Claudia DawsonClaudia DawsonRalph PinedaRalph Pineda

Analyze the ways in which the Analyze the ways in which the American philosophy of government American philosophy of government has changed in terms of:has changed in terms of:

A. Enfranchisement A. Enfranchisement B. Size of GovernmentB. Size of Government C. Distribution of power between C. Distribution of power between

state and national governmentsstate and national governments

ThesisThesis

American philosophy has American philosophy has experienced a gradual shift in terms experienced a gradual shift in terms of enfranchisement, size of of enfranchisement, size of government, and distribution of government, and distribution of power between state and national power between state and national government through the evolving government through the evolving needs of the American people from needs of the American people from the beginning of the nation to the the beginning of the nation to the end of the 1970’s.end of the 1970’s.

EnfranchisementEnfranchisement

Definition of EnfranchisementDefinition of Enfranchisement To bestow a franchise on and endow To bestow a franchise on and endow

rights of citizenship, especially the right rights of citizenship, especially the right to vote.to vote.

For example;For example; Suffrage for African AmericansSuffrage for African Americans Suffrage for WomenSuffrage for Women Voting AgeVoting Age

Immigration and How Immigration and How enfranchisement is Involvedenfranchisement is Involved

When the United States was founded, When the United States was founded, only white, male, property-owners only white, male, property-owners were allowed to vote. The Founding were allowed to vote. The Founding Fathers felt that only property-owners Fathers felt that only property-owners would take this right of citizenship would take this right of citizenship seriously since they owned a literal seriously since they owned a literal stake in the young nation.stake in the young nation.

Later when new states are admitted Later when new states are admitted western states included UNIVERSAL western states included UNIVERSAL white male suffrage.white male suffrage.

African AmericansAfrican Americans

Voting rights were important Voting rights were important because of the belief that suffrage because of the belief that suffrage equals power.equals power. 1414thth Amendment Amendment

(June 1866) Citizenship and rights of a (June 1866) Citizenship and rights of a citizen to blacks.citizen to blacks.

1515thth Amendment Amendment (1868) Gave right to vote to blacks.(1868) Gave right to vote to blacks.

1414thth Amendment Amendment President Johnson vetoed both of the bills for the President Johnson vetoed both of the bills for the

Civil Rights Act that Congress passed, claiming Civil Rights Act that Congress passed, claiming that they were unconstitutional.that they were unconstitutional. Fearing the Supreme Court would agree with Johnson, Fearing the Supreme Court would agree with Johnson,

Congress approved and sent on to the states for Congress approved and sent on to the states for ratification.ratification.

Congress overturned Johnson’s veto.Congress overturned Johnson’s veto. The 14The 14thth Amendment was passed because there Amendment was passed because there

were Republican Radicals who were eager to were Republican Radicals who were eager to impose harsh rule on the South.impose harsh rule on the South. They could now assert that the South was refusing to They could now assert that the South was refusing to

accept verdicts of the war.accept verdicts of the war. Once again, Congress excluded the representatives of Once again, Congress excluded the representatives of

the Southern states.the Southern states.

1414thth Amendment Cont. Amendment Cont. This defined citizenship (blacks), forbade This defined citizenship (blacks), forbade

the paying of the Confederate debt, and the paying of the Confederate debt, and made former Confederates ineligible to made former Confederates ineligible to hold public office.hold public office.

Only one Southern state (Tenessee) Only one Southern state (Tenessee) ratified the amendment and failed to ratified the amendment and failed to receive the necessary approval of ¾ of the receive the necessary approval of ¾ of the state.state. Tenessee, having ratified the 14Tenessee, having ratified the 14thth Amendment, Amendment,

was spared the wrath of the Radicals.was spared the wrath of the Radicals. The rest of the states were ordered to produce The rest of the states were ordered to produce

constitutions giving the vote to blacks and to constitutions giving the vote to blacks and to ratify the 14ratify the 14thth Amendment before admittance Amendment before admittance into the Union.into the Union.

1515thth Amendment Amendment In 1868, the Republican In 1868, the Republican Convention drew up a Convention drew up a platform endorsing platform endorsing Reconstruction.Reconstruction.

The victory of Grant The victory of Grant prompted Republican prompted Republican leaders to decide that leaders to decide that it would be politically it would be politically correct to give votes to correct to give votes to ALL African Americans.ALL African Americans. This was the purpose of This was the purpose of

the 15the 15thth Amendment. Amendment. The idea was so The idea was so

unpopular in the North unpopular in the North that it won the that it won the ¾ approval by ¾ approval by ratification of Southern ratification of Southern states required to do so states required to do so by Congress. by Congress.

WomenWomen National American Women’s National American Women’s

Suffrage AssociationSuffrage Association Led the movement for Led the movement for

women’s suffrage.women’s suffrage. Had increasing momentum Had increasing momentum

during Wilson’s presidency.during Wilson’s presidency. Several states had granted the Several states had granted the

vote to women.vote to women. Wilson opposed a federal Wilson opposed a federal

women’s suffrage amendment, women’s suffrage amendment, saying that the states should saying that the states should control franchise.control franchise.

Later supported the 19Later supported the 19thth Amendment.Amendment.

Voting AgeVoting Age The 26The 26thth Amendment Amendment (July 1971)-Brought the (July 1971)-Brought the

voting age to 18voting age to 18 Adopted because of Adopted because of

student activism against student activism against he Vietnam war and to he Vietnam war and to overrule against the overrule against the Oregon v. MitchellOregon v. Mitchell Supreme Court decision.Supreme Court decision.

The female student The female student activist with her mother activist with her mother has a sign using the has a sign using the infamous line with a infamous line with a slight change.slight change.

““Give us liberty or give us Give us liberty or give us death!”death!”

Size of GovernmentSize of Government

Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention

This provided for three branches of This provided for three branches of government; executive, legislative, government; executive, legislative, and judicial.and judicial.

The Senate and the House of The Senate and the House of Representatives were created by the Representatives were created by the Great Compromise.Great Compromise. The Senate gets two votes per state.The Senate gets two votes per state. The House of Representatives has The House of Representatives has

proportional representation.proportional representation.

U.S. Constitution & Articles of U.S. Constitution & Articles of ConfederationConfederation

The Articles (this was the first form of Government in The Articles (this was the first form of Government in the U.S.) This was a failure, because the central the U.S.) This was a failure, because the central government was too weak and too unorganized.government was too weak and too unorganized. This led to reconsideration of the Articles.This led to reconsideration of the Articles.

Due to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution Due to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution was made.was made.

This document changed the way the country was run This document changed the way the country was run forever.forever. At this point the country was more organized and had At this point the country was more organized and had

branched off from the “Mother Country”branched off from the “Mother Country” The Bill of Rights enabled the Constitution to be The Bill of Rights enabled the Constitution to be

passedpassed The people didn’t want the government to be too powerfulThe people didn’t want the government to be too powerful

Because of the way the country was run under a British Because of the way the country was run under a British monarchy.monarchy.

FederalistsFederalists

First elections held under the new First elections held under the new Constitution showed the new government Constitution showed the new government was going to be managed by those who had was going to be managed by those who had drawn up a document by their supporters.drawn up a document by their supporters. Few anti-federalists were elected to congress and Few anti-federalists were elected to congress and

many of the new legislators had been delegates to many of the new legislators had been delegates to the Philadelphia Convention 2 years before.the Philadelphia Convention 2 years before.

The Federalist majority drafted legislation which would fill The Federalist majority drafted legislation which would fill in the gaps left by the Convention and to erect the in the gaps left by the Convention and to erect the structure of a strong central government.structure of a strong central government.

Hartford ConventionHartford Convention

These are one of These are one of the publicized the publicized papers that the papers that the Federalist party Federalist party released during the released during the writing of the writing of the constitution known constitution known as the “Federalist as the “Federalist Papers”Papers”

Jeffersonian EraJeffersonian Era President Thomas Jefferson and his Republican President Thomas Jefferson and his Republican

followers envisioned a society in contrast to that of followers envisioned a society in contrast to that of Hamilton and his followers.Hamilton and his followers. They dreamed of a nation of independent farmers living They dreamed of a nation of independent farmers living

under a central government that exercised a minimum of under a central government that exercised a minimum of control over their lives.control over their lives.

The federal government must exist to protect the individual The federal government must exist to protect the individual liberties guaranteed by the Constitution.liberties guaranteed by the Constitution.

The country must be free from the industrial and urban The country must be free from the industrial and urban corruption of Europe.corruption of Europe.

This would lead to enlightenment for a country needing This would lead to enlightenment for a country needing direction.direction.

Their dream was not to be realized.Their dream was not to be realized. Jefferson would lead a nation that was becoming more Jefferson would lead a nation that was becoming more

industrialized and urbanized. industrialized and urbanized. It seemed to need a stronger hand from the president.It seemed to need a stronger hand from the president.

Jacksonian EraJacksonian Era President Andrew Jackson appealed to the farmers President Andrew Jackson appealed to the farmers

He had few ideas, but strong convictions.He had few ideas, but strong convictions. He ignored his cabinet officers.He ignored his cabinet officers.

He overstepped his boundaries with the system of He overstepped his boundaries with the system of “checks and balances” against the judicial branch.“checks and balances” against the judicial branch. Exercised his veto power more than any other presidents.Exercised his veto power more than any other presidents. The Maysville Road ProjectThe Maysville Road Project

Project in Kentucky requiring a federal subsidy.Project in Kentucky requiring a federal subsidy. He favored a strong party system, a strong He favored a strong party system, a strong

executive branch, and emphasis on states rights.executive branch, and emphasis on states rights. He was against the national bank.He was against the national bank.

This shows how This shows how Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson was viewed as a was viewed as a president that used president that used his executive his executive power far too much power far too much in which the “Veto” in which the “Veto” power makes him power makes him like a monarch like a monarch

Worcester v. Georgia Worcester v. Georgia (1832)(1832)

Important case in Jacksons career Important case in Jacksons career because Jackson was overstepping because Jackson was overstepping his executive boundarieshis executive boundaries

The Indian Removal Act of 1830The Indian Removal Act of 1830 A portion of the Cherokee nation A portion of the Cherokee nation

claimed to be a sovereign political entity claimed to be a sovereign political entity within the boundaries of Georgia.within the boundaries of Georgia.

The Supreme Court supported this/Jackson The Supreme Court supported this/Jackson refused to enforce the decision.refused to enforce the decision.

Trail of Tears.Trail of Tears.

Teddy RooseveltTeddy Roosevelt Big Stick diplomacy and economic foreign policy Big Stick diplomacy and economic foreign policy

were characteristics of the administrationwere characteristics of the administration Panama Canal Panama Canal

He used executive power to separate Panama from He used executive power to separate Panama from Colombia Colombia

The Roosevelt Corollary The Roosevelt Corollary U.S. reserved the right to intervene in international affairs U.S. reserved the right to intervene in international affairs

of Latin American nations to keep European powers from of Latin American nations to keep European powers from using force to collect debts.using force to collect debts.

Progressive reforms Progressive reforms T.R resorted to high eminenceT.R resorted to high eminence Anti Trust Acts –this concept of the government Anti Trust Acts –this concept of the government

intervening with domestic industries.intervening with domestic industries. Coal Strike of 1902Coal Strike of 1902

Franklin D. RooseveltFranklin D. Roosevelt The Growth of FDR in these The Growth of FDR in these

ideals is how he created the ideals is how he created the concept of “The New Deal”concept of “The New Deal”

The two policy programs The two policy programs influential in FDR's first influential in FDR's first Administration had one Administration had one thing in common: They thing in common: They shared a price orientation shared a price orientation toward the problem of toward the problem of economic recovery. Other economic recovery. Other than that, their conceptions than that, their conceptions of the role of government in of the role of government in the modern economy the modern economy conflicted sharply conflicted sharply

4 Term Presidency4 Term Presidency The shift in what the The shift in what the

Democratic Party turns into. Democratic Party turns into. (for the people)(for the people)

John F. KennedyJohn F. Kennedy

Called his domestic program the New Called his domestic program the New Frontier.Frontier. Promised federal funding for education, Promised federal funding for education,

medical care (for elderly), and medical care (for elderly), and government intervention to halt the government intervention to halt the recession.recession.

Promised ending of racial discrimination.Promised ending of racial discrimination. Few of Kennedy's major programs passed Few of Kennedy's major programs passed

Congress during his lifetimeCongress during his lifetime Considered to be abusing his executive Considered to be abusing his executive

power with extensive reforms.power with extensive reforms.

Lyndon B. JohnsonLyndon B. Johnson

The Great SocietyThe Great Society Aid to educationAid to education

Elementary and Secondary Education ActElementary and Secondary Education Act Helped all public school districts with more money Helped all public school districts with more money

going to districts with poor families.going to districts with poor families. War on PovertyWar on Poverty

Economic Opportunity ActEconomic Opportunity Act Included several social programs to promote the Included several social programs to promote the

health, education, and general welfare of the poor health, education, and general welfare of the poor Medicare and MedicaidMedicare and Medicaid

Health insurance to adults over 65 and poor.Health insurance to adults over 65 and poor.

Lyndon Baines Lyndon Baines Johnson sets up a Johnson sets up a superhero league superhero league called "The Great called "The Great Society" to battle evil Society" to battle evil conservative forces, conservative forces, like Richard Nixon as like Richard Nixon as the "Along Ranger" the "Along Ranger" and Barry Goldwater and Barry Goldwater as "Colonel America". as "Colonel America". From 1966.From 1966.

Richard NixonRichard Nixon Formed the Gates Formed the Gates CommisionCommision Ended the military service draftEnded the military service draft Military pay was increasedMilitary pay was increased

Economic Stabilization Act of Economic Stabilization Act of 19701970 Gave Nixon power to set wages Gave Nixon power to set wages

and prices.and prices. Southern StrategySouthern Strategy

Set up local biracial committees Set up local biracial committees to assure compliance without to assure compliance without violence or political violence or political grandstandinggrandstanding

Tied desegregation to Tied desegregation to improving the quality of improving the quality of education.education.

Government between State and Government between State and Central Government Central Government

Bill of RightsBill of Rights Was created to protect individual freedoms Was created to protect individual freedoms

and state sovereignty.and state sovereignty. The importance of the Virginia Declaration of The importance of the Virginia Declaration of

Rights is that it was the first constitutional Rights is that it was the first constitutional protection of individual rights and stat protection of individual rights and stat sovereignty, rather than protecting just sovereignty, rather than protecting just members of Parliament or consisting of members of Parliament or consisting of simple laws that can be changed as easily as simple laws that can be changed as easily as passed. passed.

The people of the United States, especially The people of the United States, especially those who were against a strong central those who were against a strong central government because of the way they were government because of the way they were treated as colonies by the Parliament and treated as colonies by the Parliament and monarchy of England.monarchy of England.

Tariff of 1828Tariff of 1828

Caused South Caused South Carolina to Carolina to threaten threaten secession from secession from the Unionthe Union

Tariff of 1832Tariff of 1832 Higher tariff would Higher tariff would

help industry but help industry but it would hurt it would hurt agriculture in the agriculture in the SouthSouth

Foreign countries Foreign countries would not want to would not want to trade with the United trade with the United States as it would be States as it would be too costly.too costly.

This became the This became the main event in which main event in which nullification was nullification was given as a state given as a state rightright

Helped lead to Civil Helped lead to Civil WarWar

Civil WarCivil War

The South seceded from the NorthThe South seceded from the North Southern states felt that the North was taking Southern states felt that the North was taking

away their state rights of nullificationaway their state rights of nullification Also believed the North was trying to take Also believed the North was trying to take

away the livelihood the Southaway the livelihood the South Southern farmers had an immense need for African Southern farmers had an immense need for African

slaves to farm acres of land.slaves to farm acres of land. The main purpose of the war was to take The main purpose of the war was to take

the South back into the Union.the South back into the Union. After the Emancipation Proclamation, the After the Emancipation Proclamation, the

added issue was the morality of slavery.added issue was the morality of slavery.

This shows the split in the This shows the split in the democratic party during democratic party during pre Civil War over the pre Civil War over the issue of slavery. The issue of slavery. The southern wing of the party southern wing of the party demanded the adoption of demanded the adoption of a platform which called for a platform which called for legislation to explicitly legislation to explicitly protect the institution in protect the institution in the Federal Territories (this the Federal Territories (this was then principally an was then principally an issue in the Nebraska issue in the Nebraska Territory); however, the Territory); however, the northerners refused to northerners refused to acquiesce. acquiesce.

Northwest Ordinance 1787Northwest Ordinance 1787

Set up the process to make new Set up the process to make new states. states.

60,000 voting people had to be in the 60,000 voting people had to be in the territory to apply for statehood.territory to apply for statehood.

Declared that all new territory would Declared that all new territory would be controlled by the federal be controlled by the federal government.government.

Forbade slavery in the old Northwest. Forbade slavery in the old Northwest.

Powers of Federal GovernmentPowers of Federal Government

Judicial BranchJudicial Branch- Determines if something - Determines if something is constitutional and interprets the laws.is constitutional and interprets the laws.

Executive BranchExecutive Branch- Declares war and has - Declares war and has veto power. Enforces laws.veto power. Enforces laws.

Legislative BranchLegislative Branch- Makes laws.- Makes laws. Checks and BalancesChecks and Balances- One of these - One of these

branches cannot be more powerful than branches cannot be more powerful than the other two.the other two.

CurrencyCurrency- National currency. National - National currency. National bank. Has the right to lend money to bank. Has the right to lend money to failing banks and companies.failing banks and companies.

Powers of State GovernmentPowers of State Government

SenateSenate- Two representatives per state.- Two representatives per state. House of RepresentativesHouse of Representatives- Depends - Depends

upon population of state.upon population of state. States have the right to have their own States have the right to have their own

laws, within their state boundaries. They laws, within their state boundaries. They also have the right to prosecute within also have the right to prosecute within their own state if a crime was committed their own state if a crime was committed within the states’ boundaries.within the states’ boundaries.

Missouri Compromise (1820)Missouri Compromise (1820)

The Missouri territory applied for The Missouri territory applied for statehood in 1819.statehood in 1819. The Senate membership was evenly divided The Senate membership was evenly divided

between slaveholding and free states at the between slaveholding and free states at the time.time.

The admission of a new state would throw off this The admission of a new state would throw off this delicate balance.delicate balance.

Slavery was already established in the new territorySlavery was already established in the new territory

Representative Tallmadge of New York Representative Tallmadge of New York proposed an amendment to the bill which proposed an amendment to the bill which would prohibit slavery in Missouri.would prohibit slavery in Missouri.

Missouri Compromise Cont.Missouri Compromise Cont.

The northern territory of The northern territory of Massachusetts applied as the state of Massachusetts applied as the state of Maine for statehood.Maine for statehood. House Speaker Henry Clay formulated a House Speaker Henry Clay formulated a

Compromise that both sides of the Compromise that both sides of the Senate could accept.Senate could accept.

The two bills were combined, allowing Maine The two bills were combined, allowing Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state.as a free state and Missouri as a slave state.

Also, the line of 36’30 was createdAlso, the line of 36’30 was created

Dred Scott v. Sandford Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)(1857)

Ruled that people of African descent Ruled that people of African descent brought into the United States and held as brought into the United States and held as slaves (or their descendants) were not legal slaves (or their descendants) were not legal citizens and could never be citizens of the citizens and could never be citizens of the United StatesUnited States The United States Congress had no authority to The United States Congress had no authority to

prohibit slavery in federal territories.prohibit slavery in federal territories. Supreme Court ruled that this case was Supreme Court ruled that this case was

invalid, because Dred Scott could not sue invalid, because Dred Scott could not sue because he was not a citizen. because he was not a citizen. This was also because the Supreme Court ruled This was also because the Supreme Court ruled

that slaves could not sue in court.that slaves could not sue in court.

Lincoln v. Douglas debate Lincoln v. Douglas debate about the Dred Scott Caseabout the Dred Scott Case

Kansas Nebraska ActKansas Nebraska Act Senator Douglas of Illinois had no moral Senator Douglas of Illinois had no moral

convictions on slavery and hoped convictions on slavery and hoped organizing the territories west of Missouri organizing the territories west of Missouri and Iowa as territories of Kansas and and Iowa as territories of Kansas and Nebraska would help the building of a trans-Nebraska would help the building of a trans-Continental railroad.Continental railroad. He tried to avoid the slavery issueHe tried to avoid the slavery issue

Was pressured by Southern Senators to include a Was pressured by Southern Senators to include a repeal of the Missouri Compromise and a provision that repeal of the Missouri Compromise and a provision that the status of slavery in Kansas and Nebraska be the status of slavery in Kansas and Nebraska be decided by popular sovereignty.decided by popular sovereignty.

The bill was opposed by most Northern The bill was opposed by most Northern Democrats and remaining Whigs.Democrats and remaining Whigs.

With the support of the Southern Peirce administration, With the support of the Southern Peirce administration, it was passed and signed into law.it was passed and signed into law.

Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson

On June 7, 1892, Homer Plessy boarded On June 7, 1892, Homer Plessy boarded a car of the East Louisiana Railroad that a car of the East Louisiana Railroad that was designated for use by white people was designated for use by white people only. only. Plessy argued that the East Louisiana Plessy argued that the East Louisiana

Railroad had denied him his rights under Railroad had denied him his rights under the 13the 13th th and 14and 14thth Amendments of the United Amendments of the United States Constitution. States Constitution.

However, the judge presiding over his case, John However, the judge presiding over his case, John Howard Ferguson, ruled that Louisiana had the Howard Ferguson, ruled that Louisiana had the right to regulate railroad companies as long as right to regulate railroad companies as long as they operated within state boundaries. they operated within state boundaries.

Brown v. Board of Education of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Topeka (1954)(1954)

Overturned earlier rulings going back to Overturned earlier rulings going back to Plessy v. Ferguson Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)(1896)

Declared that state laws that established Declared that state laws that established separate public schools for black and white separate public schools for black and white students denied black children equal students denied black children equal educational opportunities. educational opportunities.

““Separate educational facilities are inherently Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.“ as ruled by the Warren Courtunequal.“ as ruled by the Warren Court

In school racial segregation was ruled In school racial segregation was ruled unconstitutional by the Equal Protection Clause of unconstitutional by the Equal Protection Clause of the 14the 14thth Amendment. Amendment.

Little Rock NineLittle Rock Nine

The Little Rock Nine was a group The Little Rock Nine was a group of African American students who of African American students who were enrolled in Little Rock were enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957.Central High School in 1957.

The Little Rock CrisisThe Little Rock Crisis The students were initially prevented The students were initially prevented

from entering the racially segregated from entering the racially segregated school by Arkansas Governor Orval school by Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus and the State Guard.Faubus and the State Guard. The students attended school after the The students attended school after the

intervention of President Eisenhower.intervention of President Eisenhower.

The Little Rock The Little Rock Nine With MotherNine With Mother