CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM OF THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
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Transcript of CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM OF THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
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CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM OF THE
KYOTO PROTOCOL
Group J - Matt Bastyan, Simon Crook, Joe Payne, Sarah Teverson, Michael Treiber, Paula
Urry
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Introduction
• Definition of the CDM• Section A: Types of projects (renewable,
buildings & afforestation/reforestation)• Section B: Standards & definitions• Conclusion
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CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM
DEFINITION ‘The purpose of the clean development mechanism shall be to assist Parties not included in Annex I in achieving
sustainable development and in contributing to the ultimate objective of the Convention, and to
assist Parties including Annex I in achieving compliance with their quantified emission
limitation and reduction commitments […].’ (UNFCCC, 1998)
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Section A: Individual sectors
Project Mix of CDM (UNEP Risoe, 2010)
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Afforestation & Reforestation
• 15% of global anthropogenic carbon emissions are from deforestation
• “forest” within CDM
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A/R Conclusions
• Barriers within A/R sector: – CDM policies and guidelines are unclear– Community based projects often over looked– Economic incentives favour profitable projects– Maximum crediting period of 21 years is not enough
for A/R projects– Carbon sequestration calculations ignore parts of
the forest carbon cycle
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Renewable
• Including:– Hydropower– Geothermal– Wind power
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Renewable Conclusions
• More projects under CDM than other sectors– Majority are hydropower (27%)
• Negatives associated with renewable sector:– Projects can cause large scale relocation– Financial investment is limited
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Building sector
• 25-30% energy related CO2 emissions globally
• Low costs technologies and measures allow great potential for emissions reductions
• Few projects approved, therefore, emissions curbing is limited
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Building Sector Conclusions
• Barriers within buildings sector:– Many small emissions sources– Technology specific measures – Lack of baseline and monitoring methodologies– Difficulty proving project additionality– Economic incentive too weak
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Section B: Standards & definitions
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Additionality
• Emissions ‘[...] by sources are reduced below those that would have occurred in the absence of the registered CDM project activity.’
(UNFCCC, 2002)
• Greenhouse gas emissions from the projects are lower than if the project did not take place
(Mendis & Openshaw, 2004)
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Reasons for rejection
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Sustainable development
• Underlining principle of CDM • ‘[…] meeting the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.’ (UN, 1987)
• Host countries define SD criteria (Marrakesh Accord, 2001)
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Limitations for host countries
• Multiple definitions of key CDM requirements • Additionality favours existing technology, it is
a barrier to innovation• Competition to attract investment driving
down sustainable development standards– “Race to the bottom” (Sutter & Parreno, 2007)
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Opportunities for financial institutions
• Major traders are speculators (Chan, 2009)
• Potential cost savings by using CERs instead of EUAs
• Oligopoly of DOEs– e.g. TUV SUD
• ‘green-washing’– e.g. BP, Shell,
CER €t-1 (15 Mar-26 Apr 2010)(Point Carbon, 2010)
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Conclusion
• Projected reduction of 1,035mt CO2e by 2012 through CDM
But…• Untapped potential of CDM• CDM aims are overlooked• Corporate gain
not emission reduction not sustainable development
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Questions?
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ReferencesChan, M. (2009) Subprime carbon? Re-thinking the world’s largest new derivatives market, Friends of
the Earth, USAPoint Carbon. (2010). Carbon Market Daily. Retrieved April 26, 2010, from Point Carbon:
http://www.pointcarbon.com/news/cmd/1.1439103Sutter, C. & Parreno, J. (2007) Does the current Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) deliver its
sustainable development claim? An analysis of officially registered CDM projects, Climatic Change, Vol. 84, pp. 75-90
UN (1987) Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, General Assembly Resolution 42/187, 11.12.1987 (Access date: 19.4.2010)
UNEP Risoe. (2010). CDM Pipeline Analysis and Database, March 1st 2010. Retrieved April 11, 2010, from UNEP Risoe Centre: Energy, Climate and Sustainable Development: http://cdm pipeline.org/
UNFCCC. (1998). Kyoto Protocol - Article 12 . Retrieved April 2010, from United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf#page=12
UNFCCC. (2001). The Marrakesh Accords. Retrieved April 2010, from United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: http://unfccc.int/cop7/documents/accords_draft.pdf
UNFCCC (2002) Report of the Conference of the parties on its seventh session, held at Marrakesh from 29 October to 10 November 2001 – Part two: Action taken by the conference of the parties: http://unfccc/cp/2001/13/Add.2