CLASSIFICATIONPart 1

The 3 Domains

for Booklet

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3 Domains – Bacteria, Archaea, EukaryotaCurrently all life is divided into three large groups called domains:

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukaryota

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3 Domains –Bacteria and Archaea and Eukaryota

With the exception of plants, animals, fungi and slime molds within the domain Eukaryota, most life forms are microscopic.

These are called microorganisms.

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Domains –Archaea

Archaebacteria has been on Earth for at least 3 billion years.

Are known as “ancient” bacteria.

Live in places where most living things cannot live.

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Domain –Archaea

Can live in areas of extreme heat or extreme cold.

Some are autotrophic and some are heterotrophic

Composed of plasma and cell walls.

Reproduce asexually.

Ex. Thermophiles (thermal vents), halophiles (salty-Red Sea), acidophiles (extreme acidic conditions such as methanogens in animal guts)

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Domain–Bacteria“True” Bacteria

Are tiny organisms that live in almost every place on and near Earth’s surface.

Even live on and inside the human body!

Complex, prokaryotic organisms

Single celled autotrophs.

Reproduce asexually and sometimes

sexually (conjugation)Blue green algae

Streptococcus

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Domain– Eukarya

Contains all other kingdoms since they are all Eukaryotes.

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

CLASSIFICATIONPart 2

The 6 Kingdoms

for Booklet

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The Six Kingdoms

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The Six Kingdoms

The Cavalier-Smith six kingdom classification system divides all known organism types into the following kingdoms:

1) Plantae (plants)

2) Animalia (animals)

3) Fungi (mushrooms and molds)

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The Six Kingdoms

6) Protista (microscopic organisms that are not bacteria, plants or animals) “catch all” for those that don’t fit anywhere else

4) Eubacteria (true bacteria)

5) Archaebacteria (ancient bacteria that live in extremely hostile conditions)

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Kingdom Plantae

The plant kingdom consists of organisms that are:

Some plants reproduce sexually, others reproduce asexually. Primarily sexual

multicellular eukaryotic autotrophic

Members of the plant kingdom have strong cell walls that provide support.

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Kingdom Animalia

The animal kingdom consists of organisms that are:

Most animals reproduce sexually, but some, such as starfish, can reproduce asexually (regeneration). Primarily sexual.

multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophic

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Kingdom Fungi

The fungi kingdom consists of organisms that are:

multicellular or unicellular

eukaryotic

heterotrophic

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Kingdom Fungi

Members of the fungi kingdom are similar to plants in that they have cell walls.

Fungi reproduce by producing spores.

Some reproduce sexually, others reproduce asexually…so…BOTH

However they do not contain chlorophyll which is why they cannot make their own food.

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Kingdom EubacteriaThe eubacteria kingdom consists of organisms that are:

Bacteria can be grouped depending on the thickness of a substance in their cell walls. It is shown using a gram stain.

unicellular

prokaryotic

autotrophic or heterotrophic

able to reproduce asexually by binary fission or sexually by conjugation

Gram positive bacteria – thick layer of substance

Gram negative bacteria – thin layer of substance

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Kingdom Archaebacteria

The archaebacteria kingdom consists of organisms that are:

able to reproduce asexually

unicellular prokaryotic autotrophic or

heterotrophic

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Kingdom Archaebacteria

Members of this kingdom are found in extreme conditions where other organisms could not survive.

For example in extreme temperatures or regions of high salt levels.

Thermophiles – survive in areas of extreme temperature.Halophiles – survive in areas with high salt levels.

Methanogens – produce methane and live in the guts of animals.

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Kingdom Protista

The protista kingdom consists of organisms that are: mostly unicellular

but some multicellular

Eukaryotic-”catch all” kingdom

mostly heterotrophic but some are autotrophic

Heterotrophic

Autotrophic

Protozoa

Protista

Neat fact: Algae produce most of the oxygen on earth

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Kingdom Protista

This kingdom contains microscopic organisms that are not plants, animals or bacteria.

Some protists reproduce sexually, others reproduce asexually.

Heterotrophic

Autotrophic

Protozoa

Protista

CLASSIFICATIONPart 3

The 7 Levels of Classification for

Booklet

Flowering

Non-flowering

Ferns

Gymnosperms

Plants with seeds and flowers

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Separating Species

The kingdoms are populated according to characteristics of the organisms and how they are related to each other.

Groups of organisms are then broken down according to differences found between them.

Flowering

Non-flowering

Ferns

Gymnosperms

Plants with seeds and flowers

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Separating Species

Plants may be flowering or non-flowering.

Then differences within each group can enable the organisms to be separated further.

Animals may have backbones, but may not.

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7 Levels of Classification- Carl Linneaus

Until the 1700’s, scientists divided organisms into two groups, plants and animals. But scientists found that some living things didn’t really fit into either group. In the 1700’s, a Swedish physician and botanist named Carl Linneaus solve the problem. Linneaus founded taxonomy. Linneaus tried to classify all known living things based on their shape and structure. He came up with a seven-level system of classification, which is still used today.

7 Levels of Classification- Kingdom

Every living thing is classified into one of six kingdoms.

Kingdoms are the largest, most general groups.

All animals are in the kingdom Animalia.

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7 levels of Classification - Kingdom

This kingdom consists of organisms that satisfy their nutrition needs from consuming other organisms.

Invertebrates

(no backbone)

(with backbone)

Mollusks

Segmented worms

Roundworms

Flatworms

Coelenterates

Echinoderms

Arthropods Insects

Arachnids

Myriapods

Crustaceans

Mammals

Birds

Reptiles

Amphibians

Fish

Animalia

Vertebrates

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7 Levels of Classification - Phylum

All living things are then sorted into several phyla (singular, phylum).

7 Levels of Classification-Phylum

The members of one phylum are more like each other than they are like members of other phyla.

All animals in the phylum Chordata have a hollow nerve cord and most have a backbone.

7 Levels of Classification-Class

All of the living things in a phylum are further sorted in classes.

Animals in the Class Mammalia have a backbone. They also nurse their young.

7 Levels of Classification- Order

Each class is divided into one or more orders.Animals in the order Carnivora have a backbone and nurse their young. They also have special teeth for tearing meat.

7 Levels of Classification- Family

Orders are separated into families.Animals in the family Felidae are cats. They have a backbone, nurse their young and have special teeth for tearing meat. Their claws can be drawn back into their paws.

7 Levels of Classification- Genus

Families are broken into genera (singular genus).Animals in the genus Felis have traits of other animals in the same family. However, they cannot roar, they can only purr.

7 Levels of Classification- Species

Genera are sorted into species.Species Felis domesticus is the common house cat. It has traits of all the levels above it, but it also has special traits.

Scientific NamesFelis domesticus is the scientific name of a common house cat.Scientific names are use in place of common names because they can have several different common names depending on where they are.The scientific name is either in italics or underlined. The first letter of the Genus is capitalized and the species is all lower case.

Dichotomous Keys

Dichotomous Keys are special guides that help to identify unknown organisms.

A dichotomous key has several pairs of descriptive statements and the person trying to make an identification looks at the first pair of statements and chooses the best one that describes the organism.

By working through the statements in the key, the person will be able to identify the organism.

Which picture is the only one to show an organism that is a vertebrate?

A) Picture A

B) Picture B

C) Picture C

D) Picture D

Picture A Picture B

Picture C Picture D

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Which picture is the only one to show an organism that is a vertebrate?

A) Picture A

B) Picture B

C) Picture C

D) Picture D

Picture A Picture B

Picture C Picture D

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Which of these is the broadest category for the organism shown?

A) Domain Eukaryota

B) Kingdom Plantae

C) Flowering plant

D) Seed-producing plant

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Which of these is the broadest category for the organism shown?

A) Domain Eukaryota

B) Kingdom Plantae

C) Flowering plant

D) Seed-producing plant