Cleveland FIP 136 Chapter 01
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Transcript of Cleveland FIP 136 Chapter 01
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Chapter One
Code Administration
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Learning Objectives
• Describe model code process
• Identify major model code groups
• Describe origin of first National Building Code
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Learning Objectives
• Describe the code adoption process used by state and local governments– Explain the basis for their authority
• Describe economic forces behind current movement toward a single national model code
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Code
• Systematically arranged body of rules
• What to do or what not to do
• United States Code – Federal laws
• Code of _____ – State laws
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Code
• Code of the County of ___– County ordinances
• Technical codes– Building, fire, mechanical or plumbing
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Model Code
• Developed through consensus process
• Technical committees
• Developed by an organization
• Available for adoption by government
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National Building Code
• National Board of Fire Underwriters (NBFU)– 1905 – Available free to local governments – Reduce fire loss and benefit stock
insurance industry– Good for industry and country
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National Building Code
• NBFU – Became American Insurance Association– Published through fourteen editions– Over 75 years– Discontinued in 1971
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National Board of Fire Underwriters
• Organized following the Great Portland Maine fire July 4, 1866
• To develop and enforce uniform rates and commissions
• American Insurance Association or AIA
• Insurance Services Organization or ISO
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Model Code Organizations
• ICC – International Code Council
• NFPA– National Fire Protection Association
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Legacy Code Organizations
• BOCA– Building Officials and Code Administrators
International
• ICBO – International Conference of Building
Officials
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Legacy Code Organizations
• SBCCI – Southern Building Code Congress
International
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BOCA
• Building Officials and Code Administrators International
• Building officials in nine northeastern states and Canada– 1915
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BOCA
• Published first “Basic Building Code”– 1950
• Later published the National Fire, Mechanical, and Plumbing Codes
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ICBO
• International Conference of Building Officials– 1921 as the Pacific Building Officials
Conference
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ICBO
• Published first “Uniform Building Code”– 1927– Later published Uniform Fire, Mechanical,
and Plumbing Codes
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SBCCI
• Southern Building Code Congress International– 1940
• Published first “Standard Building Code”– 1945
• Later published the Standard Fire, Mechanical, and Plumbing Codes
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NFPA
• National Fire Protection Association– 1896 by Boston area stock insurance
companies– Nine different sprinkler standards in use by
insurance company engineers – Mission was to develop a single standard
acceptable to all
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NFPA
• 1904 – NFPA’s membership included 38 stock
insurance boards – 417 individuals, most were insurance
company engineers
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NFPA
• First fire department member – Battalion Chief W.T. Beggin, FDNY– Joined in 1905
• H.D. Davis – State Fire Marshal of Ohio– Joined in 1911
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NFPA
• National Board of Fire Underwriters– Paid to publish NFPA’s standards
• National Electric Code was transferred from the NBFU to NFPA in 1911
• NFPA maintains over 300 codes, standards, and recommended practices
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International Code Council
• 1994 – Consolidated BOCA, ICBO and SBCCI
• Facilitated development of a single set of model codes for the U.S.
• All agreed to discontinue publishing their own codes after 1999
• Cooperatively publish the “I” codes
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International Code Council
• Members of the three organizations merged in 2002
• NFPA participated in original discussions to develop “I” codes
• NFPA withdrew from the ICC
• NFPA developed complete set of codes
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National Fire Protection Association
• NFPA 5000, Building Code– Publish Uniform Plumbing Code with
International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials
• Publish Uniform Fire Code with International Fire Code Institute
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ICC Code Change Process
• Code changes submitted by any interested party
• Technical committees hear testimony at code hearings
• Changes approved as submitted or modified, or denied by floor amendment
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ICC Code Change Process
• General membership can approve or challenge committee action
• Approved changes in annual supplement
• Printed with next printing of code– Reprinted every three years
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NFPA Member Categories
• Insurance• Special expert• Consumer• Applied research
• Manufacturer• User• Installer/maintainer• Labor• Enforcing authority
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Code Enforcement Authority
• Originates in the Tenth Amendment
• “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.”
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Police Power
• Fundamental power of the state– Restraints upon personal freedom and
property rights of individuals for the protection of public health, safety, and welfare
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Police Power
• Possessed by the states prior to the Constitution
• Reserved to the states by Tenth Amendment
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John Forrest Dillon
• Chief Justice Iowa Supreme Court late 1800s– His opinion in a court case between state
and local government became “Dillon’s Rule”
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John Forrest Dillon
• Adopted by most states
• Gradually relaxed in most states
• Applicable to most states in varying degrees– VA, KY, and TN still strict Dillon Rule
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The Basis for Dillon’s Rule
• Tenth amendment mentions only two levels of government
• Federal and state
• Not local– Local government is creation of states– Only has powers state government confers
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The Dillon Rule
• Local governments are instruments of the states– Power expressly conferred with state
constitutions, home rule charters, state statutes
– Those not expressly granted do not exist
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Code Adoption
• Adoption by reference
• Governing body adopts an ordinance – Refers to a specific edition of a model code– Adopt by reference free of charge
• Users must buy the model code(s)
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Code Adoption
• Adoption by transcription
• Entire code must be republished by jurisdiction
• Royalty license fee must be paid to model code organization
• Some states cannot adopt by reference
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Code Types
• State minimum codes with option for local amendment
• State mini/maxi codes with no local amendments permitted
• Local codes
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Summary
• Model code process in U.S.– Less than 100 years old
• Major model code groups– BOCA, IBCO, and SBCCI established
ICC
• BOCA, ICBO, and SBCCI consolidated
• NFPA also developed a full set of codes
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Summary
• ICC and NFPA – Both develop model codes
• NFPA – Develops standards and recommended
practices
• Both – Consensus process with unpaid technical
committees and voting by membership
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Summary
• Model codes – Adopted at state or local level
• Federal agencies– “Adopt” model codes as regulations
• National Technology Transfer Act– Mandated federal government to use
national codes and standards