Click to edit Master title style DiabetesDiabetes.

Click to edit Master title style

DiabetesDiabetes


Diabetes is a condition in which the body cannot change Diabetes is a condition in which the body cannot change sugars and starches (carbohydrates) into energy. sugars and starches (carbohydrates) into energy.

This happens when the body cannot make enough This happens when the body cannot make enough insulin or cannot use the insulin it makes. insulin or cannot use the insulin it makes.

As a result, extra sugar in the blood can lead to damage As a result, extra sugar in the blood can lead to damage in the blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, heart, and nerves.in the blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, heart, and nerves.

Source CDC, 2012

What is Diabetes ? What is Diabetes ?


Type 1 diabetesType 1 diabetes is a condition in which the body is a condition in which the body makes no insulin or so little insulin that the body cannot makes no insulin or so little insulin that the body cannot change blood sugar into energy. change blood sugar into energy.

Type 1 diabetes usually develops during childhood Type 1 diabetes usually develops during childhood or adolescence, before a woman gets pregnant.or adolescence, before a woman gets pregnant.

Source CDC, 2012

Three common types of diabetes:Three common types of diabetes:


Type 2 diabetesType 2 diabetes is a condition in which the body is a condition in which the body makes too little insulin or cannot use the insulin it makes too little insulin or cannot use the insulin it makes to change blood sugar into energy. makes to change blood sugar into energy.

Type 2 diabetes often occurs after childbearing age, Type 2 diabetes often occurs after childbearing age, although it is becoming more common for childbearing-although it is becoming more common for childbearing-aged women to develop type 2 diabetes.aged women to develop type 2 diabetes.

Source CDC, 2012

Click to edit Master title style Gestational diabetesGestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that is first is a type of diabetes that is first diagnosed in a pregnant woman. diagnosed in a pregnant woman.

Out of every 100 pregnant women in the U.S., two to ten will Out of every 100 pregnant women in the U.S., two to ten will have gestational diabetes. have gestational diabetes.

Gestational diabetes usually goes away after pregnancy, but Gestational diabetes usually goes away after pregnancy, but if it does not go away, it is known as type 2 diabetes. if it does not go away, it is known as type 2 diabetes.

Many women who have had gestational diabetes will develop Many women who have had gestational diabetes will develop type 2 diabetes latertype 2 diabetes later Source CDC, 2012


Symptoms and PathogenesisSymptoms and Pathogenesis


Diabetes symptoms vary depending on how high your Diabetes symptoms vary depending on how high your blood sugar is elevated. Some people, especially those with blood sugar is elevated. Some people, especially those with pre-diabetes or type 2 diabetes, may not experience pre-diabetes or type 2 diabetes, may not experience symptoms initially. symptoms initially.

In type 1 diabetes, however, symptoms tend to come on In type 1 diabetes, however, symptoms tend to come on quickly and be more severe. quickly and be more severe.

Source Mayo Clinic 2012


Some of the signs and symptoms of type 1 and type 2 Some of the signs and symptoms of type 1 and type 2 diabetes include:diabetes include:

Increased thirstIncreased thirst

Frequent urinationFrequent urination

Extreme hungerExtreme hunger

Unexplained weight lossUnexplained weight loss Source Mayo Clinic, 2012

Click to edit Master title style Presence of ketones in the urine (ketones are a Presence of ketones in the urine (ketones are a byproduct of the breakdown of muscle and fat that happens byproduct of the breakdown of muscle and fat that happens when there's not enough insulin)when there's not enough insulin)

FatigueFatigue Blurred visionBlurred vision Slow-healing soresSlow-healing sores Mild high blood pressureMild high blood pressure Frequent infections, such as gum or skin infections Frequent infections, such as gum or skin infections and vaginal or bladder infectionsand vaginal or bladder infections

Source Mayo Clinic, 2012

Click to edit Master title style Although type 1 diabetes can develop at any age, it Although type 1 diabetes can develop at any age, it typically appears during childhood or adolescence. typically appears during childhood or adolescence.

Type 2 diabetes, the most common type, can develop at Type 2 diabetes, the most common type, can develop at any age and is often preventable.any age and is often preventable.



Gestational diabetesGestational diabetes


A woman with gestational diabetes whose blood sugar A woman with gestational diabetes whose blood sugar stays high has an increased chance of:stays high has an increased chance of:

Preeclampsia (high blood pressure, protein in urine, Preeclampsia (high blood pressure, protein in urine, increased swelling)increased swelling)

Preterm birth (baby born before 37 weeks)Preterm birth (baby born before 37 weeks)

C-sectionC-section Source CDC, 2012


Gestational diabetesGestational diabetes


In a woman with preexisting diabetes (which includes In a woman with preexisting diabetes (which includes type 1 and type 2), blood sugar that remains high can type 1 and type 2), blood sugar that remains high can trigger or worsen certain health problems, including:trigger or worsen certain health problems, including:

High blood pressureHigh blood pressure PreeclampsiaPreeclampsia Kidney diseaseKidney disease Nerve damageNerve damage Heart diseaseHeart disease BlindnessBlindness Source CDC , 2012


Also, a woman with preexisting diabetes whose Also, a woman with preexisting diabetes whose blood sugar remains high has an increased chance of:blood sugar remains high has an increased chance of:

MiscarriageMiscarriage Preterm birthPreterm birth StillbirthStillbirth C-sectionC-section

Source CDC , 2012


Source Mayo Clinic , 2012

How can diabetes affect baby’s health?How can diabetes affect baby’s health?

Click to edit Master title style Blood sugar that remains high in a woman with Blood sugar that remains high in a woman with gestational diabetes can cause her baby to grow very gestational diabetes can cause her baby to grow very large (about 9 pounds or more). large (about 9 pounds or more).

Being very large makes it hard for the baby to be Being very large makes it hard for the baby to be born through the birth canal and can cause nerve born through the birth canal and can cause nerve damage to the baby’s shoulder during birth. damage to the baby’s shoulder during birth.

Source CDC, 2011

Click to edit Master title style A very large baby has an increased chance of being A very large baby has an increased chance of being overweight or obese later in life. overweight or obese later in life.

Being overweight or obese increases the chance of Being overweight or obese increases the chance of also having diabetes later in life.also having diabetes later in life.

Source CDC, 2011


Blood sugar that remains high in a pregnant woman Blood sugar that remains high in a pregnant woman with type 1 or type 2 diabetes can cause her baby to with type 1 or type 2 diabetes can cause her baby to have the following health problems:have the following health problems:

Birth defects, especially of the brain, spine, and heartBirth defects, especially of the brain, spine, and heart Increased birth weightIncreased birth weight Nerve damage to the shoulder during deliveryNerve damage to the shoulder during delivery Low blood sugar after birthLow blood sugar after birth Increased chance of overweight, obesity, and/or Increased chance of overweight, obesity, and/or diabetes later in lifediabetes later in life Source CDC, 2011


ComplicationsComplications

Click to edit Master title style Long-term complications of diabetes develop Long-term complications of diabetes develop gradually. gradually.

The longer you have diabetes (and the less The longer you have diabetes (and the less controlled your blood sugar) the higher the risk of controlled your blood sugar) the higher the risk of complications. complications.

Eventually, diabetes complications may be disabling Eventually, diabetes complications may be disabling or even life-threatening.or even life-threatening.


Click to edit Master title style Possible complications include:Possible complications include:

Cardiovascular diseaseCardiovascular disease : if you have diabetes, you are : if you have diabetes, you are more likely to have heart disease or stroke.more likely to have heart disease or stroke.

Nerve damage Nerve damage (neuropathy): Excess sugar can injure the (neuropathy): Excess sugar can injure the walls of the tiny blood vessels (capillaries) that nourish your walls of the tiny blood vessels (capillaries) that nourish your nerves, especially in the legs. This can cause tingling, nerves, especially in the legs. This can cause tingling, numbness, burning or pain, lost of all sense of feeling in the numbness, burning or pain, lost of all sense of feeling in the affected limb, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation and affected limb, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation and erectile dysfunction for men.erectile dysfunction for men. Source Mayo Clinic, 2012

Click to edit Master title style Kidney damage Kidney damage (nephropathy): diabetes can damage the (nephropathy): diabetes can damage the kidneys delicate filtering system causing severe damage can kidneys delicate filtering system causing severe damage can lead to kidney failure or irreversible end-stage kidney disease, lead to kidney failure or irreversible end-stage kidney disease, requiring dialysis or a kidney transplant. requiring dialysis or a kidney transplant.

Eye damage Eye damage (retinopathy): diabetes can damage the blood (retinopathy): diabetes can damage the blood vessels of the retina (diabetic retinopathy), potentially leading vessels of the retina (diabetic retinopathy), potentially leading to blindness. to blindness.

Foot damageFoot damage: nerve damage in the feet or poor blood flow to : nerve damage in the feet or poor blood flow to the feet increases the risk of various foot complications. (e.g. the feet increases the risk of various foot complications. (e.g. toe, foot or even leg amputation).toe, foot or even leg amputation). Source Mayo Clinic, 2012

Click to edit Master title styleSkin and mouth conditionsSkin and mouth conditions : diabetes may leave you more : diabetes may leave you more susceptible to skin problems, including bacterial and fungal susceptible to skin problems, including bacterial and fungal infections. infections.

Brain problemsBrain problems : recent research suggests that high blood : recent research suggests that high blood sugar levels may increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease in sugar levels may increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease in people who have type 2 diabetes and a certain gene linked to people who have type 2 diabetes and a certain gene linked to the development of Alzheimer's disease. the development of Alzheimer's disease.

CancerCancer: people with diabetes have a higher risk of some : people with diabetes have a higher risk of some cancers. cancers. Source Mayo Clinic, 2012



Complications of gestational diabetesComplications of gestational diabetes


Most women who have gestational diabetes Most women who have gestational diabetes deliver healthy babies. deliver healthy babies.

However, untreated or uncontrolled blood sugar However, untreated or uncontrolled blood sugar levels can cause problems for you and your baby.levels can cause problems for you and your baby.

Complications in your baby can occur as a result Complications in your baby can occur as a result of gestational diabetes.of gestational diabetes.


Click to edit Master title style Excess growthExcess growth: very large babies are more likely to : very large babies are more likely to require a C-section birth.require a C-section birth.

Low blood sugarLow blood sugar: Sometimes babies of mothers : Sometimes babies of mothers with gestational diabetes develop low blood sugar with gestational diabetes develop low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) shortly after birth because their own (hypoglycemia) shortly after birth because their own insulin production is high. insulin production is high.


Click to edit Master title style Respiratory distress syndrome Respiratory distress syndrome : If your baby is : If your baby is delivered early, respiratory distress syndrome (a delivered early, respiratory distress syndrome (a condition that makes breathing difficult) is possible. condition that makes breathing difficult) is possible. Babies who have respiratory distress syndrome may Babies who have respiratory distress syndrome may need help breathing until their lungs become stronger.need help breathing until their lungs become stronger.

Jaundice Jaundice : although jaundice usually isn't a cause : although jaundice usually isn't a cause for concern, careful monitoring is important.for concern, careful monitoring is important.


Click to edit Master title style Type 2 diabetes later in lifeType 2 diabetes later in life: babies of mothers who : babies of mothers who have gestational diabetes have a higher risk of have gestational diabetes have a higher risk of developing obesity and type 2 diabetes later in life.developing obesity and type 2 diabetes later in life.

DeathDeath: untreated gestational diabetes can result in : untreated gestational diabetes can result in a baby's death either before or shortly after birth.a baby's death either before or shortly after birth.


Click to edit Master title style Complications in you can also occur as a result of Complications in you can also occur as a result of gestational diabetes:gestational diabetes:

PreeclampsiaPreeclampsia: this condition is characterized by : this condition is characterized by high blood pressure and excess protein in the urine, high blood pressure and excess protein in the urine, and swelling in the legs and feet. Preeclampsia can and swelling in the legs and feet. Preeclampsia can lead to serious or even life-threatening complications lead to serious or even life-threatening complications for both mother and baby.for both mother and baby.


Click to edit Master title style Subsequent gestational diabetesSubsequent gestational diabetes : once you've had : once you've had gestational diabetes in one pregnancy, you're more gestational diabetes in one pregnancy, you're more likely to have it again with the next pregnancy. You're likely to have it again with the next pregnancy. You're also more likely to develop diabetes (typically type 2 also more likely to develop diabetes (typically type 2 diabetes) as you get older.diabetes) as you get older.

Pre-diabetes may develop into type 2 diabetes.Pre-diabetes may develop into type 2 diabetes.


Click to edit Master title style Complications of pre-diabetes Complications of pre-diabetes Pre-diabetes may develop into type 2 diabetes.Pre-diabetes may develop into type 2 diabetes.




CausesCauses


To understand diabetes, one must first understand how To understand diabetes, one must first understand how glucose is normally processed in the body. glucose is normally processed in the body.

Glucose is a main source of energy for the cells that Glucose is a main source of energy for the cells that make up your muscles and other tissues. make up your muscles and other tissues.

Glucose comes from two major sources: the food you Glucose comes from two major sources: the food you eat and your liver. eat and your liver.


How glucose normally works How glucose normally works


During digestion, sugar is absorbed into the During digestion, sugar is absorbed into the bloodstream. bloodstream.

Normally, sugar then enters cells, with the help of Normally, sugar then enters cells, with the help of insulin.insulin.

The hormone insulin comes from the pancreas, a gland The hormone insulin comes from the pancreas, a gland located just behind the stomach. located just behind the stomach.




When you eat, your pancreas secretes insulin into your When you eat, your pancreas secretes insulin into your bloodstream. bloodstream.

As insulin circulates, it acts like a key, unlocking As insulin circulates, it acts like a key, unlocking microscopic doors that allow sugar to enter your cells. microscopic doors that allow sugar to enter your cells. Insulin lowers the amount of sugar in your bloodstream. Insulin lowers the amount of sugar in your bloodstream.

As your blood sugar level drops, so does the secretion As your blood sugar level drops, so does the secretion of insulin from your pancreas.of insulin from your pancreas.




Your liver acts as a glucose storage and manufacturing Your liver acts as a glucose storage and manufacturing center. center.

When you haven't eaten in a while your liver releases When you haven't eaten in a while your liver releases stored glucose to keep your glucose level within a normal stored glucose to keep your glucose level within a normal range.range.



Click to edit Master title style In type 1 diabetes, your immune system attacks and In type 1 diabetes, your immune system attacks and destroys your insulin-producing cells in the pancreas destroys your insulin-producing cells in the pancreas leaving the body with little or no insulin. leaving the body with little or no insulin.

Instead of being transported into your cells, sugar builds Instead of being transported into your cells, sugar builds up in your bloodstream. up in your bloodstream.

Type 1 is thought to be caused by a combination of Type 1 is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors, though genetic susceptibility and environmental factors, though exactly what those factors are is still unclear.exactly what those factors are is still unclear. Source Mayo Clinic , 2012

Causes of type 1 diabetes Causes of type 1 diabetes

Click to edit Master title style In pre-diabetes (which can lead to type 2 diabetes) and in In pre-diabetes (which can lead to type 2 diabetes) and in type 2 diabetes, your cells become resistant to the action of type 2 diabetes, your cells become resistant to the action of insulin, and your pancreas is unable to make enough insulin, and your pancreas is unable to make enough insulin to overcome this resistance. insulin to overcome this resistance.

Instead of moving into your cells, sugar builds up in your Instead of moving into your cells, sugar builds up in your bloodstream. bloodstream.


Causes of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes Causes of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes

Click to edit Master title style Exactly why this happens is uncertain, although as in Exactly why this happens is uncertain, although as in type 1 diabetes, it's believed that genetic and environmental type 1 diabetes, it's believed that genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of type 2. factors play a role in the development of type 2.

Being overweight is strongly linked to the development Being overweight is strongly linked to the development of type 2 diabetes, but not everyone with type 2 is of type 2 diabetes, but not everyone with type 2 is overweight.overweight.


Causes of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes Causes of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes

Click to edit Master title style During pregnancy, the placenta produces hormones to During pregnancy, the placenta produces hormones to sustain your pregnancy. sustain your pregnancy.

These hormones make your cells more resistant to These hormones make your cells more resistant to insulin. insulin.

As your placenta grows larger in the second and third As your placenta grows larger in the second and third trimesters, it secretes more of these hormones — making it trimesters, it secretes more of these hormones — making it even harder for insulin to do its job.even harder for insulin to do its job.


Causes of gestational diabetes Causes of gestational diabetes

Click to edit Master title style Normally, your pancreas responds by producing enough Normally, your pancreas responds by producing enough extra insulin to overcome this resistance. extra insulin to overcome this resistance.

But sometimes your pancreas can't keep up. When this But sometimes your pancreas can't keep up. When this happens, too little glucose gets into your cells and too happens, too little glucose gets into your cells and too much stays in your blood: this is gestational diabetes.much stays in your blood: this is gestational diabetes.


Causes of gestational diabetes Causes of gestational diabetes


ComplicationsComplications

Click to edit Master title style Mental illness is a leading cause of disability. Mental illness is a leading cause of disability.

Aside from reducing your overall quality of life, Aside from reducing your overall quality of life, untreated mental illness can cause severe emotional, untreated mental illness can cause severe emotional, behavioral and physical health problems. behavioral and physical health problems.

Mental illness can also cause legal and financial Mental illness can also cause legal and financial problems. problems.


Click to edit Master title style Complications linked to mental illness include:Complications linked to mental illness include:

Unhappiness and decreased enjoyment of lifeUnhappiness and decreased enjoyment of lifeFamily conflictsFamily conflictsRelationship difficultiesRelationship difficultiesSocial isolationSocial isolationSubstance abuseSubstance abuse


Click to edit Master title style Complications linked to mental illness include:Complications linked to mental illness include:

Missed work or school, or other problems related to Missed work or school, or other problems related to work or schoolwork or schoolHeart disease and other medical conditionsHeart disease and other medical conditionsPovertyPovertyHomelessnessHomelessnessSuicideSuicide



EpidemiologyEpidemiology


Source: 2007–2009 National Health Interview Survey estimates projected to the year 2010.


Source: 2007–2009 National Health Interview Survey.Source: 2007–2009 National Health Interview Survey.

Click to edit Master title styleAge-Adjusted Incidence of Diagnosed Diabetes per 1,000 Population Aged 18–79 Years, by Sex, United States, 1980–2010

www.cdc.gov/diabetes

County-level Estimates of Diagnosed Diabetes among Adults aged ≥ County-level Estimates of Diagnosed Diabetes among Adults aged ≥ 20 years: United States 200920 years: United States 2009

Percent0 - 6.5

6.6 - 8.0

8.1 - 9.4

9.5 - 11.1

> 11.2



Age-adjusted percent0 - 6.3

6.4 - 7.5

7.6 - 8.8

8.9 - 10.5

> 10.6



Percent

Quartiles0 - 8.9

9.0 - 10.4

10.5 – 11.9

> 12.0



Age-adjusted percent

Quartiles0 - 7.7

7.8 - 9.0

9.1 - 10.6

> 10.7



Number


County-level Estimates of Diagnosed Diabetes among Adults aged ≥ 20 years: United States 2009

Percent

Number


County-level Estimates of Diagnosed Diabetes among Adults aged ≥ 20 years: United States 2009

Age-adjusted ranks based on age-adjusted percent of diabetes

Above median rank

Below median rank

Not above median rank or below median rank


Source MDH 2011 HIV/AIDS in M Minnesota : Annual Review

Overview of Mental Health in MinnesotaOverview of Mental Health in Minnesota


Each year, more than 26,000 Minnesotans are newly Each year, more than 26,000 Minnesotans are newly diagnosed with diabetes. diagnosed with diabetes.

Diabetes is the sixth leading cause of death in Diabetes is the sixth leading cause of death in Minnesota. Minnesota.

The prevalence of diagnosed diabetes in Minnesota The prevalence of diagnosed diabetes in Minnesota increased from 3.1% of the adult population in 1995 to 5.7% increased from 3.1% of the adult population in 1995 to 5.7% in 2006in 2006

Source MDH, 2012


Risk factorsRisk factors


Risk factors for diabetes depend on the type of Risk factors for diabetes depend on the type of diabetes.diabetes.


Click to edit Master title styleRisk factors for type 1 diabetes


Risk factors for type 1 diabetesRisk factors for type 1 diabetes Although the exact cause of type 1 diabetes is Although the exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown, genetic factors likely play a role. unknown, genetic factors likely play a role.

Your risk of developing type 1 diabetes increases if you Your risk of developing type 1 diabetes increases if you have a parent or sibling who has type 1 diabetes.have a parent or sibling who has type 1 diabetes.

Environmental factors, such as exposure to a viral Environmental factors, such as exposure to a viral illness, also likely play some role in type 1 diabetes. illness, also likely play some role in type 1 diabetes.



Risk factors for type 1 diabetesRisk factors for type 1 diabetes

Other factors that may increase your risk include:Other factors that may increase your risk include:

The presence of damaging immune system cells The presence of damaging immune system cells (auto-(auto-antibodies). Sometimes family members of people with antibodies). Sometimes family members of people with type 1 diabetes are tested for the presence of diabetes type 1 diabetes are tested for the presence of diabetes auto-antibodies. auto-antibodies.

If you have these auto-antibodies, you have an If you have these auto-antibodies, you have an increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes. But, not increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes. But, not everyone who has these auto-antibodies develops type 1.everyone who has these auto-antibodies develops type 1.



Risk factors for type 1 diabetesRisk factors for type 1 diabetes Dietary factorsDietary factors. .

A number of dietary factors have been linked to an A number of dietary factors have been linked to an increased risk of type 1 diabetes, such as low vitamin D increased risk of type 1 diabetes, such as low vitamin D consumption; early exposure to cow's milk or cow's milk consumption; early exposure to cow's milk or cow's milk formula; or exposure to cereals before 4 months of age or formula; or exposure to cereals before 4 months of age or after 7 months of age. after 7 months of age.

However, none of these factors has been shown to However, none of these factors has been shown to cause type 1 diabetes.cause type 1 diabetes.



Risk factors for type 1 diabetesRisk factors for type 1 diabetes RaceRace. Type 1 diabetes is more common in whites than in . Type 1 diabetes is more common in whites than in other races.other races.

GeographyGeography. Certain countries, such as Finland and . Certain countries, such as Finland and Sweden, have higher rates of type 1 diabetes.Sweden, have higher rates of type 1 diabetes.



Risk factors for pre-diabetes and type 2 Risk factors for pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetesdiabetes

Researchers don't fully understand why some people Researchers don't fully understand why some people develop pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes and others don't.develop pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes and others don't.

It's clear that certain factors increase the risk, however, It's clear that certain factors increase the risk, however, including:including:

WeightWeight. The more fatty tissue you have, the more . The more fatty tissue you have, the more resistant your cells become to insulin.resistant your cells become to insulin.




InactivityInactivity. The less active you are, the greater your risk. . The less active you are, the greater your risk. Physical activity helps you control your weight, uses up Physical activity helps you control your weight, uses up glucose as energy and makes your cells more sensitive to glucose as energy and makes your cells more sensitive to insulin. Exercising less than three times a week may insulin. Exercising less than three times a week may increase your risk of type 2 diabetes.increase your risk of type 2 diabetes.

Family historyFamily history. Your risk increases if a parent or sibling . Your risk increases if a parent or sibling has type 2 diabetes.has type 2 diabetes.




RaceRace. Although it's unclear why, people of certain races . Although it's unclear why, people of certain races — including blacks, Hispanics, American Indians and — including blacks, Hispanics, American Indians and Asians — are at higher risk.Asians — are at higher risk.

AgeAge. Your risk increases as you get older. This may be . Your risk increases as you get older. This may be because you tend to exercise less, lose muscle mass and because you tend to exercise less, lose muscle mass and gain weight as you age. But type 2 diabetes is increasing gain weight as you age. But type 2 diabetes is increasing dramatically among children, adolescents and younger dramatically among children, adolescents and younger adults.adults.




Gestational diabetesGestational diabetes. If you developed gestational . If you developed gestational diabetes when you were pregnant, your risk of developing diabetes when you were pregnant, your risk of developing pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes later increases. pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes later increases.

Polycystic ovary syndromePolycystic ovary syndrome. For women, having . For women, having polycystic ovary syndrome — a common condition polycystic ovary syndrome — a common condition characterized by irregular menstrual periods, excess hair characterized by irregular menstrual periods, excess hair growth and obesity — increases the risk of diabetes.growth and obesity — increases the risk of diabetes.



Risk factors for pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetesRisk factors for pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes

High blood pressureHigh blood pressure. Having blood pressure over . Having blood pressure over 140/90mm Hg is linked to an increased risk of type 2 140/90mm Hg is linked to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes.diabetes.

Abnormal cholesterol levelsAbnormal cholesterol levels. If you have low levels of . If you have low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), or "good," cholesterol, your high-density lipoprotein (HDL), or "good," cholesterol, your risk of type 2 diabetes is higher. risk of type 2 diabetes is higher.

High levels of triglyceridesHigh levels of triglycerides. High level of triglyceride . High level of triglyceride increases your risk of diabetes increases.increases your risk of diabetes increases.



Risk factors for gestational Risk factors for gestational diabetes diabetes Any pregnant woman can develop gestational diabetes, Any pregnant woman can develop gestational diabetes,

but some women are at greater risk than are others. but some women are at greater risk than are others.

Risk factors for gestational diabetes include:Risk factors for gestational diabetes include:

Age. Women older than age 25 are at increased risk.Age. Women older than age 25 are at increased risk.

Family or personal history. Family or personal history.

Weight. Being overweight before pregnancy increases your Weight. Being overweight before pregnancy increases your risk.risk.

Race. women who are black, Hispanic, American Indian or Race. women who are black, Hispanic, American Indian or Asian are more likely to develop gestational diabetes.Asian are more likely to develop gestational diabetes.


PreventionPrevention

Click to edit Master title style Keeping an ideal body weight and an active lifestyle may Keeping an ideal body weight and an active lifestyle may prevent type 2 diabetes.prevent type 2 diabetes.

There is no way to prevent type 1 diabetes.There is no way to prevent type 1 diabetes.

To prevent complications of diabetes, visit your health To prevent complications of diabetes, visit your health care provider or diabetes educator at least four times a care provider or diabetes educator at least four times a year. year.



TreatmentTreatment

Click to edit Master title style There is no cure for diabetes. There is no cure for diabetes.

Treatment involves medicines, diet, and exercise to Treatment involves medicines, diet, and exercise to control blood sugar and prevent symptoms and problems.control blood sugar and prevent symptoms and problems.

Click to edit Master title style DiabetesDiabetes.

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