Clean Air Act McClain. A U.S. law that authorizes the EPA to set limits on the amount of specific...
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Transcript of Clean Air Act McClain. A U.S. law that authorizes the EPA to set limits on the amount of specific...
![Page 1: Clean Air Act McClain. A U.S. law that authorizes the EPA to set limits on the amount of specific air pollutants that are permitted everywhere in the.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649ddd5503460f94ad5ab8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
McClain
Clean Air Act
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McClain
A U.S. law that authorizes the EPA to set limits on the amount of specific air
pollutants that are permitted everywhere in the United States
Focuses on six air pollutants (lead, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide,
carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and ozone)
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McClain
Dust Dome
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McClain
A dome of heated air that surrounds an urban area and contains a lot of air
pollution
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McClain
Electrostatic Preceptor
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McClain
An air pollution control device that gives ash a positive electrical charge so that it adheres to
negatively charged plates
Used in smelting and other combustible processes to remove dust, sulfuric acid & lead
oxide. Some home purifiers/filters use this process, but produces ozone (bad for lungs)
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McClain
Green House Gases
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McClain
The gases that absorb infrared radiation, which include carbon
dioxide, water vapor, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and
tropospheric ozone, all of which are accumulating in the atmosphere as a
result of human activities
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McClain
Hydrocarbons
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McClain
A diverse group of organic compounds that contain
only hydrogen and carbon
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McClain
Industrial Smog
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McClain
The traditional, London-type smoke pollution,
which consists principally of sulfur oxides and particulate matter
Smog is the brown-colored haze which hangs in the air over industrial areas. It is often visible over cities, particularly in summer
when the particles in smog catch the light.
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McClain
Nitrogen
oxides
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McClain
Gases produced by the chemical interactions between nitrogen and
oxygen when a source of energy, such as combustion of fuels, produces high
temperatures
Often referred to as Nox
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McClain
Particulate Matter
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McClain
Solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in the
atmosphere
Often referred to as PM
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McClain
Persistent Organic
Pollutants
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McClain
A group of persistent, toxic, chemicals that bioaccumulate in organisms and can
travel long distances through air and water to contaminate sites far removed
from their source; some disrupt the endocrine system, cause cancer, or adversely affect the developmental
processes of organisms
Also referred to as POPs
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McClain
Photochemical Smog
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McClain
A brownish orange haze formed by complex chemical reactions involving
sunlight, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons
some of the pollutants in photochemical smog include peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs), ground
level ozone, and aldehydes
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McClain
Reading Prong
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McClain
Stretches from near Reading Pennsylvania, through northern New Jersey and southern
New York.
Soil contains elevated concentrations of uranium, the decay of which produces
gaseous radon which seeps into houses and long term exposure results in lung cancer.
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McClain
Radon
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McClain
Info.
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McClain
Sick Building
Syndrome
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McClain
Eye irritations, nausea, headaches, respiratory infections, depression,
and fatigue caused by the presence of air pollution inside
office buildings
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McClain
Stockholm Convention on
Persistent Organic
Pollutants
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McClain
An international (UN) treaty effective in 2004 whose goal is to phase out the use of at least 12
persistent toxic chemicals (POPs), including PCBs, dioxins and furans (chemical contaminants), and DDT
and eight other pesticides
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McClain
Thermal
Inversion
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McClain
A layer of cold air temporarily trapped near the ground by a
warmer, upper layer (acts like a cape & locks in smog). If this phenomenon persists, air pollutants may build up
to harmful or even dangerous levels.
Common in Los Angeles
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McClain
Urban Heat
Islands
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McClain
Local heat buildup in an area of high population density with lots of dark
surfaces (roads & buildings) that lowers albedo & buildings block wind
circulation. Green space & green roofs helps reduce heat buildup.
Often hotter downtown than in surrounding suburbs.
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McClain
Cultural Eutrophicati
on
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McClain
Also known as Artificial Eutrophication.
Over-nourishment of an aquatic ecosystem by nutrients such as nitrates
and phosphates. In this event, the pace of eutrophication
is rapidly accelerated due to human activities such as agriculture and
discharge from sewage treatment plants
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McClain
Biological Oxygen Demand
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McClain
Also known as BOD.
The amount of oxygen needed by microorganisms to decompose the
organic material in a given volume of water.
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McClain
Bioremediation
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McClain
A method employed to clean up a hazardous waste site that uses microorganisms to break
down the toxic pollutants.
Genetic engineering is helping create organisms that can
bioremediate.
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McClain
Clean Water
Act
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McClain
A U.S. law that has two basic goals:
Created in 1972 & amended in 1977, 1981, & 1987
1. To eliminate the discharge of pollutants in U.S. waterways
2. To attain water quality levels that make these waterways safe to fish and swim in.
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McClain
Eutrophic Lake
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McClain
A lake enriched with nutrients such as nitrates and
phosphates and consequently overgrown with plants or algae
(blooms); LOW dissolved oxygen (DO); fish kills result
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McClain
Fecal Coliform
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McClain
Coliform bacteria generally originate in the intestines of
warm-blooded animals. A test can indicate of fecal contamination
with E.coli
Contamination usually comes from human sewage, livestock, and pet
waste (dog & bird poop are common)
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McClain
Hypoxia
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McClain
LOW dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations that occur in many
bodies of water when nutrients stimulate the growth of algae that
subsequently die and are decomposed by oxygen-using
bacteria (decomposition).Creates “dead zones”
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McClain
Non-Point Source
Pollution
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McClain
Pollutants that enter bodies of water over large areas rather than being concentrated at a
single point of entry.
Example: Cars on roads leak oil as they drive around all day/everyday…rain
washes oil into water systems
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McClain
Oligotrophic Lake
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McClain
A lake that has minimal (few) nutrients but high dissolved
oxygen. Usually clear & often used as drinking water. Has
slow growth rate & low population density.
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McClain
Point Source
Pollution
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McClain
Water pollution that can be traced to a specific spot (such as a factory or sewage treatment plant) because it is discharged into the environment through
pipes, sewers, or ditches
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McClain
Primary Sludge
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McClain
A slimy mixture of bacteria-laden solids that settles out
from sewage wastewater during primary treatment
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McClain
Primary Treatme
nt
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McClain
Also known as “mechanical treatment” or screening.
Treating wastewater by removing gross suspended and floating large particles by mechanical processes.
Large particles can include toilet paper and other trash.
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McClain
Secondary
Treatment
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McClain
Treating wastewater biologically, by using microorganisms to
decompose the suspended organic material (poop, food waste & soaps); occurs after primary
treatment
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McClain
Secondary
Treatment
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McClain
Biological solids are neutralized, then disposed of or reused; the treated
water is disinfected either chemically (ozone or chlorine) or physically
(lagoons or microfiltration).
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McClain
Red Tide
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McClain
A red, orange, or brown coloration of water caused by a bloom, or population explosion, of algae called dinoflagulates.
They produce natural toxins, deplete dissolved oxygen, and have caused fish, birds, & mammal deaths. Produce a gas that irritates eyes and lungs. Red tide can end up in filter feeders like oysters and make people sick if they eat them.
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McClain
Thermal
Pollution
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McClain
Water pollution that occurs when heated water produced during many industrial processes is released into waterways.
The water is used to COOL coal & nuclear power plants (and other industries like steel) and the heated water is released
into nearby waterways. The hot water is LOW in oxygen, and the large
temperature difference kills fish.
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McClain
Bottom Ash
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McClain
The residual ash left and stays at the bottom of an incinerator during coal
combustion.
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McClain
Fly Ash
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McClain
The portion of the ash that escapes out the chimney (flue)
of an incinerator during coal combustion.
That ash can be trapped using electrostatic precipitators to
prevent air pollution.
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McClain
Municipal Solid Waste
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McClain
Solid waste generated in homes, office buildings, retail stores, restaurants, schools, hospitals, prisons, libraries, and other commercial and
institutional facilities.
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McClain
Non-Municipal
Solid Waste
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McClain
Solid waste generated by industry,
agriculture, and mining
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McClain
Photodegradable
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McClain
Breaking down upon exposure to sunlight.
Plastics are photodegradable (not a full degrade…small
pieces are left & can be eaten by animals)
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McClain
Polychlorinated
biphenyls
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McClain
Also called PCBsChlorine-containing organic compounds that enjoyed a wide variety of industrial
uses like coolant fluids until their dangerous properties, slow to degrade
and therefore persist in the environmentCauses CANCER
Banned by the United States Congress in 1979 and by the
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
in 2001
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McClain
Dioxins
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McClain
Produced by anthropogenic and natural (volcanoes) processes. Produced during
smelting, chlorine bleaching of paper, production of herbicides & pesticides.
Largest source is from solid waste & hospital waste incinerators. Accumulates in the food
web, 90% of human exposure comes from food (meat, dairy, & fish).
Can cause skin lesions, alter liver function, impair immune & reproductive systems, and
cancer.
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McClain
Sanitary
Landfill
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McClain
The most common method of disposal of solid waste by compacting it and burying it under a shallow layer
of soil.
Produces large amounts of methane once buried as bacteria break down the materials.
Landfills account for 1/3 of all methane emissions in the US. Methane is vented using pipes. Researching technology to capture &
use the methane.
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McClain
Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act (CERCLA)
(Superfund Act)
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McClain
A U.S. law which established a program to tackle the huge challenge of cleaning up abandoned and illegal toxic waste sites across the United States. Money comes
from a tax on chemical & petroleum companies.
Created after discovery of a toxic waste dump was under Love Canal,New York. People had
unknowingly built houses & a school on the dump and many became very sick & died. Then people
were stuck in houses they could not sell.
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McClain
LD50
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McClain
Lethal Dose that kills 50% of population of test
organisms
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McClain
ED50
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McClain
Effective Dose that causes side effect in
50% of the population of test organisms
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McClain
Teratogen
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McClain
Agents that result in fetal/birth defect.
Examples: Thalidomide (sedative was used during pregnancy) Measles causes deafness
Alcohol causes Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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McClain
Acid Depositi
on
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McClain
Also known as Acid Rain
Primary pollutants, sulfates & nitrogen combine with water in atmosphere to form sulfuric
acid (H2SO4) & nitric acid vapor (HNO3)
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McClain
Aerosols
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McClain
Solid particles & droplets suspended in the
atmosphere.
Can help COOL earth (like clouds do)
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McClain
Asbestos
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McClain
A naturally occurring fibrous mineral that is flame/fire
resistant previously used as insulation for pipes &
housing. Carcinogen causes mesothelioma.
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McClain
Carbon monoxi
de
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McClain
A colorless, odorless gas that results when fossil fuels are
not fully combusted. Causes headaches, dizziness, loss of
consciences, & death. Malfunctioning heating systems in houses have caused many deaths…a silent killer because you don’t realize you are being
exposed usually until it is too late.
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McClain
Carbonic
Acid
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McClain
Formed when water reacts with carbon dioxide…lowers
pH of water (acidic).
The oceans have absorbed almost half of CO2 emitted by humans. Has lowered the world ocean pH by 0.1 and is called ocean acidification.
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McClain
Chlorofluorocarbons
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McClain
Also known as CFCs.
Primary human-made compounds involved in the depletion of the ozone. Chlorines in CFCs break O3 bonds. 1 CFC and destroy 100,000
ozone molecules. They are commonly used as refrigerants in air conditioners, refrigerators,
and aerosol propellants. Banned by Montreal Protocol (UN treaty).
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McClain
Hydro chlorofluorocarb
ons
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McClain
Also known as HCFCs
Manmade compounds have potential to react with stratospheric ozone. Because they have a shorter atmospheric lifespan
than CFCs, they tend to break down in the troposphere before delivering
reactive chlorine to the stratosphere (to break O3 bonds). A CFC alternative.
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McClain
Hydrofluorocarbons
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Also known as HFCs
Manmade compounds that contain NO chlorine and do NOT directly affect
stratospheric ozone. Viewed as acceptable long-term alternative to CFCs and HCFCs. But HFCs DO contribute to
global warming.
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McClain
Ground-level
Ozone
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McClain
A secondary pollutant found in the troposphere (where we live), considered a pollutant. Formed by sunlight reacting with NOx and VOCs.
Is a major component of photochemical smog, and causes
respiratory and plant damage.
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McClain
Ice Core
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McClain
A sample of ice that is typically drilled and removed from an ice sheet,
usually the polar caps of Antarctica or Greenland. Layers of the ice core are
analyzed for trapped gas and deposits, which give an accurate
representation of historical climate & can be used to develop a climate
record.
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McClain
Peroxyacetyl nitrate
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McClain
Also known as PAN
Produced by reaction of some volatile organic hydrocarbons (VOCs) with oxygen and nitrogen dioxide (NOx),
partially responsible for some negative effects of smog. Can
decrease lung capacity and may cause emphysema.
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McClain
SOx
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McClain
The gases containing sulfur and oxygen (includes many combinations)
that play a role in industrial smog. Present in crude oil & coal and SOx is released when they are burned. They include sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfur
trioxide (SO4).
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McClain
Volatile Organic
Compounds
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McClain
Also known as VOCs
Unstable substances that can be released as gases from a wide variety of products,
including carpeting, paints, aerosol sprays, cleaning products, building supplies,
pesticides, printers, glues, wood preservatives, moth balls, and air fresheners. Examples:
formaldehyde, acetone, and benzene. Causes eye, nose, throat irritation, headache, liver &
kidney damage, nausea, and cancer.
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McClain
Volatile Organic
Compounds
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McClain
Also known as VOCs
Unstable substances that can be released as gases from a wide variety of products,
including carpeting, paints, aerosol sprays, cleaning products, building supplies,
pesticides, printers, glues, wood preservatives, moth balls, and air fresheners. Causes eye,
nose, throat irritation, headache, liver & kidney damage, nausea, and cancer.
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McClain
Minamata
Disease
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McClain
27 tons of mercury-containing compounds from industrial processes were dumped into Minamata Bay, Japan between 1932-1968.
The mercury collected (bioaccumulated) in fish & shellfish
caught in the bay.
Symptoms include blurred vision, hearing loss, blindness, loss of muscular coordination, reproductive disorders, death. Over 2,500
victims were mainly children born with it.
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McClain
Exxon Valdez
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McClain
In 1989, the oil tanker Exxon Valdez spilled up to 30 million gallons of oil into Prince William
Sound, Alaska. About 250,000 sea birds, 3,000 sea otters, 300 seals, 300 bald eagles, 22 whales died along with billions of salmon
and herring eggs. After this spill, the US requires all tankers to have a double hull to
prevent the same kinds of accidents.
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McClain
Hole in Ozone
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McClain
Has caused: Increased skin cancer rates, sunburn rates, cataracts, crop
damage, reduction in crop production, increase mutation rates &
chromosomal damage, & climate change.
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McClain
Reducing Ozone
Depletion
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McClain
Tariffs on products produced in countries that allow the use of CFCs.
Use of HCFCs instead of CFCs.
Use of helium, ammonia, propane, or butane as a coolant alternatives
Tax credits for turning in old refrigerators and air conditions
Support legislation that reduces ozone-destroying products.
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McClain
Impacts of Global Warming
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McClain
Shutdown of thermocline circulation (ocean conveyor belt)
Increased wild fires & pest infection
Methane released from melting permafrost
Decreased agriculture productivity
Destabilization of governments
Rise in sea levels
Ocean acidification: Increased CO2
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McClain
Thermohaline
Circulation
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McClain
Another name for theOcean Conveyor Belt
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McClain
Montreal
Protocol
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McClain
1989: An agreement among nations requiring
the phase-out of chemicals that damage the ozone
layer (CFCs)
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McClain
Kyoto Protocol
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McClain
International treaty on industrialized countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (especially CO2). Problem is
that developing countries do NOT have target amounts for reduction, but are to
work to reduce emissions. The US disagrees with not forcing developing countries not having targets and have
refused to ratify (sign/agree) the protocol.
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McClain
International Panel on Climate Change
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McClain
Also called the IPCC
An international scientific intergovernmental body under the UN. It produces reports that
supports the UNFCCC’s goal. Leading climatologists & other scientists write summary reports for policymakers.
Its focus is on:1. Human-induced climate change2. The impacts of human-induced climate change3. Options for adaptation & mitigation
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McClain
United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate
Change
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McClain
Also called the UNFCCC
The IPCC produces reports that supports the UNFCCC’s (formally known as Earth Summit)
goal. The UNFCCC is a treaty among UN countries. The main goal of UNFCCC is to
stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations (CO2 in particular) in the atmosphere. It
later negotiated for the Kyoto Protocol (which the US refuses to agree to)