Clauses and Moods by Prashanth Kamle Under the guidance of Prof. Pushpak Bhattachharya Department of...
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Transcript of Clauses and Moods by Prashanth Kamle Under the guidance of Prof. Pushpak Bhattachharya Department of...
Clauses and Moods
byPrashanth Kamle
Under the guidance of Prof. Pushpak BhattachharyaDepartment of Computer Science
IIT Bombay
Types of sentences
• Simple
– 1 subject, 1 predicate, only 1 Finite Verb• His courage won him honour.
• Compound– Made up of 2 (or more) independent (main) clauses
– Joined by co-ordinating conjunction and, but etc• Ram went to Nagpur and Shyam went to Pune
• I did my best, nevertheless I failed.
Types of sentences (contd)
• Complex sentence contains– One main clause
– One or more subordinate clauses
• They rested when the night came on
– “when night came on” cannot be a sentence by itself
– Hence lower rank, called subordinate clause
• Anil called at 5:30 and I told him that you had gone out
Finite and non-finite verbs
Finite Verbs inflected by tense and person
I/he/she/it was late You/we/they were late
Non-finite Verbs are not inflected by tense and person
Non finite clauses - types
1.Infinitive – I've never known [ John to be so rude to anyone ]
2.Gerundial – We don't want [ it raining on your birthday ]
3.Past participle – I had [ my car stolen from the car park ]
Tests to detect finite/non-finite
Change tense/person and see whether verb gets inflected
It would be silly [ for me/you/him/her/us/them to hate science ]
It would be silly [ for him/her to hates science ] It would have been silly [ for you/them to hated
science ] Any clause which contains a modal is finite
I know [ that you will/might/could/should hate science ]
Observations
Clause containing inflected verb or modal is finite
Is the converse true? Not always!
I know [ that you leave for Hawaii tomorrow ] I demand [ that you leave for Hawaii tomorrow ]
Both indicative and subjunctive clauses are finite
Why are subjunctive clauses finite?
Both Indicative and Subjunctive clauses share certain morphosyntactic properties
Property 1
Both indicative and subjuntive clauses MUST take a subject, non-finite clauses can be subjectless Indicative: I know [ that leaves for Hawaii tomorrow ] Subjunctive: I demand [ that leave for Hawaii
tomorrow ] Infinitive: I intend [ to leave for Hawaii tomorrow ] Gerund: I intend [ leaving for Hawaii tomorrow ]
Cases
• English personal pronouns are typically said to have three morphological cases
Nominative I he we they
Objective me him us them
Genetive my his our their
Property 2 (contd)
• Subject of subjunctive and indicative clauses are always assigned nominative case
– I know [ that they/them/their leave for Hawaii tomorrow ]
– I demand [ that they/them/their leave for Hawaii tomorrow ]
• Subject of infinitive clauses is assigned objective case
– I want [ them/their/they to leave for Hawaii tomorrow
Property 2 (contd)
• Gerund clauses take either objective or genetive case
– I don't like the idea of [ them/their/they leaving for Hawaii tomorrow ]
Therefore, subjunctive clauses have been classified as finite
Mood
Mood is a term in grammar that identifies utterances as being statements, expressions of wish, commands, questions, etc
'Mood' is derived from 'mode', but at some stage the vowel changed by association with the completely different word 'mood', meaning a state of mind
Declarative mood
a statement in the active voice of a verb auxiliaries take their "usual" position following
the 'subject' He was seen I am walking home. They are singing. He is not a dancer. We are very happy.
Subjunctive mood
Used to express counterfactual or if-then statements
Typically marked in the present tense by the auxiliary "were" plus the continuous (-ing) form of the verb
I am eating, so I will sit. (Factual/Declarative) Were I eating, I would sit. (Counterfactual) If they were eating, they would sit. (Counterfactual
conditional / If-then) God save the king (subjunctive) If I were you... (subjunctive)
Conditional mood
Denote or imply a probable future action verbal auxiliaries could, would, should, may and
might in combination with the root stem of the verb
I may think of quitting You could go to the store I might meet you tomorrow
Imperative mood
used for commands or instructions occurs only in the second person, and the
subject ("you") is generally not explicitly stated Listen! Do not smoke here. Let me do the talking. Let them dance.
Interrogative mood
Question marked by starting a clause with an auxiliary
verb or a WH-word Can you do that? What time is it?