Classification of Life Chapter 17. How Classification Began ▫Classification-grouping objects or...
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Transcript of Classification of Life Chapter 17. How Classification Began ▫Classification-grouping objects or...
![Page 1: Classification of Life Chapter 17. How Classification Began ▫Classification-grouping objects or information based on similarities ▫Taxonomy- Branch.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56649f155503460f94c29eee/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Classification of Life Chapter 17
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How Classification Began
▫Classification-grouping objects or information based on similarities
▫Taxonomy- Branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics
▫Aristotle’s System (384-322B.C.) Everything was either a plant or an animal System stood for centuries
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Aristotle’s System- grouped by analogous structures
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Linneaus’ system of Binomial Nomenclature
Based on physical and structural similarities (resulted in grouping that revealed relationships between organisms)
Explained evolutionary relationships Uses binomial nomenclature- 2 word naming
system Genus- 1st word, groups similar species Specific epithet(SPECIES) describes the
characteristics of the organism. Humans: Homo sapiens where
homo=genus, sapiens= wise (Greek)
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Scientific vs. Common Names Latin is language of taxonomists Common names- common to area they are found.
•Example: Car Hood (USA) = Bonnet (Britian)
Flashlight (USA) vs. Torch (Britian)
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Modern Classification: TAXONOMY•Uses underlying evolutionary
relationships as well as external and internal relationships
•How it works: A framework (are dinosaurs more closely
related to reptiles or birds?) Useful tool- helps to identify unknown
species Helpful in Economy- Knowing pine trees
contain a useful substance for disinfecting may lead to finding another disinfectant in a similar species.
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TAXONOMIC RANKINGS•Larger taxa- broad groups ie. Animal Kingdom•Smallest taxa- more specific, organisms can
interbreed and produce viable offspring. Kingdom- largest division 6 total Phylum- similar classes- in plant kingdom may call
it divisions Class- similar orders Order- similar families Family – similar genus Genus- similar species Species- most specific, can interbreed.
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7 TAXA Kingdom- largest division 6 total Phylum- similar classes- in plant kingdom may call it divisions
Class- similar orders Order- similar families Family – similar genus Genus- similar species Species- most specific, can interbreed.
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Problem solving lab 17.1
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Determining Evolutionary Relationships
1.Structural similarities- may imply a shared ancestor. If you observe an unknown with retractable claws you will put them in the cat family.
2.Breeding behavior- may differentiate among species (ie. Hyla versicolor and Hyla chryosocelis)
3.Geographical Distribution- Location of the species on the Earth.
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Evolutionary relationships cont…
4. Chromosome Comparison Banding in metaphase 1 Size of chromosomes Position of the centromere
5. Biochemistry DNA sequences Proteins found Nucleotide sequences
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Phylogenic Classification Models•PHYLOGENY- evolutionary history of an
organism. Species with the same ancestor , share and evolutionary history.▫Cladistics
System of classification based on phylogeny Assume organisms diverge from a common
ancestral group. CLADOGRAM (fig 17.7) – model of phylogeny
of species. Similar to a family pedigree
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•CLADOGRAM
Velociraptor
Archaeopteryx
Robin
Light bones3-toed foot;
wishbone Down feathers
Feathers withshaft, veins,and barbs
Flight feathers;arms as long
as legs
Theropods
Allosaurus
Sinornis
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Phylongeny cont…
▫Fanlike Model (fig 17.8)- Give more information than a cladogram Phylogeny Time Extinction Anatomy Genetics Etc…
•6 kingdoms: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals
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Six Kingdoms of Organisms
Arranged based on:• 1. Organization (uni/multicell) •2. How they obtain energy or eat.
(heterotroph, autotroph) •3. Prokaryotic or eukaryotic- complexity
of cell structure.
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Prokaryotes:
▫Prokaryotes: MONERANS Microscopic Unicellular No distinct nuclei Organelles are not membrane bound
organelles.•Heterotrophs or Autotrophs (may be
photosynthetic or chemosynthetic
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2 kingdoms of prokaryotes:MONERANS1. ARCHAEBACTERIA- most live in
extreme environments without oxygen. Example: ocean depths, swamp, volcano
2. EUBACTERIA- 5000 species, strong cell walls, complex genetic make-up, most are harmless, some cause disease, for example ,strep throat.
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3. Protist kingdom- Eukaryotes Eukaryotic but lack complex organ systems
Live in moist environments (pond scum)
Uni /multicellular Plant like autotrophs Animal like heterotrophs Fungus like- heterotrophs with reproductive structures like fungus.
Cilia
Oral groove
Gullet
Micronucleus and macronucleus
Contractile vacuole
Anal pore
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4.Fungus- earth’s decomposers Heterotrophs that DO NOT move from place to place
Multicellular (except yeast) Eukaryotic Absorbs nutrients form organic material in environment
50,000 known species
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5. Plants
MulticellularPhotosynthetic eukaryotes Produce oxygenCell walls and chloroplasts typical
Mosses , ferns and evergrees250.000 known species
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6. Animals
Multicellular consumers(heterotrophs)
Nearly all mobileDO NOT have cell wallsOrganization: CellsTissuesorgansorgan systemsorganism