Classification of Organisms
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Transcript of Classification of Organisms
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Chapter 14
CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS
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Why Classify?•Why group things?• Easier to find information• Easier to identify organisms• Shows evolutionary relationship
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It is impossible for biologist to memorize every name of the estimated 10-30 million organisms on Earth!• Taxonomy = Science of naming and classifying organisms
• Aristotle – (350 B.C.E) first scientist to group organisms as either plants or animals
• Carolus Linneaus – father of modern taxonomy• Swedish botanist (1701-1778) - Saw
importance in having a universal system of naming organisms• Grouped things according to structural
similarities• He developed a system of classification and
naming.• Binomial Nomenclature = two word name for
each species
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Modern Taxonomy•We still look at structural similarities but primarily we look at evolutionary relationships to classify organisms
• Ex: homologous structures• Embryology• DNA similarities
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Binomial Nomenclature = two-word name for each organism• Organisms are named according to Genus and Species• Genus = a group of closely related species, first part of the scientific
name, capitalized• Species = second part of a scientific name, lower case• Scientific names are always italicized or underlined • ex: Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens• Homo = genus name• sapiens = species name
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Binomial Nomenclature• Felis, Musca, domestica, americanus
• What’s up with these funny sounding names?
• They are either Latin or Latinized words that describe the organism they identify.
• Latin words still used today:• Agenda - Things to be done• Alibi – elsewhere• Bona fide - Genuine, sincere• Carpe Diem - Seize the day• Ego - Consciousness of one's own identity• In vitro - In a test tube (literally means "in glass")• Rigor mortis - The rigidity of death
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/4461934
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What’s Up with Latin!?!• We use Latin because no one speaks Latin
anymore.
• The words never change their meaning and there is no confusion.
• These terms are also descriptive.
• What do you think the names domestica and americanus tell us about those organisms?
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Rules for Binomial Nomenclature• Names consist of two words—Genus and species.• Both words are italicized or underlined.• Genus is always capitalized.• species is always lower-case• Both names are in Latin or Latinized.• Two different organisms cannot have the same name.• The species name has to be different within the same Genus.
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Scientific NamesHomo sapien
s
Panthera leo
Musca domestic
aAcer
rubrum
People
HouseFly
Lion
Red Maple
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Classification Categories• Different levels from the most general to more specific characteristics and from largest to smallest.• Eight levels of taxonomy are: (example in red)•Domain – Eukarya•Kingdom – Animalia•Phylum – Chordata•Class - Mammalia•Order – Primata • Family - Homidae• Genus - Homo• Species – sapiens
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Classification• You need to know each level—taxon—of classification.• So, come up with a phrase that helps you remember the levels in order.• I like to use King Philip Came Over For George’s sword (Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-species)• Remember, each level is called a taxon.• Each taxon contains the organisms in the taxon below.• So, if two organisms are in the same family, they are also in the same order, class, phylum and kingdom.
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Examples and Meanings• One great thing about classifying organisms is that the taxon names have meanings that describe the organisms in those taxa.• The following six slides show the classification of great white sharks, striped bass, the common house fly, the blue crab, chimpanzees and humans.• All are in the Kingdom Animalia (animals).• Hopefully you will notice the similarities and differences contained in the meanings of their scientific names. Enjoy!
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3 Domains (developed in 1990)• Archaea – unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan• Kingdom Archaebacteria• Bacteria – unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycan.• Kingdom Eubacteria• Eukarya – includes all of the organisms with eukaryotic cells--that is, those with membranous organelles (including mitochondria and chloroplasts). Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants, fungi, and animals• Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
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Six Kingdoms• Kingdom Archaebacteria (archae – ancient)• Prokaryotes, cell walls without peptidoglycan (peptide chain that makes up the cell
wall)• Live in extreme environments: thermophiles, halophiles, acidophile• Kingdom Eubacteria• Prokaryotes, cell walls with peptidoglycan• Ex. Streptococcus and E. coli
• Kingdom Protista• Simple, many are unicellular, no specialization of tissuses• Ex. protozoans, algae
• Kingdom Fungi• Multicellular heterotrophs that have a cell wall (absorb food through cell wall)• Ex. Mushroom, molds, and yeast
• Kingdom Plantae• Multicellular organisms, contain chlorophyll, have organs and tissues, autotrophs• Kingdom Animalia• Multicellular, organisms, heterotrophs, have organs and tissues
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LIVING THINGS
Are categorized by
Important Characteristi
csSuch as
PROKARYOTIC CELLSAnd
differing
Cell wall structures
Which place them in
Domain Bacteria
Which coincide with
Kingdom Eubacteria
Domain Archaea
Which coincide with
Kingdom Archabacteri
a
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Which place them in
Domain Eukarya
Which is subdivided into
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/classifying-life.html
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HumansKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: MammaliaOrder: PrimatesFamily: Hominidae (great apes and humans)Genus: Homo (“man”)Species: sapiens (“knowing” or “thinking”)
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ChimpanzeeKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: MammaliaOrder: PrimatesFamily: Hominidae (great apes and humans)Genus: PanSpecies: troglodytes (“cave man”)
Seems that the scientific name for chimpanzees comes from people originally thinking that chimps looked like “cave men”!!!
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Blue CrabKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ArthropodaSubphylum: Crustacea (lobsters, crabs, shrimp)Class: MalacostracaOrder: Decapoda (“ten legs”)Family: Portunidae (swimming crabs)Genus: Callinectes (“beautiful swimmer”)Species: sapidus (“delicious”)
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Common Housefly
Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Arthropoda (“jointed foot”)Subphylum: Hexapoda (“six-legged”)Class: InsectaOrder: Diptera (flies with one pair of wings)Family: Muscidae (stocky flies with large eyes)Genus: MuscaSpecies: domestica (“domestic”)
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Striped Bass (Rockfish)Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: Osteichthyes (fish with bones)Order: Perciformes (perch-like fish)Family: Moronidae (temperate basses)Genus: MoroneSpecies: saxatilis (“dwelling among rocks”)
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Great White SharkKingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Chondrichthyes (fish with cartilage instead of bones)Order: LamniformesFamily: LamnidaeGenus: Carcharodon (“ragged tooth”)Species: carcharias (“shark”)
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How Do Scientist Categorize organisms?
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Cladogram• Depicts evolutionary relationships among groups. • It is based on Phylogeny, which is the study of evolutionary
relationships.• They show how members of a group change over time,
giving rise to new groups.• More closely related groups appear closer together, while
more distantly related groups are farther away.• CLADISTICS is form of analysis that looks at features of
organisms that are considered "innovations", or newer features that serve some kind of purpose. (Think about what the word "innovation" means in regular language.) These characteristics appear in later organisms but not earlier ones and are called DERIVED CHARACTERS. • http://ccl.northwestern.edu/simevolution/obonu/cladograms
/Open-This-File.swf
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Cladogram• All groups on a cladogram share a common ancestor• Branches divide into two branches at a point called a node• At a node, a group that branches off has a characteristic its ancestors do not have, known as a derived character.• Derived character- a trait found in new species but not in the
ancestral species• Cladograms reveal clades. • Clade- includes a single common ancestor and all of its living and
extinct descendants.• Organisms in the same clade are more closely related than
organisms in different clades
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Clade vs. Class• A clade may be different from a class
Common Ancestor 1
shark Ray-finned fishes Amphibians
common ancestorReptile/Arcosaur
TurtlesBony Shell common
ancestorReptile with
scales
Snakes Lizards
Common ancestorArcosaur
Crocodiles Birds
Mammals
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Dichotomous Key• A dichotomous key is a biological tool that allows the user to determine the identity of an unknown item from a list of items. "Dichotomous" means "divided into two parts". • Each step in the key refers to one physical characteristic.• A dichotomous key gives two choices in each step to direct the
user to the correct name of the specimen. • The characteristics in the key should be arranged in steps
from most general to most specific.