All-in-one

Integrated solutionA camera and a computer (webserver) integrated CameraComputer

The CameraThe camera:CameraDrives the sensorAdjusts for lightingDelivers images to the computer

The CameraThe computer (or really the Web server):Utilizes ASIC to compress & enhance videoResponds to requests for imagesDelivers imagesProvides a platform for managementCan be set to take actions (e-mail, ftp, notifications)Can be dialed-in to (some models)Can be customized (scripting)Can serve a video-surveillance applicationand more.

Computer

. . . M A K E Y O U R N E T W O R K S M A R T E R

Axis definition of a network solution

Analog CCTV System from late 90s

Technology shiftsThe approach of the digital age is unstoppable and soon all media will be in digital form

Is a DVR based solution digital?

No - DVRs are just a step.IP Surveillance and DVR solutions share some benefits

..to the complete digital solution

Pure IP Surveillance offers significant advantages over DVRs

ExampleAnalogDigital AnalogDigitalTCP/IP

Pure Digital Advantages Unlimited flexibilityUnlimited scalabilityOpen standardsEasy replacement or expansionRemote access to video from any locationAdvanced digital image management

Disadvantages of analog CCTVAnalog technology with very limited future development Limited remote monitoringDedicated expensive cablingSingle user onlyClosed system, closed architecture

So how do we make it happen?Transfer legacy installations in steps...

New installations fully digital...

Extend your Analog CCTV Systems

Enhance Your system

Digital Systems directly

The ongoing Digital RevolutionControl roomRemote accessibility

Looking forward

Distributed system

Large system - State of Minnesota

Market TrendsSharing of IT networks for Security VideoMerger of Security and IT functions in companiesSecurity system integrator video sales up 44 % in 2002JP Freeman 2003 Report

Markets in transitionSecurity MarketIT Market

. . . M A K E Y O U R N E T W O R K S M A R T E R

Connection examples

Case : Simple home monitoring1 camera , 1 PC Monitoring of for example entrance doorPC Axis 205Its easy to expand; just add cameras to extend coverage

Case : Monitoring of remote houseMonitoring of a house at a remote location (for example vacation home)PC Axis 2100Modem Motion detectorModem The Axis 2100 can trigger on the motion detector and start sending images

Case : Monitoring of remote house (2)Monitoring of a house at a remote location (for example vacation home)PC Modem Motion detectorModem Internet Service ProviderFTP Server In this case a FTP server is used as a intermediate server, mail can also be used

Case : Online monitoring of remote houseMonitoring of a remote house utilizing broadband connectionPC xDSL RouterWith fixed IP or Dynamic DNS InternetAll cameras can be accessed at all times from a remote PCAxis 205s

. . . M A K E Y O U R N E T W O R K S M A R T E R

Slightly more detailed examples

Case :Shop4 cameras , local recording, remote viewPC in the shopRunning surveillance SWRemote PC ADSL RouterRemote PC Network cameras

Case: House2 indoor cameras and 2 outdoor cameras. Alarm sensors, only view and alarmsRemote PC Wireless ADSL RouterRemote PC AXIS 2120s Mounted in outdoor casing connected through wireless bridge and external antennaMotion detectors

Case: Office6 indoor cameras, programed recording. Director recording and operator view. In a local area networkDirector PC running Axis Camera RecorderOperator PC running Axis Camera ExplorerAxis 205

Case: Industrial4 outdoor cameras with night view, 4 indoor PTZ cameras, 4 fixed indoor cameras. Programmed Recording, View for the Security Guard.Director PC running Axis Camera RecorderOperator PC running Axis Camera Explorer

Case: Retail Shops1 fixed camera and 1 PTZ Camera, for each shop. Only view.RouterAxis 205Axis 2130Remote PC running Axis Camera Explorer

Case: Day care center 3 indoor cameras and 1 outdoor camera (external play zone). No recording. Access via web.RouterAxis 205PC with Internet ExplorerWeb ServerAxis 2110 & 290A

Case: Construction2 outdoor fixed cameras. View and Remote Recording (low amount of fps)RouterOperator PC running Axis Camera RecorderAXIS 2120 & 290A Bundle

Case: Sports Installation (golf, seaport, skiing,) 3 outdoor fix camerasRouterPC with Internet ExplorerAXIS 2120 & 290A Bundle

. . . M A K E Y O U R N E T W O R K S M A R T E R

Setting a IP-Address

The AXIS IP Utility The most user-friendly method.Windows applicationType in last 6 characters of serial (labeled on product)Type in IP AdressPower cycle productClick on [Set IP]Access camera and do detailed settingsWhat is it?A windows shell for ARP & PING (to be discussed)Provides the same functionality in a more user friendly way

. . . M A K E Y O U R N E T W O R K S M A R T E R

ARP and PingThe manual method

TopicsARP protocol

Ping utility

Setting an IP address using ARP and ping

ARPAddress Resolution Protocol

Associates MAC (hardware) address with IP

PingWill test basic TCP/IP connectivity

Sends a packet & waits for responce

More InfoARP/Ping must be done on the same network segment

Axis product must be rebooted during the ping

The IP you try to assign must be compatible with yours (i.e. in the same range)

Note: This also applies to the Axis IP-Utility as the utility is a graphical interface to Arp & ping

Assigning an IPSyntax for the ARP command:arp s (sets a static arp entry)arp a(view the arp cache)Older products: ping t New products: ping t -l 408 (sets the desired address)While the continuous ping is going, power cycle the camera and let the ping continue until you start to receive replies. Then, press Ctrl-C to break the ping.

In picturesC:\>arp s 192.168.0.10 00-40-8C-AA-BB-CCC:\>The computers arp table is updated with the entry and ties the hardware (MAC) address to the IP address

In picturesC:\>arp s 192.168.0.10 00-40-8C-AA-BB-CCC:\>ping t 192.168.0.10Pinging 192.168.0.10Request timed out.Computer sends ping packets to the camera using arp table as address sourceRequest timed out.Request timed out.Request timed out.

In picturesC:\>arp s 192.168.0.10 00-40-8C-AA-BB-CCC:\>ping t 192.168.0.10Pinging 192.168.0.10Request timed out.Camera receives packets sets its IP address and sends responses to the computerRequest timed out.Request timed out.Request timed out.Reply from 192.168.0.10Reply from 192.168.0.10Reply from 192.168.0.10Reply from 192.168.0.10

Q & A

. . . M A K E Y O U R N E T W O R K S M A R T E R

Image/Video Compression

Image CompressionWhy compression in the first placeA video sequence in accordance to CCIR 601 (720x485 pixels) require 165Mbit/sec ! One channel !

Image CompressionImage or Video ?

Image CompressionThe result of the Compression depends onPicture size, pixelsContent

Image CompressionThe different image compressions fundamentalsDifferential methodNon differential methodLoss vs. No Loss of information

Non differential methodTime

Non differential methodSingle picturesNo information discarded or All information transferredVarying degree of lost informationQuality less depending on transfer rate

Differential method

Time

Differential method

Group of pictures (GOP) and updatesLess noticeable information discarded or Only noticeable information transferredQuality more depending on transfer rate

CompressionTo organize and remove information without loss of visible contentMoving pictures, H.261, H.263 MPEGStill pictures, JPEG

Comparing bandwidth with a water pipethere is a limit for the amount of water (information) that could pass through a water pipe (network), regardless of the pressure deployed (compression with no loss of information)

Comparing bandwidth with a water pipeAdjusting for less band widthby decreasing the amount of less noticable information put onto the network, the flow of information appears constant (compression with loss of non noticeable information)

H.261 and H.263Not an international standardRecommendation of the ITUDeveloped for telephone transmission and ISDN20 years old technology

JPEG and MJPEGInternational standardJoint Photographic Experts GroupDifferent level of compression within the standardCompression rate determines amount of bytes per pictureVariable pictures per second

JPEG compression, Axis ARTPECLow compression 100% 108Kb

JPEG compression, Axis ARTPECMedium compression - 87% 13 Kb

JPEG compression, Axis ARTPECHigh compression -95% 5 Kb

MJPEG Key propertiesSame quality on each and every frameVariable bandwidth / storage requirementMJPEG focuses on Quality

MPEG Key propertiesMaintained bandwidthMaintained framerateMPEG focuses on consistent bandwidth/maintained framerate

MPEG, 1, 2 & 4International standardMotion Pictures Experts GroupAlways 30 pictures per secondPicture size determines required transfer rate

MPEG, 1, 2 & 4

Applications JPEGTypically where single images are of interestGate entryCashierVisual verification of status

Applications MPEGTypically when a continuous process is of interestTrafficAssemblyProcess flowHigh end SecurityContinuous movement

Q & A

. . . M A K E Y O U R N E T W O R K S M A R T E R

Lenses & Filters

Lens and optical filter in a camera

Filters - IR filterFilters the Infrared light invisible for the human eye but visible for cameras

Transmission curve (Example)

20

0

40

60

80

100

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

I/R

Visible light

IR

Radar

TV

Sound Radio

Radio Waves

YRays

XRays

UV

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Wavelength

Wavelength in nanonmetres

Filters - Optical low pass filterSplits the incoming light Improves color representation

Filters Example: Without optical low pass filter

Filters Example: With optical low pass filter

The Lens

Angle of viewSame as Field of viewWhat the camera with a given lens can seeHorizontal, vertical or diagonal

Lenses - Focal length

A small focal length gives wide angle view.A large focal length gives tele view.

Focal point

Focal length

Lenses Calculating the focal length

Which focal length is needed for the application?Calculating the focal length (f): f = D*I/ W

Lenses Depth of field

The regions in front of and behind the focus point where the image remains in focus

Lenses - Aperture

F2

F5.6

F16

00

5'1.5m

10'3m

15'4.5m

20'6m

25'7.5m

8 8

Lenses Lens IrisOpening in the lens that controls the amount of incoming light that reaches the image sensorA wire between the camera and the lens is needed with an automatic iris lens.

Lenses - Lens elementsA lens contains several lens elementsAspherical elements reduces distortion

Spherical lens element

Image plane

Aspherical lens element

Image plane

Lenses- Mount standardsCS-mount12.5mm from camera edge to sensorC-mount17.5mm from camera edge to sensorConversion C to CS is possible

C-mount Lens

17.526 mm

CS-mount Lens

12.5 mm

5 mm spacer

Lenses Sensor dependencyThe lens must make an image circle large enough to cover the sensorLarger sensor = more expensive lensThe size (e.g. 1/3) can not be measured anywhere. corresponds to old TV camera tubesLow end lenses produces unsharp corners

Lenses - ResolutionA typical CCTV lens has a resolution of 100 lines/mm.

Lenses Types: Wide angleLarge angle of viewGood in low lightGood depth of field

Barrel distortionNot for long distances

Lenses Types: Wide angle image exampleExample of barrel distortion & missing optical low pass filter

Lenses Types: TelephotoGood on long distanceNo barrel distortion

Shallow (small ) depth of fieldBad in low light

Lenses Types: Vari-focalThe focal length can be adjustedNeeds refocusing after focal length adjustmentLess precision needed in focal length calculation

Lenses Types: ZoomZoom the focal length can be adjusted with maintained focusOften motorised.

Special Lenses Fish eyeExtremely wide angle (~180 deg) lenses are called Fish eye lenses

Lenses Example: Fisheye imageA fish eye lens on a high resolution camera can work as a pan/tilt/zoom camera

Special Lenses Pin hole Exit pupil is 1-3mm. Can be either low end $1 lenses or high end >$500 lenses.

Questions & Answers

. . . M A K E Y O U R N E T W O R K S M A R T E R

Applications & Solutions

What is a solution?Network video solutionsSeveral network video products and an applicationSpecialized applicationsIntegration with other systems

The value of applicationsApplications are the key complement for network video solutionsApplications adds critical functionalityFor example:Advanced storageDatabasesAdvanced event handlingVideo managementScalabilityIntegrationLanguagesCustomization

AXIS strategyPartner programAxis Application Development PartnerOwn software (Of a more generic type)Axis Camera ExplorerAxis Camera RecorderAxis Camera Station

Providers of world-class solutionsApplications by partners:SegmentsLarge variety of dedicated applications for each industry segmentTargeting several end-user segmentsLocalizationEtc.Shared developmentIndustry knowledge

Verticals and customer segments Different needs in different verticals => need for different applications Different needs for different customer level => need for different appl. Different needs for different countries => need for different applications Etc. => a lot of applications

RetailGov.EducationBank and financeIndustryTransportOther

LargeMid- rangeSmall

Business model with ADPEnd userAxisDistributorApplicationdeveloperResellerADP

ADP Program Summary

For distributors and Axis:Increased market size and salesFor partners:Marketing and technical assistanceLarge installed base of network video products business opportunitiesFor end-users:Access to a wide range of complete application solutionsWin Win Win

ADP Partners per region - AmericasNorth & South AmericaAPAC and JapanEMEA149 partners in 31 countries * January 13th 2003USA32Canada6Brazil2(Spain13)

Q&A

. . . M A K E Y O U R N E T W O R K S M A R T E R

Designing IP Surveillance Solutions

The basicsIn some ways similar to analog:What do we need to monitor?When do we need to monitor it?How many cameras is needed to cover?How much video do we need to transferHow much video do we need to save?Do we need to identify or detect?

What do we need to monitorDefine the scene(s)Lighting conditionsDistancesAngle of view neededHigh traffic or low traffic

When do we need monitor it?Same need to monitor day/night/weekend?Schedule the needs for every scene

How many cameras is needed to cover?Which types of cameras are needed?Light sensitivity?Video quality?Which type of lens?Speed?PTZ?I/O Needs?

How much video do we need to transfer

30 fps transferred around the clock?

How much video do we need to save

30 fps saved around the clock?

. . . M A K E Y O U R N E T W O R K S M A R T E R

The network

LAN/WAN inventoryCongestion level of current LANCongestion level of current WAN linksSchedule of congestion levelsRedundancy of WAN links

Network (LAN)New network or existing infrastructure?The answer might be in the needs discussed earlier

New network (LAN)Speed?100 Mbit/s switches1 Gbit/s Backbone

New network (LAN)Guidelines:Calculate 30% extra capacityAvoid cross-use with public (parallel) network as long as possible

New network (WAN)Share WAN links with the public network?Extra links needed for redundancy?Distributed storage needed?

Existing network (LAN)Possible at all?

Existing network (LAN)Mixed modeSeparate network for backbone/main installation, public network where neededVLANA logical way to separate the surveillance network from the publicQoSEnsure the available bandwidth for surveillance equipment on the public network

Existing network (WAN)Use VPNs? (compare with VLANs)Distributed storage?Nightly transfers of recorded material?

ConclusionsThe basics still applyDo a thorough inventory of the needsHigh performance Infrastructure equipment are dropping in price/usage complexityAvoid free sharing with public networksVLANS, QoS & VPNs are excellent tools for a surveillance network

CasesCase examples:EducationLarge scaleDistributed systemsServices

Questions & Answers

Presentation - What is a network camera High level/low detail description of network camera technology, differences between webcam/nwcam brief networking overview, analog to digital conversion, explanation of industry terms, brief overview of compression methods, bandwidth issuesPresentation Axis definition of a digital networked video surveillance solutionIf this is your existing system,, true analog, perhaps you already have a DVR instead of the VCR, but your system is still pretty analogue with limited capabilities of remote management or viewing.Slide objective:To discuss the impact and the ongoing of the technology shift from analogue to digital.

Speaker text:Digital to Analogue Vinyl to CDVHS to DVDAnalogue camera to digitalAnalogue surveillance to digital

Picture:A picture symbolizing the technology shift from analogue LP records to binary CD-ROM that has occurred, can be further commented with digital music in the for of MP3 or similar formats.

Slide objective:

Speaker text:Recording to hard diskNo tape maintenanceHigh and consistent image quailtyAccess to recorded and live video over IP-based networks

Picture1 (top):A generic DVR

Picture 2 (bottom):A typical analog videosignal going digital

Slide objective:

Speaker text:Recording to hard diskNo tape maintenanceHigh and consistent image quailtyAccess to recorded and live video over IP-based networks

Picture1 (top):A generic DVR

Picture 2 (bottom):A typical analog videosignal going digital

Slide objective:

Speaker text:Unlimited scalabilityMore cost efficient network infrastructureSystems integrationRemote accessibility direct to camerasIntelligence at camera levelLower system costHigher camera resolutions

Take away some of the points and/or elaborate on some Kent has new points Slide objective:

Speaker text:

Slide objective:

Speaker text:Closed system which is perceived as tamper proof, which in turns is the limitation. The advantages of today information era is the availability of information distribution. To be able to know before you are hit.Inherent Benefits of Networked VideoUnlimited Remote monitoringAdvanced image managementLess dedicated expensive cabling requiredMulti user access possibleBased on digital to digital instead of analogue to digital

Focus on the use of a video server

A majority of systems from the late are analogue, in the last few years many of them have been complemented with one or more digital devices like Digital Video Recording units (DVR). This does not the system digital or IP-based, it does however remove one of the most obvious disadvantages, the tapes and the VCR. These system still have the same issue with remote management, image transmission over long distances etc.

By adding an Axis Video server you can IP-enable your system with a very small investment. Should you have requirements stretching even further you simply choose to place the video server between the camera and the switch enabling full network control over the camera without affecting your existing installation.

Slide objective:To show a mixed mode system in transition towards digital technology

Speaker text:This picture shows the finished system where the existing analogue equipment is kept and complemented with IP-based products from Axis. Note that the new cameras could be either a combination of analog and IP or just IP. (the 2420s)

This picture is taking it all the way. There are some analogue cameras as there could be requirements that are specific, environmental etc. Also if there is a movable camera, pan, tilt and zoom (PTZ), you have to use a video server to bring it onto the network.

Slide objective:To point out the fact that the security video can be made available for other people within the organisation

Speaker text:As the need for information and security increases the availability of the CCTV information must be made available to more person in the organisation. Traditionally it was only in the interest of the security manager to see what was going on in the building. Today we have additional services that have specific interest, the IS department needs to know who is accessing their closed areas. Having the possibility to see brings comfort to people.Slide objective:To point towards the future with more intelligent cameras doing for example image processinga unique functionality possible only in intelligent network cameras _not_ in analog systems

Speaker text:Taking it all further. As the amount of information constantly increased there must be systems doing most of the generic work and only notifying the operators when there something out of the normal pattern that takes place. One such application could be image detection where the camera initiates action depending on the movement in the picture, it could be a conveyor belt that stops or a car driving up the drive way.

Multifunctional cameras are already deployed, daytime used for recording transactions or counting people that passes a certain point in a shopping mall. Night time they become surveillance cameras as part of the CCTV system.

A possible application could be object tracking, to know where and object or a person is within a given area, cameras that communicate, exchanging information on what they have seen, putting two and two together in order to notify the operator about a possible situation.Describe the ongoing transitionSlide objective:To show the simplest of all installation usage types

Speaker text:This is network video at its simplets 1 camera, 1 PC and a hub to tie it together Then any part of you home or buildingcan be monoitored provided that your cable is long enoughAddress Resolution ProtocolARP resides on Layer 2 of the OSI modelWhen your computer connects with a device on the same network segment the computer will store the IP and MAC addresses of the device in its ARP cache temporarilyARP will associate a MAC address with an IP address. When a packet leaves the computer going to a certain IP address, if an ARP entry exists it will flag the destination MAC address field of the packet with the MAC address associated with the IP in ARP cachePing will send a packet to an IP address and wait for a response. If a response is received, it will print a reply from message on the terminal. If you receive request timed out message that means the destination host did not reply to your computer and you will not be able to connect via TCP/IP to the destination host.

Ping, when used with ARP will tag the outgoing packet with the MAC address of the device associated to the IP in the ARP cache.

When the Axis device sees a packet with its MAC address it will assign itself the IP in the destination IP field of the packet

Once the Axis device has the IP your computer will start to see the reply from. message with will tell you the IP has been assigned.Their cannot be any routers in between the camera and your computer for the ARP Ping combination to work

The Axis product will only accept a new IP on boot up. Reboot the camera while the ping is going.

Often times someone will try to assign an IP that is not compatible in order to configure the unit to move to a different location/network segment. You must first assign a compatible IP then change the IP to the desired one in the web interface. For instance, if you have a static IP given to you by your ISP of 65.30.1.5 and you computers IP is 192.168.1.7, you must first assign the camera a 192.168.1.# IP address. From their open the cameras web page and configure the desired IP, Subnet Mask and Default Gateway address. Next more the camera to the correct network segment and you will then be able to connect to the camera.-t for continous ping-l 508 to set the packet length of the ping to 508 bits (to avoid unintentional IP adress setting by BOOTP servers)Image compression appears to be the wait for the ultimate solution of bandwidth utalization.

How will different compression methods impact yopur nedd for an appliaction?

This is a question you have to understand, the below describes the amount of data in a video stream, uncompressed. CCIR 601 is standard for digital vodeo for a picture size of 720X485 at 60 interlaced pics/s or 720X576 at 50 interlaced pictures/sec

Of course no one can allow this bandwithd for every video channel which clearly express the need for a compression of the data to be able to send it over a network.Befor we start we have to decide what we want to compress. Is it a single image or is it a video?There is a big difference. If you go for an image everything is less complicated, if you go for a video it becomes more complicated and increases the demand of the recieveng client.Regardless of what, there are factors that influence the result, such as the size of the picture in pixels and the content of the pictur. If it is a large picture, many pixels vertically/horizontally it will take up many bytes. If the content has a lot of contrast points it will also take up many bytes in the memory. Despit the method choosen there are some fundamentals that has to be know. If you decide to keep all data there is not much you can win by compressing the image. If you choose to allow for loss of data or only to reciev parts of the information you can definitely save some space.The complete image is updated at every instance, the time can vary between images, it will not affect the quality if the individual image as there is no relation inbetween.If you take a single image that is completely updated at every instance. You can make a few choices on how you want the compression to take place. If you choose to save the image raw, no compression it will be very space consuming. If you choose to compress you have to decide how much information you want to trade for space. Limited bandwithd for transmission will not affect the quality of the image but the time it takes to send it over.Only the changes in relation to the reference frame is transmitted, the reference frame will update at a preset intervall. This method can not really be applied on still images, only on video. There is a noticable reduction in data transmitted as it is only the changes that are transmitted. Of course the available bandwithd will affetc the result of the video coming in.As earlier described there are basically two methods, one for video and one for still images.For video there is the H.261 and MPEG, there are more but these are the only one we will talk about here.For still Images it is the same and we have choosen to describe the JPEG format.From a bandwidth perspective it is very simple. There just is a limit to how much bits you can get trough.The only way to improve on the result at the other end is to compress your data, either to organize it more efficiently or to remove data that is not obvious to the eye.Originally designed for video conferencing over telephone lines. There is nothing in H.261 that is superior to MPEG. It is an old technique and very little devlopment has been put into this during the recent years and we will just leave it aside as old and not of intereset any longer.JPEGThe JPEG standard is the single most widespread picture compression format of today. It offers the flexibility to either select high picture quality with fairly high compression ratio or to get a very high compression ratio at the expense of a reasonable lower picture quality. Systems, such as cameras and viewers, can be made inexpensive due to the low complexity of the technique.

Motion JPEGA digital video sequence can be represented as a series of JPEG pictures. The advantages are the same as with single still JPEG pictures flexibility both in terms of quality and compression ratio. The main disadvantage of Motion JPEG (a.k.a. MJPEG) is that since it uses only a series of still pictures it makes no use of video compression techniques. The result is a slightly lower compression ratio for video sequences compared to real video compression techniques.

In MPEG-1 video compression, the first picture in this sequence is coded (more or less) as a JPEG picture. The third picture is coded with the only information to use the first picture but remove the arrow and insert the new arrow. This means that it only contains information of the removal of the arrow from the first picture and the information of the new arrow of this third picture. Similarly, the second picture only contains the information of using the first picture, move the arrow a bit to the right and take the arrow of the third picture and move it a bit to the left. This way of video sequence compression only contains the information regarding an object once. It is then simply moved around to match the appearance of the object in the corresponding picture in the video sequence. MPEG-2The MPEG-2 project focused on using the compression technique of MPEG-1 but to extend it to cover better image quality at the expense of a lower compression ratio. The purpose was fulfilled which can be seen on DVD of today that uses MPEG-2 as the compression format.

MPEG-4The important differences of MPEG-4 are the extension to support even lower picture rate and even smaller pictures than MPEG-2. It also introduces a concept of adding a e.g. company logotype to a video sequence.

In applications where there is only need for images or a series of images. When some one passes trough a door or when a cashier puts money in the drawer. The complexity of the strorage and play back differs a lot Used in applications where there is a nedd for saving a continous process of some thing. I assembly process, to see how a task was resolved. To document how something happened in a continous recording. These systems have much higher demand and complexity on the system where the recordings are stored and viewed.This presentation is the 1st module in the Camera knowledge series of educational modulesaimed to give participants with basic network video knowledge a deeper insight into networkcamera technology

Original author: Carl-Axel AlmRevision, and modularization: Johan DiedrichsSlide objective: To state the focus of this presentation/module

Speaker text: A network camera consists of many elements; This presentation is aimed to give you knowledge about the lenses and filters that are placed in front of the image sensor on a camera (image sensors will be covered later in a separatemodule/presentation)

Optional: A simple test with review questions will follow after this presentation

Picture: A block diagram over a network camera

Slide objective: To explain the reasons for and functionality of a IR-filter

Speaker text: Light is a form of radiation wave energy that exists in a spectrum of which the human eye can see only a portion, that being the Blue to Red spectrum. Below the blue is "ultra violet" light, above the red is "infrared light".Since a CCD can detect infrared, but humans can not, allowing infrared to hit the CCD would cause exposure problems and color distortion in most lighting conditions: the image would almost always be either too light or too dark. To remedy that situation there is an infrared filter in front of the CCD in every AXIS camera that is equipped with a CCD. This filter can't be allowed to block red light, so its made to start filtering at about 720nm to 750nm.

Used in colour cameras (no need in B/W cameras)Removes the infrared invisible light. Without it the image will be too red in light bulb light.(Note that the glass in the lens removes the UV-light.)

Picture 1 (Right): This picture illustrates the fact that there are several types of light thats invisible for the human eye the human eye can only see light in the so called visible light spectrum with a wavelength between 400 and 700 nanometers.

Picture 2 (Left): This picture is another example of the facts stated above as can be seen by this transmission curve light (i.e. colors starts to get visible at wavelengths slightly below 400 nanometers and then drops to invisibility (to the infrared spectrum) slightly below 700 nanometers

Slide objective: To briefly explain the reasons for and functionality of a Optical low pass filter

Speaker text: The Optical low pass filter is used to split the incoming light rays thereby distributing them to a larger area of the image sensor, this is to prevent discoloring of narrow or smaller objects the oplf makes the light from the object hit multiple pixels of different color on the sensor thereby providing a realistic color representation. One of the disadvantages are that some smearing of the colors is introduced.

Used in color cameras.Splits incoming light rays so the light hits several pixels on the sensor (with different colors). Reduces false colors.Typically a flag pole is shown yellow and blue if no oplf is used

Picture: This is an example of the functions of a combined IR-cut filter and oplfThe light passes through the left part of the filter eliminating the unwanted IR-lightthereafter it is split 2 times by the oplf and continues on its way to the image sensor.Slide objective: To demonstrate the effect of the optical low pass filter

Speaker text: This is a image of a test pattern taken during the development of the Axis NetEye (the worlds first network camera in volume production). No Optical low pass filter is used note the discolored rings. next slide will present a image taken with a oplf in place in front of the image sensor.Slide objective: To demonstrate the effect of the optical low pass filter

Speaker text: Here is a test image taken with a optical low pass filter placed in front of the image sensornote the reduction of the discolored rings compared to the previous slide.

Slide objective: To introduce lenses and lens terminology

Speaker text: The remainder of this presentation will be about lenses and lens terminology and the different objectsa lens is made up of

Picture: The image illustrates some of the terms an elements that will be discussed in the remaining part of this presentation

Slide objective: To introduce the term Field of view

Speaker text: Field or Angle of View is the part of the scene visible with a particular lens.Lenses that provides a wide angle of view are normally called wide angle lenses, lenses with anarrow angle of view are called telephoto lenses (or tele lenses for short).

The Angle of view is commonly measured horizontally, vertically or diagonally.

Pictures: The images illustrates horizontal and vertical angle of view

Slide objective: To explain the term focal length

Speaker text: Parallel incident light transmitted into a convex lens converges to a point on the optical axis. This point is the focal point of the lens. (normally by the image sensor)

The distance between the principal point in the optical system and the focal point is referred to as the focal length.

For a single thin lens, the focal length is equal to the distance between the center of the lens and the focal point.

The focal length of a lens determines its angle of view at a given distance. A lens with a short focal length has wide-angle characteristics while a lens with long focal length has telescopic characteristics

Picture: The image illustrates the principle of focal length.

Slide objective: To explain how to calculate which lens to use

Speaker text: Calculating the focal length is of important especially when using a lens with a fixed focal lengthSince the focal length is fixed, so is the field or angle of view. This means that accurate calculations will have to be performed in order to correctly select a lens for a given application. A change in the requirements of the application will often result in a change of lens. To calculate the optimum focal length lens for an application you will need the following information:

How far you are from the scene you want to view. The horizontal size of the image sensor in your camera. The width of the scene you want to view.

You can now apply it to the formula below:

f = D*I/ W

Where:f = Lens Focal LengthD = Distance to sceneI = Image sensor width (mm)W = Width of scene

Any unit of measure can be applied so long as it is so long as it is uniformly used for every parameter. The result will also come out in that unit of measure.

Image sensor sizes1/4" imager = 3.6mm image sensor size (Axis 2100, 2110 Network Cameras)1/3" imager = 4.8mm 6.4mm image sensor size (Axis 2120, 2420 Network Cameras)2/3" imager = 6.4mm image sensor size

It goes without saying that the calculations needs less precision if a lens with a variable focal length is used thenapproximate measurements can be used to ensure that the focal length is within the range of what the lens can be adjusted to.Most Axis cameras has lenses with variable focal length so called Vari-focal lenses.

Picture: The image illustrates the different factors needed when calculating which focal length a lens needs for a application.

Slide objective: To introduce and explain the term depth of field

Speaker text: The focus ring on a lens is usually adjusted so that the object of interest within the scene is sharp. Up to a certain point, objects in front of this setting, and behind it, are in focus as well. This zone of focus is referred to as the Depth of Field. As objects get further outside of the depth of field (either further from the lens or closer to it), they will lose focus.

The depth of field also varies with the focal length of the lens. Wide angle lenses (i.e. those with short focal lengths) have a greater (deeper) depth of field than telephoto types.

Picture: The image illustrates the depth of field of a camera configuration note that only about 40% of the men standing behind and in front ofthe man that is in the focus point in focus remains sharp and clear.

Slide objective: To introduce and explain the term Aperture

Speaker text: Another important factor affecting the image a lens produces is the lens Aperture (The opening of a lens)It indicates the measure of the lens light gathering capability.

Relative Aperture is a ratio between its focal length and effective aperture and is measured in F numbers or F-stop values e.g. F1.4, F1.3, etc. Generally, the lower the F-stop, the more light gathering capability the lens has.

Advanced (optional) text:The f-number of a lens is the ratio of the focal length to the effective object lens diameter. It is a mechanical ratio and does not infer the efficiency of a lens. It does affect the amount of light energy passed to the sensor and will play a significant part in the resulting picture. In simple terms the smaller the f-number the more light is passed to the sensor, therefore f1.2 is better than f1.8. The percentage of light passed by different apertures is listed in the table. This shows the percentage of light falling on the lens that is passed to the image sensor.

Picture: The diagram above illustrates the amount of light that is passed to the image sensor at sample F-values

Table : The Table illustrates the amount in % of light that is passed to the image sensor at sample F-values

Slide objective: To introduce and explain the term Lens Iris

Speaker text: The amount of light that falls on the surface of the image sensor needs to be within certain limits for optimum performance. Too much light and the image is overexposed or washed out. Too little, and the resulting image is too dark losing detail in some parts of the scene. The lens iris is used to control the amount of light falling on the sensor. Lenses can incorporate fixed, manually adjustable or automatic irises. Fixed Iris Fixed iris lenses cannot be adjusted for different lighting conditions. These lenses are most suited to indoor conditions where the lighting level will remain constant. the Axis 2100 has a fixed Iris Lens

Manual Iris The iris on a manual iris lens is usually set up when the camera is installed to suit the prevailing lighting conditions. These lenses cannot react to changes in scene illumination so the Iris has to be set to a average value is used in conditions with varying light. The Axis 2110 Network camera has a manual Iris lens Automatic Iris (E.g. DC-Iris) For external conditions, and where the scene illumination is constantly changing, a lens with some sort of automatically adjustable iris is preferred. The iris aperture is controlled by the camera and is constantly changed to maintain the optimum light level to the CCD. The Axis 2120, 2420, 2130 Network cameras are equipped with DC-Iris lenses.

Slide objective: To introduce and explain the term Lens elements

Speaker text: A lens always contains several lens elements (curved pieces of polished glass) that shapes the lightbefore it reaches the image sensor

Lenses have traditionally been shaped to the arc of a sphere (spherical lenses), which has the effect of causing some distortion of image at the very edges of the lens, as well as reducing its light gathering capability.

Aspherical lenses allows the edges of a lens to be less curved, producing a larger area of accurate image and allowing transmission of a greater amount of light. Aspherical lenses can therefore reduce distortion and permitting camera to operate at lower light levels.

Slide objective: To present the 2 most common mount standards for lenses

Speaker text: The two most common mount standards for CCTV lenses are called C & CS mountThe difference between C and CS mount equipment is the distance between the flange of the lens (the part of the case that butts up against the camera) and the focal plane of the lens (where the CCD sensor must be positioned). This is known as the flange back distance. On C mount lenses this is 17.526 mm and on CS mount lenses it is 12.5mm. Therefore if you have a CS mount camera and a C mount lens you can add a 5mm spacer to obtain the correct focus. If, however, you have a C mount camera and a CS mount lens correct focus cannot be achieved. Some C mount cameras do allow you to swap the whole mount from C to CS or vice versa.

C is in many ways an old standard within CCTV it has been replaced by CS. (C-mounts is however frequently used within manufacturing applications)A 5mm spacer can be used to convert a C-lens to a CS-lensAll Axis cameras with exchangeable lenses are CS-mount cameras

Slide objective: To explain the dependency between the lens choice and the image sensor

Speaker text:CCDs (and other image sensors) are usually rectangular with a 4:3 aspect ratio. Lenses are usually circular . When you put a circle over a rectangle - you must "waste" either part of the rectangle or the lens. Usually you waste part of the lens - making a circle of light larger than, and concentric to, the CCD.

Image sensors are measured in "sizes", such as 1/4,1/3, 1/2, 2/3, and 1 inch. These sizes are not the diagonal length of the CCD - they are sizing standards actually originating back in the 1950's and the time of Vidicon tubes. replaced in the 60s by CCDs

It is possible to use a lens designed for a larger sensor on a smaller sensor but not the oppositeThe lens must make an image large enough to cover the sensor. (If not, the corners of the image will be black.)Larger sensor equals more expensive lensLow end lenses make unsharp corners.

Picture: The image is a model of a image sensor with a a suitable lens circle

Slide objective: To introduce and discuss the term lens resolution

Speaker text: Lenses also has a resolutionImage sensors, Monitors, and lenses share one common denominator they all have a resolution measurable either in lines(TV/analogue measurement) or in pixels (computer related measurement). The lens resolution are normally measured in lines/mm.

A typical CCTV lens has a resolution of 100 lines/mm. (In the center. Maybe 50 lines/mm at the corners.)Megapixel sensors typically have a pixel size of 3-8um, i.e. they need a lens with 200-300lines/mm. These lenses are rare and expensive.Lenses in many digital still image cameras are not as good as they should be. normally the datasheet focuses on the resolution of the image sensor and forgets the important lens No optical system is better than its weakest part...

Picture: The image here does not have direct correlation with the subject,of the slide it is another way of demonstrating the lens size and the sensor dependency (discussed in the previous slide).Slide objective: To introduce the wide angle lens type

Speaker text: Wide angle lenses have a large angle of view giving a larger view of the sceneother significant factors are:

Short focal length giving them deeper (greater) depth of fieldNormally a low F-value giving them good low-light characteristics

The short focal lenght makes wide-angle lenses innapropriate on long distancesThe strong curvature of the lens element can create barrel distortion especially in the edges of the image (We will see a example of this on the next slide).

Images: Left image shows the principle of a wide-angle lens with short focal length and a large glass areacapable of gathering lots of light from a wide angle

The right image is a photograph of a wide-angle CCTV-lens.Slide objective: To give an example of sever barrel distortion from a wide-angle lens

Speaker text: This image is an example of the barrel distortion that can be the result of a wide-angle lens allso note the discoloring in the image (look at the vertical white lines) caused by a missing optical low-pass filter.

Image: Wide-angle image with barrel distortion, discolored due to a missing oplfSlide objective: To introduce the telephoto (tele) lens type

Speaker text:TELEPHOTO lenses - Telephoto is a term used to describe lenses that have a high focal number (length) causing the reproduced image to appear larger than human eye reproduction. They are normally used whenthe surveillance object is either small or far from the camera.

Significant factors:Long focal lengthNarrow angle of viewNormally a high F-stop value giving limited low-light characteristicsand a shallow (smaller) depth of field

Images: Left image shows the principle of a tele lens with long focal length and a narrow angle of viewgiving limited light gathering capability

The right image is a photograph of a extreme telephoto lens.

Slide objective: To explain vari-focal lenses

Speaker text:Vari-focal lenses are more expensive than fixed-focus they are however easier to use, set up and change. It is much simpler to obtain the correct view of a scene when it is possible to vary the focal length (and therefore the angle of view) of the lens.

To sum it up: On a vari-focal lens the focal length can be adjusted but the lens needs to be refocused after focal length adjustment.one of the biggest advantages of this is that less precision is needed when selecting lenses for the appliocation

Axis 2110, 2120 2420 all have Vari-focal lenses

Image: A typical Vari-focal CCTV lensSlide objective: To explain Zoom lenses

Zoom lenses are the next step up from variable focal length lenses and offer the greatest functionality. Their focal length and field of view can be continuously adjusted throughout their range with maintained focus.

They are often motorized allowing remote control and are often used by the operator to closely examine critical areas of the scene.

The term ZOOM RATIO are often used when describing the capacity of zoom lenses It is the ratio of the starting focal length (wide) to the ending focal length (telephoto) of a zoom lens. A 10X zoom will magnify the image at the wide end by 10 times. Example: A 10X zoom lenses; 8mm~80mm, 12mm~120mm.

The Axis 2130 PTZ network camera is equipped with a motorized zoom lens.

Images: The pictures are examples of motorized zoom lensesSlide objective:To briefly introduce the special lens type: Fish eye lens

Speaker text:Extremely wide angle lenses are called Fish eye lenses. They are expensive as the front lens has to be very large. (Lenses are polished and it is difficult to get such a large surface good.)

Images: The right image is a example of a fish eye lens, the left image is an example image taken with a fish-eye lens.

Slide objective: To introduce a practical usage of fish eye lenses

Speaker text:One of the interesting possibilities with fish eye lenses are that it is possible to mathematicallycorrect the curved image using a computer or a intelligent network camera thereby making it possible to eitherhave a large panoramic image or to digitally pan/tilt/zoom within a large image.

Images: The Left image is the same fish eye image that was displayed on the previous slide the right image is the same imageslightly corrected using a Photoshop filter, it is possible to do a full correction of the image eliminating the curvature completely.Slide objective: To give a brief introduction and explanation of pin-hole lenses

Speaker text: Pin-hole lenses are primarily used for covert surveillance. they have a very small (1-3 mm) opening in the front which makes it possible to mount them behind very small holes, making them virtually undetectable. Straight and angled models are available to allow flexible mounting positions. Due to the small frontal opening, pin-hole lenses cant gather as much light as conventional lenses and so their use dictates that the scene illumination is better than would otherwise be required

Picture: Examples of board-cams and pin-hole lensesSlide objective: To start the Q&A session

Speaker text: Good luck!

Image: A confused space manWell there can be different types of solutions and they all include an application.Several products: E.g. CCTV solutionsSpecialized: Marketing, special verticals, e.g. industry processIntegration: Facility management, Access control

Cameras:Solution = network cameras + applicationDifferent needs, that is requirement on applications, for different industry segments

Have also started a program for document managementDocument management: E.g. integration with Lotus notesPatrik will further describe this areaSame type of program and services. I will therefore focus on network video applications because the general ideas are applicable for document management applications as well.

We have identified the need for applications in Network video solutionsWho shall develop them?Axis? Then we need to develop a large number of applications. Need in-depth knowledge for every industry segment.Axis has developed basic applications like ACE. Good enough for entry-level and we will always provide standard solutions. The newest one is the MPEG server.So, Axis provides world-class solutions but it is our partners that develops applications

What is the advantage of having partners in developing applications?

Segments:Covering several verticalsDifferent end-user segments: t.ex. soho, mid-range, enterprise, industry, service providers.Both these benefits means that Axis products are scalable in solutions. The end-user can just change application and their cameras will still be interoperable with other applications.

Partners provide industry knowledge in application development (Next slide I will also discuss feedback)Partners ensures the application fulfils the end-user needs specific to a special verticalAxis has good knowledge in several segments, e.g. security and web marketing, but partners expands the knowledge into new areas.

Cultural differences on different markets: (Usunier)Close to end-users => better applicationsAdaptation to local legislationPartners provide applications in several languagesEnglishFrenchGermanSpanishPortugueseJapaneseChineseSeveral Asian languagesPartners also ensures applications are developed for different cultural needs.

Shared development: They develops applications and we video products => very large development organization togetherAxis shall be the platform of choice!So, Axis provides world-class solutions but it is our partners that develops applications

What is the advantage of having partners in developing applications?

Segments:Covering several verticalsDifferent end-user segments: t.ex. soho, mid-range, enterprise, industry, service providers.Both these benefits means that Axis products are scalable in solutions. The end-user can just change application and their cameras will still be interoperable with other applications.

Partners provide industry knowledge in application development (Next slide I will also discuss feedback)Partners ensures the application fulfils the end-user needs specific to a special verticalAxis has good knowledge in several segments, e.g. security and web marketing, but partners expands the knowledge into new areas.

Cultural differences on different markets: (Usunier)Close to end-users => better applicationsAdaptation to local legislationPartners provide applications in several languagesEnglishFrenchGermanSpanishPortugueseJapaneseChineseSeveral Asian languagesPartners also ensures applications are developed for different cultural needs.

Shared development: They develops applications and we video products => very large development organization togetherAxis shall be the platform of choice!ADPs in our business model. A somewhat simplified model to show ADPs

ADP program provide connection (green line)

Sometimes an ADP can also be a Solution provider, i.e. developing applications and they are also distributors or reseller. Can be members of two programs. No problem. Focus on the service you want to provide to the partner.

Sometimes partners add a completely new channel to our business model. They are distributors with their own reseller network. This generates new sales to us.

Axis satisfies more end-users and their needs by incorporating application developers in the business model. Broadening the user base.OK, now I have shown the importance of working together with partners. Need a partner program to create the community.

Axis and distributors:A large variety of applications gives new business opportunities

Partners:Ensuring interoperability and successLarge installed base also applicable to distributors

End-user:Guaranteed an application for its needs.In the end this will get back to Axis and distributorsScalability. Can change applications but use the same Axis products.84 in total May 31stAPAC includes P.R. China and Japan

Today we already have a large number of ADP:s. So, we do not need more partners in general. We shall focus on missing segments and value generation => I will get into this in the next slides

Large number of partners in each region. Several of them act or can act globally or cross different regions.Designing IP Surveillance Solutions

Solution OverviewSite ConsiderationsNetwork ConsiderationsCase Studies

Tips: ID-Card for every sceneHidden identification objects in every scene

Refer to the scene schedule

Refer to the scene schedule

Well probably not a tip can be to classify the frame rate needA motivated question to as oneself well the topic of this presentation sort of eliminates using the existing LAN in mixed mode for surveillance WAN links on the other hand can definitely be used.

Well will start by building a new network probably using parts of the exististng networks infrastructureWell here we could talk about star networks or rings or buses but Ill stick with the more practical stuff1 Gbit/s is fairly cheap today especially with if U use copper Fiber has the advantage of being a bit more future proof

2nd point information integrity information securityRefer to the congestion inventoryRefer to the congestion schedule

Refer to the congestion inventoryRefer to the needs