Classifying Carbon Compounds: Use the structural formulas below to answer the following questions....

Classifying Carbon CompoundsClassifying Carbon Compounds: Use the structural : Use the structural formulas below to answer the following questions.formulas below to answer the following questions.

1.1. How many bonds does each carbon atom form in How many bonds does each carbon atom form in each of the compounds shown?each of the compounds shown?

2.2. What is the chemical formula for each compound? What is the chemical formula for each compound? Use the format CUse the format CXXHHYY. .

3.3. Classify the Classify the compounds into compounds into two groups. two groups.

4.4. Explain Explain the classification the classification system.system.

5.5. Define “isomer”. Define “isomer”. 6.6. Which molecules Which molecules

are isomers of one are isomers of one another?another?

9.1 – Journal #19.1 – Journal #1

1.1. Define “polar covalent molecule”. Give Define “polar covalent molecule”. Give an example of a molecule that is polar an example of a molecule that is polar and draw where the positive and and draw where the positive and negative charges are.negative charges are.

2.2. Which of the following is NOT a Which of the following is NOT a molecule: COmolecule: CO22, H, H22O, NO, N22, CH, CH44, MgO. Now, , MgO. Now, explain WHY it isn’t a molecule.explain WHY it isn’t a molecule.

3.3. What is the name for all of the What is the name for all of the molecules that contain Carbon and molecules that contain Carbon and Hydrogen (it’s a vocabulary word).Hydrogen (it’s a vocabulary word).

9.1 – Journal #29.1 – Journal #2

CARBONCARBONStructure , Bonds and Structure , Bonds and

MoleculesMolecules

CARBON: Where is it in the CARBON: Where is it in the Periodic Table?Periodic Table?

What is the atomic number and weight?

CARBON: What is the Lewis Dot CARBON: What is the Lewis Dot Structure?Structure?

How many electrons does it need?How many electrons does it need? FOURFOUR

How many bonds will it form?How many bonds will it form? FOURFOUR

What TYPE of bonds will it form?What TYPE of bonds will it form? COVALENT!!!!COVALENT!!!!


What are all the ways Carbon can What are all the ways Carbon can make FOUR COVALENT BONDS?make FOUR COVALENT BONDS?


All single covalent bondsAll single covalent bonds

ALKALKANES – a.k.a. Saturated ANES – a.k.a. Saturated HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

This is This is ethaneethane


DOUBLE covalent bond to ANOTHER CarbonDOUBLE covalent bond to ANOTHER Carbon

ALKALKENES – a.k.a. Unsaturated HydrocarbonsENES – a.k.a. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons This is This is ethene (or ethylene)ethene (or ethylene)


TRIPLE covalent bond to ANOTHER TRIPLE covalent bond to ANOTHER CarbonCarbon

ALKALKYNES – also UnsaturatedYNES – also UnsaturatedThis is This is ethyneethyne

CARBON: CARBON: Unique in all the Unique in all the Universe!Universe!

66thth most common element on Earth most common element on Earth Basis for MANY, MANY moleculesBasis for MANY, MANY molecules


Carbon comes in Carbon comes in many forms.many forms.

Covalently Covalently bonded to other bonded to other elements.elements.

CaffeineCaffeine

Methane

To itself.To itself. Allotropes: different structural forms for an Allotropes: different structural forms for an elementelement


Fullerene

Graphite

Adrenaline Nicotine

Diamond (network solid)


In chains.In chains.

Propane - hydrocarbon

Vitamins (Carotene)

Fats


In rings.In rings.

Benzene

Fullerene

Pyrene


In branches.In branches.

DNA

Fats - lipids

CARBON: CARBON: ORGANIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY

CARBON IS UNIQUE AND FORMS MANY MOLECULES

ORGANIC: from LIVING THINGS – ORGANIC: from LIVING THINGS – always contain Carbon and Hydrogen always contain Carbon and Hydrogen (sometimes O)(sometimes O)

INORGANIC: non-living, or man-madeINORGANIC: non-living, or man-made

Glucose = carbohydrate

C6H12O6

Polyethylene = plastics, -

C2H4

Organic Molecules: HYDROCARBONSOrganic Molecules: HYDROCARBONSNumber of

carbon atoms

Alkane -Saturated

Alkene Alkyne Cycloalkane

1 Methane — — —

2 Ethane Ethene Ethyne —

3 Propane Propene Propyne Cyclopropane

4 Butane Butene Butyne Cyclobutane

5 Pentane Pentene Pentyne Cyclopentane

6 Hexane Hexene Hexyne Cyclohexane

7 Heptane Heptene Heptyne Cycloheptane

8 Octane Octene Octyne Cyclooctane

9 Nonane Nonene Nonyne Cyclononane

10 Decane Decene Decyne Cyclodecane

Organic Molecules: HYDROCARBONSOrganic Molecules: HYDROCARBONS

As you add more carbon to the hydrocarbon, the molecule becomes heavier and properties change.

Name Molecular Formula

Molecular Mass

Melting Point (oC)

Boiling Point (oC)

State (25oC, 101.3k

Pa)

Density (liquid g cm-3, 20oC)

Uses

methane CH4 16 -182 -162 gas

major compone

nt of natural

gas (fuel)

ethane C2H6 30 -183 -88.6 gas component of

natural gas (fuel)

propane C3H8 44 -188 -42.1 gas

component of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), bottled

gas (fuel)

butane C4H10 58 -138 -0.5 gas

component of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG),

cigarette lighters (fuel)

pentane C5H12 72 -130 36.1 liquid 0.626component of

petrol (fuel)

hexane C6H14 86 -95.3 68.7 liquid 0.659component of

petrol (fuel)

decane C10H22 142 -30 174 liquid 0.730component of

petrol (fuel)

hexadecane C16H34 226 18.5 288 liquid 0.775

component of diesel fuel &

heating oil

eicosane C20H42 282 36 343 solid

Organic Molecules: HYDROCARBONSOrganic Molecules: HYDROCARBONSHow do we separate the different weights so we can use them?

Fractional distillation.http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining4.htm

VIDEO – REAL PLAYER

How do we use MANY hydrocarbons?COMBUSTION

Burning coal: C + O C + O22 CO CO22

Burning natural gasBurning natural gas:: CHCH44 + 2O + 2O22 CO CO22 + 2H + 2H22OO

Burning gasolineBurning gasoline:: 2C2C88HH1818 + 25O + 25O22 16CO 16CO22 + 18H + 18H2200

Incomplete combustion creates CO (Carbon monoxide) Incomplete combustion creates CO (Carbon monoxide) instead of COinstead of CO22

Organic Molecules: Organic Molecules: HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

Often times fossil fuels contain the elements Often times fossil fuels contain the elements NITROGENNITROGEN AND AND SULFURSULFUR..

When they are burned, they combine with water and create When they are burned, they combine with water and create ACID ACID RAIN.RAIN.

ALL combustion creates COALL combustion creates CO22

COCO22 + H + H22O O H H22COCO33 ((Carbonic acid)Carbonic acid)

Combustion of gasoline creates NOCombustion of gasoline creates NO22

NONO22 + H + H22O O H H22NONO33 ((Nitric acid)Nitric acid)

Combustion of coal creates SOCombustion of coal creates SO33

SOSO33 + H + H22O O H H22SOSO44 ((Sulfuric acid)Sulfuric acid)

Organic Molecules: Organic Molecules: HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

Classifying Carbon Compounds: Use the structural formulas below to answer the following questions....

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