Clean Roads to Clean Air Program - City of Toronto...2018/02/08 · Clean Roads to Clean Air...
Transcript of Clean Roads to Clean Air Program - City of Toronto...2018/02/08 · Clean Roads to Clean Air...
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
The City of Toronto’s Clean Roads to Clean Air Program was established as a
concept in 2003 and realized in 2007 and 2008 by replacing the full fleet with
environmentally and operationally efficient street sweepers. The CRCA Program
meets the City’s mandate to manage it’s operations in a sustainable and efficient
manner and to consider the impacts to the environment and human health. The
Program achieved this by establishing environmental and operational criteria and
testing protocols. Also, the procurement of sweepers is innovative in that it
includes the evaluation of environmental and operational performance using a third
party verification process.
Part 1: Health Evidenced, Environmental Requirements
Part 2: Human Health Concerns
Part 3: Why Operational Requirements
Part 4: Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Part 5: PM10 & PM2.5 Street Sweeper Efficiency Test Protocol
Part 6: Operational On-Street Test Protocol
Part 7: ETV Certification Process
Transportation Services DivisionToronto Environment Office
Toronto’s RealityToronto’s Past
Prior to procuring the PM efficient street
sweepers this was typical experience in the
City of Toronto.
Large accumulation of street debris and
fugitive road dust and environmentally
inefficient street sweepers created poor air
quality conditions.
Health Evidenced, Environmental
Requirements
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Part 1:
Environmental Health Requirements
A range of toxic metals that are of human health concern accumulate and can be found in road dust, such as cadmium, lead and arsenic.
A primary source of metal-enriched road dust is traffic.
Metals are released from non-exhaust, traffic-related sources as a result of the wear and tear of roadway surfaces and automotive parts and components such as brake linings, catalytic convertors and tires.
The road dust has been identified as a contributor of metal contamination to air, water and soil.
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Purpose
• Obtain visual records and air contamination levels of various street sweepers technology under a number of real operational conditions and to evaluate street sweeping activity;
• LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) images in the next few slides showing PM concentrations:
• Pre sweeping car passing;
• Mechanical street sweeper sweeping; and
• Post sweeping car passing
• PM10 and PM2.5 levels in Toronto routinely exceedthe acceptable Provincial AAQC and CWS values
Sweepers Adding to Air Quality
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Pre Sweeping Car Passing
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Mechanical Sweeper Sweeping
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Mechanical Sweeper Sweeping
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Mechanical Sweeper Sweeping
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Post Sweeping Car Passing
Where is Particulate MatterDuring Sweeping & Passing Vehicles
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Where is Particulate MatterWhere is Particulate Matter Found
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
PM10 Distribution
• PM10 is lifted by moving/passing vehicles;
• Urban canyons & streets “trap” movement;
• PM10 is more concentrated along major
streets; and
• PM10 is less concentrated in residential
neighborhoods
• Assessing the effectiveness of street sweeping as a source
control measure for stormwater included in the Wet Weather Flow
Master Plan;
• Collaborated with Environment Canada and number of City
divisions the project evaluated the quantity of sediment and
dissolved metals in stormwater runoff;
• Pollution was tested at a site in Toronto, using three types of
sweepers employed by the City;
• Test results between swept and unswept scenarios were
assessed by comparing: (a) conventional sediment quality
parameters, total residue mass, and particle sizes for dry
sediment samples, and (b) toxicity, conventional water quality
parameters, and particle sizes in wet samples.
Stormwater Quality Study
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Transportation Services DivisionToronto Environment Office
Stormwater Quality Evaluation
Transportation Services DivisionToronto Environment Office
Transportation Services DivisionToronto Environment Office
Study Results
Regenerative-air street sweepers provide the greatest
environmental benefits by reducing the total mass of road
deposited sediment and dissolved metals in runoff;
The following measures must be considered for street
sweeping to be effective source control:
Sweep prior to rainfall and often as practical;
Areas with high level of pollution (such as arterial roads and industrial
areas) should receive more frequent sweeping;
Sweepers must be cleaned and maintained properly; and
Operators must be trained to achieve the best performance
See full report at
https://www.cawq.ca/journal/temp/article/410.pdf
Stormwater Quality Study
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Human Health Concerns
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Part 2:
Human Health Concerns
Both PM10 and PM2.5 are significant health concerns and a year round health hazard especially at “nose-level” on City’s arterial roads
1,200 premature deaths attributable to chronic exposure to PM2.5
180 premature deaths attributable to acute exposureto PM10
Fine particulates cause respiratory and cardiovascular problems
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Where is Particulate MatterHuman Health Concerns
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
What is Particulate Matter
The major source of PM10 in Toronto is an invisible fraction of “Fine Road Dust”
“Fine Road Dust” comes from tire wear, asphalt wear, clutch and brake wear
Inhalable particulate matter (IP or PM10)
Respirable particulate matter (RP or PM2.5)
Where is Particulate Matter
10µm 2.5µm
Human Health Concerns
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Street Monitoring of Fine Road Dust
• In 2005 and 2006 a number of street monitoring studies
were undertaken.
• Real-time PM10 and PM2.5 measurements were
obtained in Toronto to determine the street level
concentrations to which motorists, cyclists and
pedestrians are exposed.
• Graphs show the PM10 motorist, cyclist and pedestrian
exposure levels, an acceptable level of 50ug/m3.
• Graphs show the PM2.5 motorist, cyclist and pedestrian
exposure levels, an acceptable level of 30ug/m3.
Human Health Concerns
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Street Monitoring of Fine Road Dust
Figure 6m
Dec. 4 Test 1: PM 10 Motorist Exposure (Entire Circuit)
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g/m
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bord
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ingt
on
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das
Jarv
is
John
Que
en
Average [PM10] = 0.079 mg/m3
Wel
lingt
on
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Street Monitoring of Fine Road Dust
Figure 6n
Dec. 4 Test 1: PM 2.5 Motorist Exposure (Entire Circuit)
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PM 2.5
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3 )
Spadin
a
Harbor
d
Ossingt
on
Dundas Jarv
is John
Queen
Average [PM2.5] = 0.066 mg/m3
We
llington
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Figure 7o
Dec. 4 Test 2: PM 10 Cyclist Exposure (Entire Circuit)
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Average [PM10] = 0.099 mg/m3
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a
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Ossing
ton
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s
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gton Joh
n
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Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Street Monitoring of Fine Road Dust
Figure 7p
Dec. 4 Test 2: PM 2.5 Cyclist Exposure (Entire Circuit)
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3 )
Spadin
a
Harbord
Ossingt
on
Dundas Jarv
is John
Queen
Average [PM2.5] = 0.062 mg/m3
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ton
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Street Monitoring of Fine Road Dust
Figure 9i
Nov. 26 Test 2: PM 10 Pedestrian Exposure (Entire Circuit)
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PM
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m3 )
Average [PM10] = 0.083 mg/m3
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en
(N
orth
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e)
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k
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ast S
ide)
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k
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est S
ide)
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outh
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e)
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Street Monitoring of Fine Road Dust
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Figure 9j
Nov. 26 Test 2: PM 2.5 Pedestrian Exposure (Entire Circuit)
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3 )
Average [PM2.5] = 0.050 mg/m3
Queen
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Side) Yo
rk (E
ast Sid
e) York
(West
Side) Queen
(Sout
h Side
)
Street Monitoring of Fine Road Dust
Human Health Concerns
Street Monitoring of Fine Road Dust Results
The findings show that Toronto has an air quality problem related to Fine Road Dust (PM10 & PM2.5);
• Daytime Street Levels of PM exceed Ambient Air Quality Criteria all Day;
• Problem varies due to a number of factors:
▪ Sweeping Frequency ▪ Land Use
▪ Traffic Volumes ▪ Time of Day
▪ Type of Vehicular Traffic ▪ Weather;
• This confirms the need to assess the potential of “New Technology” Street Sweepers in reducing the concentration below Ambient Air Quality Criteria levels;
st
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Human Health Concerns
Metals in Urban Road Dust
Transportation Services participated in a Health Canada and
University of Toronto led study called Distribution and
Bioaccessibility of CMP Priority Metals in Road Dust.
The focus of this study
(1)assessing the bioaccessibility of metals in fine fractions of
road dust using biologically-relevant methods to more
accurately represent conditions in the human lung, and
(2)to isolate fine and ultrafine particulate size fractions from
road dust that are likely to be inhaled or respired by
exposed individuals and travel longer distances,
contributing to widespread urban pollution in both outdoor
and indoor environments.
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Metals in Urban Road Dust
• The re-suspension of fine road dust is a contributor of metal
contamination to local urban air and water sheds;
• Elevated amounts of toxic elements such as cadmium (Cd),
arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) are found in road dust;
• Automotive catalytic converters are emitting in traffic
exhaust: platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh),
osmium (Os), iridium (Ir) and ruthenium (Ru);
• More data on the concentration of metals in road dust needs
to be undertaken in order to understand exposure in urban
settings on how the public is being exposed when travelling
in the ROW and penetrating indoor environments.
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Metals in Urban Road Dust
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Concentrations are higher in fine
dust box sweeps compared to
coarse hopper samples
Why Operational Requirements
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Part 3:
Why Operational Requirements
Municipalities struggle to achieve the following with their street sweeping equipment:
• Cleaner Roads
• Safer Roads
• Year Round Performance
• Quantifiable and Objective Evaluation
• Continual Improvement
• Less Downtime
• Low Maintenance
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Part 5:
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Objective
• to deploy PM10 and PM2.5 efficient street sweepers that are capable of regular sweeping plus removing fine particular matter (PM10 and PM2.5) from the City’s paved roads year round; and
• to deliver the city street sweeping service in a manner that would significantly contribute to improving overall human health, air and storm water quality
The CRCA Program established a process to objectively measure and evaluate the operational and environmental performance of street sweepers.
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Benefits
28 TONNES OF PM
EQUALS
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Benefits of the PM efficient sweepers are:
• Reduction of airborne particulate matter at street level,
by at least 27%;
• Improvement in air quality will be beneficial to the
general health of City’s residents, workers and visitors;
• Reduce the number of cases of acute and chronic
exposure of fine particulates;
• Improve stormwater quality and reduce the cost of
treatment;
• Permits sweeping during smog days and will help to
reduce smog impacts;
• Capable of street sweeping year-around; and
• Improve the level of street sweeping service across the
City with more efficient PM street sweepers
Benefits
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
PM10 & PM2.5 Street Sweeper Efficiency Test Protocol
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Part 5:
PM10 & PM2.5 Street Sweeper Efficiency Test
Two key methods used in the evaluation of the
street sweepers:
• how much material was picked up/left
behind by the street sweeper and
• how much material was entrained by the
street sweeper
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
PM Efficiency Criteria
Removal Efficiency %
Sidewalk Efficiency %
Air Contamination PM10
Maximum Concentration [mg/m3]/kg
Air Contamination PM10 Total Concentration [mg/m3]/kg
Air Contamination PM2.5
Maximum Concentration [mg/m3]/kg
Air Contamination PM2.5 Total Concentration [mg/m3]/kg
PM10 & PM2.5 Street Sweeper Efficiency Test
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Transportation Services DivisionToronto Environment Office
PM10 & PM2.5 Street Sweeper Efficiency Test
Transportation Services DivisionToronto Environment Office
Transportation Services DivisionToronto Environment Office
Operational On-Street Test Protocol
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Part 6:
Operational On-Street Test
• Sweeping under wet road surface conditions;
• Maneuverability around parked cars;
• Leaf pick-up efficiency;
• Large debris pick-up efficiency;
• Heavy silt loading pick-up efficiency; and
• Operating sweeper without gutter brooms
Key operational requirements were evaluated:
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Transportation Services DivisionToronto Environment Office
Transportation Services DivisionToronto Environment Office
Transportation Services DivisionToronto Environment Office
Transportation Services DivisionToronto Environment Office
Transportation Services DivisionToronto Environment Office
Transportation Services DivisionToronto Environment Office
ETV Certification Process
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
Part 7:
ETV Certification Process
• Developed testing protocols and criteria to objectively evaluate the environmental and operational effectiveness of street sweepers now and in the future;
• Established the ETV Certificates under the Canadian Environmental Technology Verification (ETV), under licence from Environment and Climate Change Canada, that are based on the Toronto’s Testing Protocols and that verify the environmental and operational performance claims of street sweepers;
• A standard which Toronto recommends and will use for all our future sweeper purchases.
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
ETV Certification Process
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO),
led by Environment and Climate Change Canada, is in
the final stages of creating a new standard to address
environmental performance.
ISO 14034 Environmental management --
Environmental technology verification (ETV)
will outline a process for verifying environmental
technologies. This means that by following the standard,
an independent party can effectively assess test results
so that the results can be considered reliable, here in
Canada, and abroad.
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
ETV Certification Process
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program
ETV relies on science, high-quality data, and recognized
protocols to offer an independent assessment and verification
of environmental performance claims. As a result, potential
buyers and other parties can make informed decisions about
purchasing and using environmental technologies
Here is a video clip that illustrates the value of the new ISO
using the City of Toronto developed protocols.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NayF7tv2xrA
Thank You
Vesna Stevanovic-BriaticoTransportation Coordinator
Transportation Services Division
Phone: (416) 392-8345
E-mail: [email protected]
Clean Roads to Clean Air Program