1

Project Report

On

CLASSIFICATION OF STONE MASONRY

&DRESSING OF STONE

At

Dezyne E’cloe College

Submitted

To

Dezyne E’cloe College

For the

The Partial Fulfilment

Of The

Bachelor of Science

Interior Design

By

Mrs. Yasmeen. S

Dezyne E’cole College 106/10

CIVIL LINES, AJMER

Tel: 0145-2624679

www.dezyneelcole.com

Session-2013-14

2

Acknowledgement

The project CLASSIFICATION OF STONE MASONRY &DRESSING OF

STONE has enlightened me about the various aspects of Construction of

building Masonry is basically a wall material. Whereas dressing means to trim

the stones in a particular shape and size in an order to use for any particular

purpose.

I give my sincere thanks to Dezyne E’cole College, to my mentors who gave me

the opportunity to learn about the various aspects of CLASSIFICATION OF

STONE MASONRY &DRESSING OF STONE and at last but not the least

my Spouse and my dear Kids whose time I have taken to complete this project.

Hereby I am preparing this project

3

Contents

TOPIC PAGE

1. MASONRY

2. STONE MASONRY 3. RUBBLE MASONRY

4. UNCOURSED RUBBLE MASONRY 5. RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY 6. COURSED RUBBLE MASONRY 7. DRY RUBBLE MASONRY

8. ASHLAR MASONRY 9. ASHLAR FINE 10. ASHLAR ROUGH TOOL

11. ASHLAR CHAMFERED

12. ASHLAR FACING

13. SELECTION OF STONE FOR MASONRY

14. DRESSING OF STONES

15. HAMMER DRESSED OR QUARRY-FACED SURFACE

16. ROUGH TOOLED SURFACE. 17. TOOLED SURFACE

18. CUT STONE SURFACE

19. RUBBED SURFACE

20. POLISHED SURFACE 21. BIBLIOGRAPHY

4

4

4

4

5

5

5

5

6

6

6

7

7

7

8

8

8

8

8

8

9

4

CLASSIFICATION OF STONE MASONRY &DRESSING OF STONE

MASONRY: Construction of building units bonded together, Masonry is basically a wall

material. Masonry walls are divided into three categories, they are

1. Load bearing walls

2. Non-load bearing walls

3. Retaining walls

Depending upon the type of material used, Masonry can be broadly classified into following

categories:

1. Stone masonry

2. Brick masonry

3. Reinforced brick masonry

4. Composite masonry

5. Hallow concrete block masonry

6. Load bearing wall tile masonry

STONE MASONRY: From times immemorial, stone has been used both for residential as

well as public buildings. Historical buildings that stand today are the living examples of the

strength, durability and the excellent weather resisting qualities of stone masonry.

Because of high crushing strength, stone is used in the construction of piers, docks, dams and

other marine structures.

But dressing and placing of stone requires a great deal of time and extra labour.

Depending upon the degree of refinement used in shaping the stone, the finishing adopted

and the arrangement of the stone in the construction, stone masonry can be broadly classified

in the following two types:

1. Rubble masonry

2. Ashlar masonry

RUBBLE MASONRY: It is further sub-divided in the following categories

1. Uncoursed rubble masonry

2. Random rubble masonry

3. Coursed rubble masonry

4. Dry rubble masonry

UNCOURSED RUBBLE MASONRY: This is the poorest form of stone masonry. The

stones to be used are directly obtained from quarry, after merely knocking off weak corner

and edges

5

With the masons hammer. The Face stones selected from the heap should have uniform

colour, uniform bed and greater size.

RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY: This form is slightly superior to uncoursed rubble

masonry in this form the stones used in the work are hammer or chisel dressed. The stone are

not suitably shaped or finished and as such the elevation of this type masonry show irregular

shape stones with non uniform joints. In good work the face stones are of uniform colour and

equal.

COURSED RUBBLE MASONRY: This is the form of masonry which is commonly

adopted in residential building, public building, piers and abutments for ordinary bridges.

Considering the dressing and finishing of stones it is further subdivided into 1st class, 2

nd

class and 3rd

class. In first class masonry, generally all the courses are of the same height and

the minimum height of the course is limited to 15 cm. The face stones are hammer dressed.

The beds of the face stone or hammer or chisel dressed and rendered true and square.

DRY RUBBLE MASONRY: The construction of this form is similar to that of ordinary

rubble masonry without mortar.

ASHLAR MASONRY: The work built from carefully dressed stones with accurate bedding

and jointing is termed as ashlars masonry. This construction is further subdivided into various

types they are

6

1. Ashlar fine

2. Ashlar rough tool

3. Ashlar chamfered

4. Ashlar facing

ASHLAR FINE: In this type of masonry, all the stones are fine tooled; all bed and side joint

faces are rendered perfectly true to pattern desired.

The height of the courses is never less than 30 cm. The bed and the side joint in this type of

work should never exceed 3mm in thickness.

ASHLAR ROUGH TOOL: In this type of masonry the exposed faces of stone generally

have a fine dressed chisel drafting all round the edges. The portion the face stone enclosed by

the chisel draft is rough tooled. The thickness should never exceed 6mm.

ASHLAR CHAMFERED: This type masonry is similar to the one described above with the

only difference that the edges around the exposed faces of stone are bevelled off at an angle

of 45O

for depth of 25mm or more

7

ASHLAR FACING: In this type of masonry the faces of stone are rough tooled, and

chamfered and the stones are provided in face work only. The backing may be made in brick,

concrete, or rubble as desired.

The composite construction reduces the cost of work appreciably the height of the course is

never kept less than 20cm.

SELECTION OF STONE FOR MASONRY

Recommended Use of Common Types of Stone

S. No Situation Types of Stones Used

1. For face work of building. Marble, granite and close-grained

sand stone.

2. For curved or ornamental works. Soft sand stone and marble.

3. For masonry work in industrial town exposed

to smoke and chemical fumes.

Granite, compact sandstone and

quartzite.

4. For road metal. Basalt and coarse-grained granite.

5. For railway ballast. Sand stone, granite and quartzite.

6. For paving’s, door sills and steps. Marble, slates and sand stones.

7. For bridges, piers, docks and other marine

structure

Fine-grained granite and gneisses.

8. For fire resistant masonry Compact sand stone.

DRESSING OF STONES

Building stones has to quarried out from the rock formation before it can be put into use

quarry of the stone may be done either by hand tool or with the help explosives. In large

quarries, a machine has to be used for the purpose. Rough block of stone are obtained from

quarry are irregular in shape and non uniform in size and as such they cannot be used in

without proper dressing and cutting.

8

The commonly used tools and implements for the cutting and dressing of stone blocks are

1. Pick

2. Face hammer

3. Scabbling hammer

4. Mallet

5. Sutke

6. Mash hammer

7. Spalling hammer

8. Pitching tool

9. Punch

10. Chisel

11. Toothed chisel

12. Claw chisel

13. Jumper

14. Drag

15. Saw for soft stone

16. Crosscut saw

(1).HAMMER DRESSED OR QUARRY-FACED SURFACE

This is the roughest form of surface finish. Stone as removed from the quarry has large

projections which are knocked off with the quarry hammer and it is finally broken up into

blocks of suitable size and shape such as khandi, quoin, or rectangular blocks.

(2). ROUGH TOOLED SURFACE.

In this type of surface finish, the projection of the stone block is removed by means of chisels

and the surface is nearly dressed true.

(3). TOOLED SURFACE

In this type of surface finish continuous parallel chisel marks are produced throughout the

width of the stone. The parallel corrugations or chisel marks are made at closer intervals

rendering the surface truly planned.

(4). CUT STONE SURFACE

In this type of surface finish the surface is dressed by using a sharp chisel so that the chisel

marks are practically imperceptible.

(5). RUBBED SURFACE

This type of surface finish is obtained by grinding or rubbing a cut stone surface by hand or

machine until it gets perfectly smooth

(6). POLISHED SURFACE

The Rubbed surfaces of granite, marble of lime stones are polished to enhance their texture.

Polishing may be done by manual labour using sand and water, pumice stone etc. Or by

rubbing machine.

9

Bibliography

The project would not have been successful without the guidance of my mentors

and reference books:

1. Text book of Building Construction By Sushil Kumar

2. Building Construction By Dr. B.C. Punmia

10

Thank you

Yasmeen. S

B-Sc I.D 2nd Sem.