and elevation
• Annual precipitation
• Temperature
7-2 How Does Climate Affect the Nature and Locations of Biomes?
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7-2 How Does Climate Affect the Nature and Locations of Biomes?
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Generalized Effects of Elevation and Latitude on Climate and Biomes
7-2 How Does Climate Affect the Nature and Locations of Biomes?
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Average Precipitation and Average Temperature as Limiting Factors
7-2 How Does Climate Affect the Nature and Locations of Biomes?