Clean Water Act
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Transcript of Clean Water Act
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Clean Water Act
Master Water StewardFebruary 25, 2014
Faye Sleeper, Co-DirectorWater Resources Center
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Clean Water Act Overview
• Clean Water Act Overview• Local and State governance
• Articles and discussion
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Clean Water Act Context: Environmental Conditions
• Condition of surface waters– Potomac River– Cuyahoga River– Lake Erie and Ontario– Soybean oil spill in
MN River
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Clean Water Act Context: Societal Action
• 1960s – time of protest• First earth day• Upsurge in citizen lawsuits
over industrial discharge• Outrage over
environmental conditions
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Clean Water Act Context: Values
• Human Health – pre-1960s
• Water Quality Act of 1965 – water quality standards for interstate waters
• 1970 executive order – Refuse Act Permit Program
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Listen to one of the key staff authors
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZEQcUngxbLI
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Four Key Precepts40 Years of Public Policy Decisions
No right to pollute Permits required to
discharge pollutants Use best technology
possible Higher standards only
based on receiving waters
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Clean Water Act Timelinewater quality criteria; designated uses; Permit program; Funding
1972 1981 19871977
non-point source program and funding; wastewater loan funds
Permit Program (NPDES) for industrial dischargers
Revision to wastewater treatment facility grant funding regulations
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CLEAN WATER ACT
Delegation to states EPA oversight role States can establish
more stringent rules EPA can over-file Border Waters EPA can withdraw
delegation
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Current Process – Integrating Both Pathways
Monitor/Assess
Total Maximum Daily LoadEvaluate
Implementation
Set Standards
Permitting and Enforcement
Best Management Practices
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Water Quality Standards• Fundamental tool of the Clean Water Act• CWA objective:
– “Restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the nation’s waters”
– “Fishable and swimmable” interim goal• Address three key questions:
1. What and who are we protecting?2. What conditions are protective? 3. How do we maintain high water
quality?
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Beneficial Uses
• Seven classes in MN Rules:1. Drinking water2. Aquatic life and recreation3. Industrial use and cooling4. Agricultural and wildlife use5. Aesthetics and navigation6. Other uses7. Limited resource value
• Waters have multiple uses• Existing, designated
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Setting Water Quality Standards
• Set in 1974• Determine the use of the water body, what
conditions are protective of those uses and ensure protection of those waters that are already good (anti-degradation)
• Eg. – Use: swimming and recreation– Limiting Phosphorus to 30 ug/L
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Current Process – Integrating Both Pathways
Monitor/Assess
Total Maximum Daily LoadEvaluate
Implementation
Set Standards
Permitting and Enforcement
Best Management Practices
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Goals of Monitoring
• Monitor/assess waters on a 10-year cycle
• Integrate agency, citizen & local efforts
• Assess conditions (not just impairments)
• Identify stressors• Inform TMDL/protection strategy
development• Track trends• Report to Congress every 2 years
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Assessment• Compare monitoring results to standards• Waters identified as supporting beneficial use, not
supporting use, or not assessed• In selecting monitoring data, consider:
– Data quality– Monitoring design/purpose– Frequency of exceedence– Local knowledge
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Current Process – Integrating Both Pathways
Monitor/Assess
Total Maximum Daily LoadEvaluate
Implementation
Set Standards
Permitting and Enforcement
Best Management Practices
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What is a Total Maximum Daily Load
Calculation for waters that do not meet standards
Point source (Waste Load Allocation)
+
Nonpoint source (Load Allocation)
+
Margin of safety
(+ reserve capacity)
Example Allocation
urban runoff
rural runoff
WWTF
Septics
MOS
RC
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Reducing the pollutant loadFuture AllocationCurrent Allocation
urban runoffrural runoffWWTF
suburban runoffMOSRC
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TMDLs by Pollutant Type
Mercury22%
Pathogens22%Metals
20%
Nutrients14%
Sediment10%
Oxygen depletion6%
Temperature5%
Chart Title
State – 2010 list by pollutant
National – completed TMDLs by pollutant
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Watershed Restoration and Protection Strategy
The goal is clean water. To get there we are:• Monitoring all 81 watersheds by 2017; by watershed• Monitoring: chemical, physical and biological • Protection and restoration strategies• Taking a comprehensive, focused and targeted
approach• Adapting – revisit and build off what’s been done
and see if it’s working• Reduced costs of doing assessments and TMDLs
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Implementation Table
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Water Quality Parameter
Current Conditions
Water Quality Targets by Parameter. Strategies Required AdoptionRate
Measures Who Milestone
Total Suspended Solids Watershed Derived Sediment: approx. 35% Pervious Areas by land-use category
Current Loading byFlow Zone all sources. Very High – 29 T/dayHigh 4.9 T/dayMid - 1.6 T/dayLow – 0.49 T/dayVery low – 0.027 T/day
TSS levels reduced by _% by flow zones, to achieve WQ standards. Moving the 90% to 52mg/l TSS. Loading Capacity by Flow Zone all sources. Very High – 15 T/dayHigh – 3.1 T/dayMid - 1.2 T/dayLow – 0.40 T/dayVery low – 0.027 T/day
Source Prevention: Interception & Treatment: In-Channel Work:
All cropland continuously protected by 30% residue or equivalent. 100 year flood plan in permanent vegetation. * Top 5% of EBI areas protected. *
Percent of TSS reduced by flow zone per year to meet TMDL reduction targets
Land-ownersSWCDBWSRNRCS
100% in 10 years.10% or more protected during each year.
Total Suspended Solids Watershed Derived Sediment: Impervious Areas. - MS4
NA this watershed
TSS levels reduced by _% to achieve WQ standards. BMPs designed to achieve target levels.
Source Prevention: Interception & Treatment: In-Channel Work:
Compliance with SWPPP
None – no MS4s in watershed
NPDESPermit Holders MS4s.
Schedule of Compliance if needed.
Total Suspended Solids Near-Channel Derived Sediment. Approx. 65%
TSS levels reduced by _% to achieve WQ standards.Moving the 90% to 52mg/l TSS.Channel embeddedness.
Source Prevention: Interception & Treatment: In-Channel Work:
100 year flood plan in permanent vegetation. * Top 5% of EBI areas protected. *
Percent of TSS reduced from near channel sources to meet TMDL reduction targets
Land-ownersSWCDBWSRNRCS
100% in 10 years.10% or more protected during each year.
Phosphorus Nonpoint Phosphorus – by land-use category
Current Loading by Flow Zone all sources. Very High –82 lbs./dayHigh – 8.4 lbs. /dayMid - 2.4 lbs./dayLow – 0.90 lbs./dayVery low – 0.15 lbs./day
Reduce phosphorus levels to FWM 18.4 lbs. /day or less. This level set to achieve compliance with D.O. WQ standard during 7Q10 flows. WLA – 0.02 lbs./dayMOS 1.84 lbs./day LA:Very High –27 lbs./dayHigh – 4.7 lbs. /dayMid - 1.6 lbs./dayLow – 0.69 lbs./dayVery low – 0.13 lbs./day
Source Prevention: Interception & Treatment: In-Channel Work:
All manure applied at agronomic rates for phosphorus. 25 foot permanent vegetation buffers around all pasture lands.*
Percent of flow-weighted mean goal achieved from nonpoint sources
Land-ownersSWCDBWSRNRCS
100% in 10 years.10% or more protected during each year.
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Monitoring and Assessment
Condition monitoringEffectiveness monitoring
Watershed Restorationand Protection Strategy
TMDLProtection Strategy
Implementation Plans
Implementation Activities
BMPsPermits
etc
Rotating Through the Major Watersheds on a Ten-Year
Cycle
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Every 10 Years
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Current Process – Integrating Both Pathways
Monitor/Assess
Total Maximum Daily LoadEvaluate
Implementation
Set Standards
Permitting and Enforcement
Best Management Practices
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Implementation : Regulatory and Voluntary
• Regulatory (through the Permits)– Industrial and Municipal wastewater– Large Animal Feeding operations– Permitted Storm water
•Voluntary (incentives)– Non-permitted urban run-off– Agricultural run-off– Septic Systems
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Municipal Wastewater Treatment - Regulatory
• National Pollutant Elimination Discharge System (NPDES) Permit
• Direct discharge into waters of the United States– Navigable waters and
tributaries– Interstate waters
• Storm water used to flow into the sanitary sewer
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Industrial Wastewater• NPDES discharge
permit• Pre-treatment
permit– Regulated by NPDES permitholder
Photo courtesy of Great Lakes United
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Storm water
• Three permit types– Municipal Separate
Storm Sewer System (MS4)
– Industrial– Construction
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Storm water – Urban Runoff (MS4)
• Who is covered– Publicly owned or
operated storm water infrastructure
– Cities, townships, public institutions
– April 2008: 243 MS4s– University of
Minnesota is one
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Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System
• No effluent limits• Storm water Pollution
Protection Plan1. Public education2. Public participation
• Annual meeting and report
3. A plan to detect illicit discharges
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Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System
• Six elements4. Construction-site
runoff controls5. Post construction
runoff controls6. Storm water
Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP)
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Construction Storm water
• EPA estimates that 20 – 150 tons soil/ acre loss
• Disturb one acre or more – need permit
• General permit• Storm water pollution
prevention plan – how they will control storm water
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Industrial Storm water
• Certain industries– Storm water associated
with industry– Industry categories
• Benchmark monitoring• Benchmark Values• BMPs• Storm water Pollution
Prevention Plan
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Current Process – Integrating Both Pathways
Monitor/Assess
Total Maximum Daily LoadEvaluate
Implementation
Set Standards
Permitting and Enforcement
Best Management Practices
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Non-regulated “urban/rural” runoff
• Not under a permit• Smaller municipalities
and rural communities • Voluntary measures
– Rain gardens– Buffers– Keeping water where it
falls– Homeowners and
businesses
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Voluntary Agricultural restoration
Board of Water and Soil Resources Photo
Pennsylvania Dept. of Transportation Photo
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Current Process – Integrating Both Pathways
Monitor/Assess
Total Maximum Daily LoadEvaluate
Implementation
Set Standards
Permitting and Enforcement
Best Management Practices
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Clean Water ActWhat isn’t regulated
• Ground water– State protection, no
federal• Septic Systems
– State law, no federal• Agricultural runoff
– Huge controversy
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The Constitutional Amendment
Funding33% Habitat33% Water14.25% Parks19.75% Arts & Culture
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Primary State Agencies – Water Responsibilities
Agency A Primary role Other roles
Agriculture Pesticides loan program; ag/water research
Environmental Quality Water plan Coordination, environmental review
Health Drinking water Ground water
Natural Resources Water Quantity Drought; lakes; training; ground water permitting
Pollution Control Water Quality – point and nonpoint source
Ground water; local monitoring; training & certification
Water & Soil Resources Local implementation Wetland conservation act
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Local Governments and their roles
• Cities• Counties• Soil and Water
Conservation Districts• Watershed Districts• Watershed
Management Organizations
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Cities
• Wastewater treatment• Stormwater treatment• Drinking water• Regulated and
regulatory• Vary in capacity• Land use planning
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Counties
• County water plan• Comprehensive Plan
– Land use planning• Delegation for portions
of: – Feedlots (not NPDES)– Septic Systems
• Stormwater
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Soil and Water Conservation Districts (SWCD)
• 1st MN SWCD 1938• In response to dust Bowl• Initially established to more
wisely use our soil and water resources
• Now authorized under Minnesota Statutes 103c
• Wetland authority• Conservation • Funding
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Watershed Districts• Boundaries follow natural
watershed boundaries• Est. by legislature in 1955• Manage water by
watershed districts rather than other political subdivisions
• Board of Managers + staff• Voluntary
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• Metropolitan area only• 1982 Metropolitan Area Surface Water
Management Act (103B)• Implement comprehensive surface water
management plans• Mandatory• Storm water management• Funding
Watershed Management Organizations
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Citizen Engagement
Old tools: 1) Command and control approaches (regulation) 2) Market-based incentives
“New tools”-- rely on voluntary behavioral changes:
1) Education (encourages understanding, creates values and norms for behavior)
2) Information (provides facts intended to change behaviors) 3) Voluntary measures
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New tools effective for addressing local environmental problems
Encourages use of a strategic combination of:
education and informationincentives stakeholder involvement inter-personal communication and
persuasiondevelopment of new social normspeer pressureremoval of barriers to participation
Local, small scale focus
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What does NOT work
• Communication of information alone cannot overcome other factors affecting behavior (inconvenience, expense, difficulty, legal barriers)
• Many communication efforts fail because they do not address these underlying barriers to behavioral change
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What works
Communication of information can change behavior if…
• incentives are coupled with it
• it comes in many forms and from many sources
• it provides alternatives regarding what to do (provides sense of control vs. anxiety)
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What works
Communication is most effective when it comes from an individual that someone knows personally --or that they care about Crop consultants, etc.
Friends Neighbors Relatives
Impersonal efforts (mass media campaigns, general information mailings, newsletters, etc.) do little to effect long-term behavioral
changes by themselves