Classification The study of Classification of organisms into groups is

called TAXONOMY.

Why classify?

• It enables scientists to understand the relationships between organisms

• It is also a useful way of cataloguing organisms

• Similarities exist between different species of organisms because of common genes.

• Closely related organisms have more genes in common and so share more features.

• Read p28 in handbook, under keywords.

The basics of a Hierarchical Classification system:

Check that you have this copied onto the bottom of p28 of your HB:

• Organisms are divided into groups which are further subdivided into more groups.

• Organisms are classified on the basis of their similar or shared features.

• There is no overlap between the groups (ie an organism must either be a bird or a reptile, it cannot fall half way inbetween the 2).

The first idea of classification

• Animals

• Plants

Animals - ( invertebrates and…..

Invertebrates do NOT have a backbone nor an internal skeleton.

vertebrates…or…….Chordates) Vertebrates DO have a backbone and an internal skeleton.

Plants

Horse tail

Fern

First classification

Th e firs t c lass ifica tion sys tem

P lan ts A n im a ls

K in g d om

Fungi (Mushrooms, toadstools, moulds, yeasts)

Honey fungus

Mucor

Up to three kingdoms

F u n g i P lan ts A n im a ls

K in g d om

Protoctists (single celled organisms with a true nucleus & seaweeds.

Seaweed

Euglena

Volvox

This made four kingdoms:

P ro toc tis ta F u n g i P lan ts A n im a ls

K in g d om

ProkaryotesAll the species of bacteria eg Cholera vibrio, Bovine tuberculosis, Salmonella typhi.

The Five Kingdoms

Th e F ive K in g d om S ys tem o f c lass ifiac tion

F eatu res

P rokaryo tae

F eatu res

P ro toc tis ta

F ea tu res

F u n g i

F ea tu res

A n im a lia

F ea tu res

P lan tae

K in g d om

Where do these fit in?

Viruses Sponges

• For AS Biology, you need to learn the latin names of the 5 kingdoms and some examples of organisms belonging to each.

• For A2 Biology, you need to learn the names and characteristic features of the 5 kingdoms.

Summarise this information on a poster using pages 63 – 69 of the Heinemann book.

Answer Q2 page 72 of the Heinemann book.

The Kingdom Hierarchical groupings:

• Kingdom

• Phylum

• Class

• Order

• Family

• Genus

• Species

WITH LATIN NAMES OF ORGANISMS, THE FIRST WORD ISTHE GENUS AND HAS A CAPITAL LETTER, AND THE 2ND WORD IS THE SPECIES NAME AND HAS A LOWER CASE LETTER..

Classification is Phylogenetic

This means that Classification is based on the evolutionary history of an organism.

(Draw sketch of evolutionary tree with sketched time-line)

The study of Classification of organisms into groups is called TAXONOMY.

• Evidence for classifying organisms in different genera groups can come from….

(a) their fossil records,

(b) differences in their DNA and

(c) differences in their evolutionary history (phylogeny).